Faktor Dominan Ketahanan Pangan Rumah Tangga Selama Pandemi COVID-19 di Kota Depok Tahun 2020 (Analisis Data Sekunder Tahun 2020) Dominant Factor of Household Food Security During COVID-19 Pandemic in Depok City in 2020 (Analysis of Secondary Data 2020)

Background: Food security is a condition when everybody has adequate physical and economical access at all times to safe and nutritious food to meet their food needs and preferences in order to live an active and healthy life. COVID-19 pandemic can cause food security disruptions. This is because several people have lost their jobs and income so that they are no longer able to meet their food needs. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the dominant factor related to food security during COVID-19 pandemic in Depok City in 2020. Methods: This quantitative study used secondary data from a cross-sectional study conducted by Fikawati, Syafiq, and Mardatillah in Depok in October-December 2020. The total of samples for this secondary study were 259 households and the inclusion criteria was households who had a pregnant mother, breastfeeding mother, infant or toddler. Sampling process from the primary research was carried out by purposive sampling. Researchers disseminated research information through social media and posyandu cadres and then conducted screening. Respondents who met the screening requirements would be sent an electronic mail or WhatsApp containing a research questionnaire. Data was analyzed using McNamar test, chi-square test and multiple logistic regression test. Results: This study indicated that 61.8% of households in Depok City experienced food insecurity. The results of the bivariate analysis showed that household income during pandemic, husband’s and wife’s education, the number of hig hly educated


INTRODUCTION
On December 31, 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) began receiving reports of pneumonia cases in Wuhan City 1 . The pneumonia disease was named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on February 11, 2020 2 . COVID-19 spreads so fast around the world that WHO declared this outbreak as a pandemic from March 11, 2020 3 . On January 9, 2021, the number of COVID-19 cases in the world and Southeast Asia reached 87,589,206 and 12,208,095 respectively 4 . In Indonesia, 818,386 people had confirmed COVID-19 and 96,102 of them were from West Java 5 . There were 15,358 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Depok City in January 2021 6 .
During the COVID-19 pandemic, many people have lost their jobs and income. Based on data from Statistics Indonesia, there was an increase in the open unemployment rate in Indonesia from 5.23% to 7.07% in August 2019 -August 2020. In the same period, there was also a decrease in labor wages in Indonesia by 5.2% from 2.91 million rupiah to 2.76 million 7 . This pandemic condition has the potential to cause food security disturbances in various regions because people have difficulty to meet their food needs 8,9 . According to the Food Agricultural Organization (FAO), food security is a condition when everybody has adequate physical and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food to meet their food needs and preferences in order to live an active and healthy life 10 . Food security has 4 dimensions, namely: physical food availability, physical and economic access to food, food utilization, and stability of the other three dimensions over time 10 . If a household is not able to fulfill all dimensions properly, the household will experience food insecurity 10 .
Food insecurity should always be avoided because it can cause various adverse effects on health. Food insecurity can make pregnant women experiencing excessive or inadequate pregnancy weight gain, anemia, and chronic lack of energy 11-14 . Breastfeeding mothers who are food insecure are at risk of experiencing the perception of insufficient breast milk 15 . In addition, food insecurity also has a negative impact on infant and young child feeding practice (IYCF) which is characterized by not achieving the duration of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, minimum dietary diversity (MDD), minimum meal frequency (MMF), and minimum acceptable diet (MAD) 16-18 .. Another impact of food insecurity is the increased risk of stunting, underweight, wasting in children under five years 19-22 . This study aimed to determine the dominant factors related to household food security during the COVID-19 pandemic in Depok City. The election of Depok City as the research location was due to the second highest number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in West Java 6 . This study observed households who had a pregnant woman, breastfeeding mother, infant, or toddler. Pregnant women are a vulnerable group because they have increased nutritional needs to support the growth and development of their fetus. If the nutritional needs are not met during a critical period, there will be abnormalities in the function and structure of the infant's organs that are difficult to repair [23][24][25] . Breastfeeding mothers also experience increased nutritional and fluid requirements to support the breastfeeding process and milk production 25,26 . Infants and toddlers experience very rapid growth and development so that they require adequate nutritional intake 24,26 .

