Amerta Nutrition

Food Consumption and Family Income Associated with Chronic Energy Deficiency in Pregnant Women in Coastal Areas of Indonesia: Systematic Review

Farida Wahyu Ningtyias — 2024-11-22

Background: In Indonesia, Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) is still a prevalent nutritional concern among pregnant women. CED is characterized by symptoms including anemia, bleeding, irregular maternal weight gain, and infection. CED in pregnant women is multifactorial, with food consumption intake serving as a direct contributor, and cultural factors as well as family income levels exert the indirect ones. Notably, pregnant women living in coastal areas tend to have low purchasing power, which in turn affects food intake and amplifies the risk of CED.

Objectives: Analyzing the relationship between food consumption patterns and family income levels with the incidence of CED during pregnancy in coastal areas based on the results of other authors’ researches.

Methods: This systematic review was carried out following the PRISMA guidelines to select and assess the quality of the articles. Data sources came from PubMed, DOAJ, Garuda Portal, Proquest, and Google Scholar from 2013-2022. The keywords used were "Food Consumption” AND “Family Income” AND “Chronic Energy Deficiency Incidence” AND “Pregnancy in Coastal Areas”, AND “Socio-Cultural”, AND “Health Services”, AND “Food Access” and produced 18 articles.

Discussions: Thirteen of 18 articles studied only discussed one variable, namely food consumption or family income, and five journals discussed two variables, namely food consumption and family income. 12 of 13 articles stated a significant relationship between food consumption and the incidence of CED in pregnancy in coastal areas; one article concluded the opposite. Pregnant women in coastal areas have a higher risk of experiencing CED due to low family income and lack of access to nutritious food.

Conclusions: Prevention of CED for pregnant women in coastal areas is carried out by increasing family income and access to sufficient nutritious food.

Front Matter Vol. 8 No. 4, December 2024

Amerta Nutrition — 2024-11-25

The Effect of Cooking Techniques on the Texture and Color of Analog Rice Made from Sorghum, Mocaf, Glucommanan, and Moringa Flour

Frisqi Meilany Khoirunnisah — 2024-11-22

Background: Rice cooking techniques determine the physical properties acceptance. A healthy diabetic diet such as the consumption of analog rice with the benefits of functional food can help control blood sugar. Thus, the physical properties of analog rice are important.

Objectives: To determine the effect of cooking techniques on the physical properties (texture and color) of analog rice made from sorghum, Modified Cassava Flour (Mocaf), glucomannan, and moringa flour.

Methods: This experimental study used a completely randomized design (CRD). It used two rice cooking treatments (steamer and rice cooker) on analog rice and C4 rice with two repetitions of both treatment and analysis. This research was conducted during October-November 2022. The physical properties of rice, namely texture and color were tested using a texture analyzer and chroma meter. Data were analyzed statistically using the Mann-Whitney test with the help of SPSS version 23.0.

Results: The cooking technique did not affect the rice texture in terms of hardness bite 1, springiness, and chewiness of both analog rice and C4 rice (p-value>0.05). However, the cooking technique affected the color of analog rice (p-value<0.05), but it did not apply to C4 rice (p-value>0.05).

Conclusions: Both steaming and rice cooker techniques do not affect the physical texture of analog rice and C4 rice. However, the cooking techniques significantly influence the color of analog rice. The addition of moringa leaves to analog rice shows a significant difference in the color of both analog rice and C4 rice.

The Correlation between Stunting, Maternal Knowledge, and Nutritional Care in Aceh, Indonesia

Muhammad Fatih Ramadhan — 2024-11-22

Background: Aceh province is one of the Indonesian provinces with the highest prevalence of stunting. Many factors contribute to this situation, including maternal knowledge. Although many studies have been conducted in Indonesia, literature exploring the correlation between stunting, mothers’ knowledge of stunting, and nutritional care in the Aceh province is limited.

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the correlation between mothers’ knowledge of stunting, nutritional care, and the prevalence of stunting.

Methods: This study utilized a quantitative paradigm and a cross-sectional design. The participants were 90 mothers selected by purposive sampling technique at Neuheun village, a village with the highest stunting prevalence in Aceh Besar Regency. The data was collected using a questionnaire measuring the mothers’ knowledge of stunting and nutrition care. In addition, secondary data was collected based on the anthropometric measurements of the children from the local community health center.

Results: The findings suggest a significant correlation between maternal knowledge and stunting prevalence (p-value=0.003), as well as a significant correlation between nutrition care knowledge and stunting prevalence (p-value<0.001).

Conclusions: This study concludes a significant correlation between mothers’ knowledge, nutritional care, and the prevalence of stunting in children at Neuheun Village, Aceh Besar Regency. Such findings underscore the imperative for concerted efforts among stakeholders to enhance maternal understanding of stunting and promote optimal nutritional care practices.