METHOD
This quantitative research used cross-sectional design. The data used was secondary data from the research entitled "Situation of Family Food Security and Coping Mechanisms in COVID-19 Pandemic Situation in Urban and Semi-Urban Areas" from Fikawati, Syafiq, and Mardatillah conducted in Depok in October-December 2020 27 . The data used consisted of data on answers to the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) questionnaire, the husband's and wife's occupation before and during pandemic, husband's and wife's income before and during pandemic, husband's and wife's education, receiving of assistance from government, respondent's age, and the number of dependent members in household before and during pandemic. The current secondary research was carried out in March-June 2021.
Depok is a city that borders the Province of the Special Capital Region of Jakarta in the north, Bogor in the east and south, and South Tangerang in the west 28 . The population in this study were all households in Depok City in 2020. The sample in this study was all households in Depok City in 2020 which were recorded in the primary ©2021 30-38. study and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria in this study were households who had a pregnant woman, breastfeeding mother, infant, or toddles. The exclusion criteria in this study were respondents who did not fill out the online questionnaire completely. The total sample of this secondary research was 259 households. The test power of the research was calculated using a two-sided hypothesis test for two populations and based on previous research 29 . The power in this study was 84,85%. This indicated that the power in this study was sufficient because the minimum power expected was 80.0%.
The sampling process in the primary research was carried out by purposive sampling. Primary researchers distributed screening questionnaires through social media and Posyandu cadres. Respondents were asked to fill out a screening questionnaire. The primary researcher then checked the respondent's personal data. The research questionnaire link was sent by the primary researcher to respondents who met the criteria via electronic mail or WhatsApp. Then, the respondent filled the agreement in the informed consent section and continued by filling out the research questionnaire. When respondent filled the informed consent¸ they did not provide their signature as a form of their consent. Respondents' consent was done by pressing the "agree" or "disagree" button. If the respondent pressed the disagree button, the process of filling out the questionnaire automatically cannot be continued. The sampling process in the secondary research was carried out by taking all households recorded in the primary study and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
The dependent variable of this study was household food security during the pandemic. The independent variables were household socioeconomic factors consisting of husband and wife's occupation during pandemic; the number of workers in household during pandemic; household income during pandemic; husband's and wife's education; number of highly educated people in household; receiving food assistance, cash and electricity subsidies from government. Other independent variables were household demographic factors which consisted of respondent's age and the number of dependent members in a household during pandemic. The independent variables were further analyzed to find out what factors were related to household food security during pandemic. Other variables such as husband and wife's occupation before pandemic, household income before pandemic, and the number of dependent members in household before pandemic were also analyzed to obtain information on socioeconomic and demographic factors before pandemic. This information can be used to determine whether there were significant differences between before and during pandemic. The variables before pandemic explained the socioeconomic and demographic conditions of the household before March 2020, while the variables during pandemic explained the socioeconomic and demographic conditions of the household since March 2020. The determination of March 2020 as the start of variable assessment during pandemic because the first COVID-19 case in Indonesia was found in March 2020 30 .
The assessment of household food security was carried out using HFIAS. This questionnaire consisted of nine questions about the household's eating conditions in the last month. Each answer had a certain weight for determining the food security score. The answer of never, seldom, sometimes and often were weighted 0, 1, 2 and 3 respectively. These weights were summed to obtain a food security score. Respondents with a score of 0-1, 2-7, 8-14, and 15-27 were classified as food secure, mild food insecurity, moderate food insecurity and severe food security respectively 31 . This research categorized household food security into food insecure and food secure. Food insecure was the composite of mild food insecure, moderate food insecure and severe food insecure. HFIAS validation had been carried out by Ashari, Khomsan, and Baliwati in South Sulawesi, Indonesia 32 .
The number of workers and highly educated people in the household was determined based on the respondents' answers regarding the husband's and wife's occupation and education. If there was none, only the husband, or only the wife who worked, then the number of workers in the household was < 2. If the husband and wife worked, the number of workers in the family was 2.
If there was none, only the husband, or only the wife graduated from college, then the number of highly educated people in the household was < 2. The number of highly educated people in the household was 2 if the husband and wife graduated from college.
Data processing and analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 26 software. Data analysis consisted of univariate, bivariate, and multivariate. Univariate analysis was performed with frequency distribution. This study also described the differences in socioeconomic and demographic factors between before and during the pandemic with the McNamar test. Bivariate analysis was carried out using the chi-square test. Multivariate analysis was performed using multiple logistic regression test. The results of the analysis were declared as significant if the p value < 0.05. The measurement of the association between exposure and outcome was carried out using an odd ratio (OR), although the usage of OR could result in an overestimation of the prevalence ratio (PR) when prevalence > 10% 33