The Quality of Ice Cream with Cowpea Tempeh Extract and Porang Tuber Extract Paste as Stabilizer

Alexander Ryu Siedharta — 2024-11-22

Background: Ice cream contains a high saturated fat and uses commercial stabilizers which are detrimental to health. This study uses cowpea tempeh extract containing a low saturated fat and porang tuber extract paste as natural stabilizers.

Objectives: To determinate the effect of adding cowpea tempeh extract as a substitute for water and porang tuber extract paste as a replacement for carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and super polymer (SP) on the ice cream characteristics.

Methods: This study used a completely randomized design with four treatments based on the ratios amount of cowpea tempeh extract and porang tuber extract paste (%), 0:0 (K), 5:1 (A), 10:1.5 (B), and 15:2 (C). This study measured the protein content, fat content, solids content, sucrose content, total plate counts, Salmonella prevalence, melting rate, overrun and panelists' preference.

Results: The result of the ice cream testing shows that the protein content is 4.35%-7.47%, the fat content 8.68%-9.84%, the total solids content 23.53%-30.75%, the sugar content (sucrose) 20.67%-20.87%, the overrun 70.67%-100%, the melting rate 1019 seconds-1207 seconds, and the compliance with Indonesia National Standard dealing with the total plate counts and the Salmonella prevalence.

Conclusions: The best ice cream is obtained in the treatment C (15%:2%).

Organoleptic Quality and Nutritional Content of Local Fish (Bleberan) Formulation Crackers as Snacks for Stunting Toddlers

Meriwati Mahyuddin — 2024-11-22

Background: Toddlers commonly experience nutritional problems due to a variety of factors such as direct, indirect, main, and basic factors. Stunting is a chronic malnutrition problem that can have both long and short-term impacts on toddlers. The Bengkulu area is predominantly located along the coast, boasting an abundance of marine products. There are certain types of small fish that are considered byproducts and relatively inexpensive.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the hedonic test for fish crackers with a variety of vegetables (mustard greens, carrots, and apple tomatoes) using a hedonic test.

Methods: This study was conducted in the Nutrition Laboratory for 1 month start with product manufacturing, organoleptic and acceptability tests carried out at selected public health centres that had the highest stunting criteria. The selected public health centres are Pasar Ikan, Beringin Raya, Sawah Lebar, Penurunan, Anggut Atas, Sukamerindu, and Jalan Gedang. This study was a completely randomized design (CRD). Data were analysed using the Stata 16, conducting univariate analysis (proportions and averages).

Results: The fish crackers with apple tomatoes variant, composed of 250 g of fish and 50 g of apple tomatoes, showed the highest average score among other variants. This formulation had 424.42 kcal and 0.96 g ) between the four variants.

Conclusions: The formulation of bleberan fish crackers with tomato showed the highest preference score with an average value of 3.83, with a significant difference in the quality of the colour.

An Evaluation of Kawasan Sehat Program in Layanan Kesehatan Cuma-Cuma Dompet Dhuafa of West Nusa Tenggara for Stunting Prevention Management

Shafira Salsabila Samara — 2024-11-22

Background: Nutritional issues among children remain a significant health concern, with stunting being a national priority. Data of the Indonesian Nutrition Status Survey shows an increase in the prevalence of stunting in West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) from 31.4% (2021) to 32.7% (2022). Dompet Dhuafa Foundation has a Kawasan Sehat program to support the government in promoting healthy lifestyles, particularly stunting prevention.

Objectives: Evaluating the Kawasan Sehat program in efforts to prevent and manage stunting in Layanan Kesehatan Cuma-Cuma area of NTB.

Methods: This evaluative research used a mixed-methods approach. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and document reviews. Informants were selected using purposive sampling. Qualitative data analysis was conducted in stages of data reduction, presentation, and interpretation. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively to assess stunting prevalence and the achievement of program indicators.

Results: Kawasan Sehat program has contributed to preventing and managing stunting. The input components effectively support its implementation, with adequate human resources and budget acquired from partnerships. The program was carried out systematically, including planning involving stakeholders, execution using a combination of community empowerment and charity, and supervision. Various interventions are implemented, including support for pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, infants, and toddlers. The success of the output was evidenced by the decrease in stunting prevalence in Kawasan Sehat NTB and the achievement of the program indicators.

Conclusions: Kawasan Sehat program for stunting intervention has been successful according to input, process, and output. Community empowerment should continuously be strengthened to encourage communities to adopt clean and healthy living behaviors.

Adolescents’ Unhealthy Eating Behavior and Customer Engagement on Social Media in Sub Urban Areas

Elia Nur A'yunin — 2024-11-22

Background: Social media exposure is one of the effective strategies for digital marketing of food and beverage products in this present era. In addition, adolescents are the dominant users of social media (75.5%), which affects their behavior and health status.