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Most of the households consumed less variety of food in the last month (60.6%). In addition, 17.7% of households could not eat anything at mealtime. Sleeping in hunger at night was also experienced by 14.3% of households. Moreover, 6.5% of households did not eat anything a day and night because there was not enough food (Table 1) Research on food security that was carried out during pandemic in other countries also showed high rates of food insecurity. Research in Bangladesh showed that food insecure households during pandemic were 88.68% 36 . A study in Wuhan, China showed that 94% of households were food insecure in March 2020 37 .
The high number of food insecurity in various regions, both abroad and domestically, including Depok in 2020 was due to the COVID-19 pandemic situation 38 . Leddy et al stated that the government implemented various policies to reduce the spread of COVID-19 including the implementation of distance learning, closing several businesses in non-essential sectors, and implementation work from home. The policies make several people have to lose their jobs. In addition, some employed people suffered a reduction in working hours and a decrease in income 9 . This eventually makes it difficult for them to meet their household food needs 9 . There was an increment in unemployed husbands between before pandemic and during pandemic from 3.1% to 7.0%. Unemployed wife also increased from 33.6% to 44.4%. Households who had < 2 workers also experienced an increase from 37.1% to 48.3%. The results of the McNamar test analysis stated that the husband's and wife's occupation and the number of workers in the household before and during the pandemic were significantly different. This study is in line with research in Yogyakarta which stated that there was an increase in the number of unemployment between before and during the pandemic from 17.2% to 22.1% 39 . Research in Austin, Texas showed that 46% of families experienced a job loss, disruption or reduction 40 .
Household income before and during the pandemic were also significantly different. Households with income < minimum salary wage experienced an increase from 61.4% before pandemic to 71.8% during pandemic. This result is in line with a study in Yogyakarta which stated that households with a monthly income of < IDR 1,000,000.00 increased from 6.6% to 13.1% since the COVID-19 pandemic 39 . In Nigeria, there were 47.9% of respondents who experienced a decrease in income and 8.4% of respondents who did not have any income during COVID-19 pandemic 41 .
Companies sometimes implement various adjustments to work rules related to the COVID-19 pandemic, such as: working from home for some or all employees, reducing working hours, temporarily stopping office activities. Moreover, some companies were forced to completely stop their activities and lay off their employees 42 . As a result, some people had to lose their jobs so that their incomes were reduced.
This study also stated that there was a significant difference between the number of dependent members in a household before and during pandemic. Households with a large number of dependent members increased from 24.3% before the pandemic to 27.4% during the pandemic. This is because many people have lost their jobs during the pandemic. Those who lose their jobs finally having no income so their living needs must be accommodated by other household members  had a 3 times higher risk of experiencing food insecurity than households with annual income > $150,000.00 43 . Research in Porto, Portugal also stated that households with inadequate income were 23.3 times more likely to experience food insecurity 44 . In South Buru Regency, Maluku, households with income < minimum salary wage had a 1.71 times higher risk of experiencing food insecurity than households with income > minimum salary wage 45 .
Low incomes can increase the risk of food insecurity. Low income is also an obstacle for households to achieve food security conditions. This is because low income affects one of the financial accesses that households should have, namely purchasing power. Lowincome households usually find it difficult to buy food of adequate quality and quantity. This condition can make household members experience hunger 46 .
Education was also a factor that was related significantly to household food security during the pandemic. Households with a low educated husband, low educated wife, the number of highly educated people < 2 have a greater proportion of food insecurity. This is in line with Mortazavi et al's study which proved that an illiterate household head had a 6 times higher risk of experiencing food insecurity with hunger than a household head who graduated from university 47 . Research in Ilam Province, Iran also stated that a wife who did not graduate from high school was more likely to experience food insecurity than a wife who had graduated from high school 48 .
Low educated husband and wife generally have limited working skills. On the other hand, high-paying jobs usually require skills that they do not have. They finally found difficulty to get high-paying jobs. This condition then makes their household's purchasing power for food not enough 47,49-51 . The initial model of multivariate analysis was carried out by including the variables of husband's and wife's occupation during pandemic; household income during pandemic; husband's and wife's education; receiving of food assistance, cash, electricity subsidies from government; respondent's age; and the number of dependent members in household during pandemic. The number of highly educated people in the household was not included in the initial model of multivariate analysis because there was multicollinearity with the husband's and wife's education which was characterized by the value of tolerance < 0.4 and Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) > 2.5 52,53 . The final model of multivariate analysis showed that wife's education (AOR=3.978; 95% CI=1.722-9.186) was the dominant factor related to household food security after being controlled by the wife's occupation during pandemic, household income during pandemic, husband's education as a confounding variable. Households who had a low educated wife were at a risk of experiencing food insecurity 4 times higher than households who had a highly educated wife.
A wife is usually more responsible for food provision at home, starting from the procurement of food ingredients to serving at the dinner table. In carrying out this role, the wife must be able to utilize the resources she has. The available money needs to be managed as efficiently as possible to buy food stuff. Food can be stored properly so it doesn't go stale and can be eaten again later. The available yard can be used to grow vegetables or raise animals. However, low educated wife are less able in making decisions in the use of existing resources 47,50,54 .
The current research had some limitations. The first limitation was the absence of information related to the prevalence trend of food insecurity. The next limitation was not being able to see a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables. These two things were because this study used a crosssectional research design. The last limitation was that this research was not able to reach targets who did not have internet access because this research used an online questionnaire.

CONCLUSION
The dominant factor related to household food security during the COVID-19 pandemic in Depok City was wife's education. Household with a low educated wife had a risk of food insecurity 4 times higher than a household with a highly educated wife. Future research is expected to add other independent variables that have not been studied in the current study including home ownership, land ownership and area, livestock ownership, smoking habits and coping strategies. The next research is also expected to be able to measure household food security periodically within a certain period of time in order to see trends in changes of household food security during the pandemic.