Objectives: This study aimed to describe adolescent eating behavior and customer engagement with food, beverage, and drink-related content on social media in sub-urban areas and to analyze the relationship with their eating behavior.

Methods: The procedures were carried out using a descriptive observational method with a cross-sectional approach at SMA XX in the sub-urban areas in Depok City. The participants comprised class X aged 15-16 years (n=277) who were selected using the total sampling method. In addition, adolescents' healthy eating behavior was measured by AFHC (Adolescent Food Habits Checklist). The data obtained were then analyzed using an independent T-test with a Confidence Interval (CI) of 95%.

Results: The results showed that the majority of the participants had unhealthy eating behavior. In addition, two aspects of customer engagement behavior showed a significant relationship with healthy eating in adolescents. This behavior includes liking and commenting on food and drink advertisements/promotions on social media (p-value=0.051), sharing, reposting, or tagging someone in food and drink content, reviews of places to eat, or viral food trends (p-value=0.025).

Conclusions: Customer engagement on social media significantly affected eating behavior of adolescents in sub-urban areas, particularly behavior of liking and sharing/reposting food adverts.

Nuggets from Canavalia Ensiformis L. Koro Beans Flour and Bamboo Shoots as a Prevention for Wasting in Children 5−12 Years

Sarlina Palimbong — 2024-11-22

Background: Wasting in children can hinder their growth and development, cognitive ability and productivity.

Objectives: To create innovative nugget products from Canavalia Ensiformis L. flour and bamboo shoots for wasting prevention for children aged 5–12 years, to determine the acceptability of Canavalia Ensiformis L. flour and bamboo shoots nugget, to measure the nutritional value the product.

Methods: The ratios of the ingredients, i.e., Canavalia Ensiformis L. flour and bamboo shoots, are 100:25, 75:50, and 50:75. The proximate test parameters include water, ash, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. Each test was repeated 3 times. The acquired proximate data was processed using one-way ANOVA test; the results indicate significant differences; Duncan test will be conducted. The hedonic test assessing the color, aroma, taste, texture and the overall parameters of the product was carried out on untrained panelist. The obtained hedonic data was processed using the Kruskal-Wallis test.

Results: The ratio of the ingredients significantly affects the water, ash, protein, fat, and carbohydrate content of the nuggets. The higher proportion of the Canavalia Ensiformis L. flour, the lower water, ash, and fat content of the nuggets, but the higher their protein and carbohydrate content. However, ratio of the ingredients does significantly influence the acceptability of the nuggets.

Conclusions: Formula A, which has the ratio of 100:25, is recommended due to its excellent nutritional values of 27.98% water, 1.98% ash, 18.85% protein, 20.4% fat, and 30.79% carbohydrates. It provides a good sensory acceptance and can be used to prevent wasting in children.

Comparison between Measured and Predicted Basal Metabolic Rate in Indonesian Adolescent Female Basketball Players

Mochammad Rizal — 2024-11-22

Background: Accurate estimation of energy requirement is significantly crucial for athletes to support performance. Meanwhile, Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) constitutes the largest component of Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) and is commonly assessed using estimation formulas.

Objectives: This study aimed to compare measured and predicted BMR using Body Impedance Analysis (BIA) and estimation formulas respectively among adolescent female basketball players in the Youth Sports Training Center (PPOP) Special Capital Region (DKI) Jakarta.

Methods: A total of 12 adolescent female basketball players aged 14-18 years were subjected to BIA measurements to obtain BMR and body composition. BMR was compared with 24 formulas using paired t-tests, while mean differences and effect size were analyzed to determine the best predictive formula.

Results: The results showed significant differences between measured (1473.6±201.2 kcal) and the majority of all predicted BMR (p-value<0.05), except for Cunningham (1459.0±102.1 kcal), Harris-Benedict (1441.7±87.0 kcal), IMNA (1398.7±91.1 kcal), and Kim (1384.3±69.6 kcal). The smallest differences between measured and predicted BMR were observed in Cunningham (14.7±113.3 kcal) and Harris-Benedict (31.9±116.2 kcal). Effect size analyses showed large differences in the majority of formulas (>1), while Cunningham (0.129) and Harris-Benedict (0.274) had the smallest effect sizes.

Conclusions: Cunningham and Harris-Benedict may serve as alternative estimations for BMR aside from using BIA in adolescent female basketball players in PPOP DKI Jakarta. Future studies should consider indirect calorimetry methods to enhance BMR measurement accuracy. Similar studies should also be performed on various athletes in Indonesia with larger sample sizes.

The Relationship Between the Age of Toddlers, the Provision of Formula Milk, and Residence Location with the Occurrence of Diarrhoea: An Analysis of DHS Data

Achmad Dzulkifli — 2024-11-22

Background: Approximately 16% of mortality in children under five years old is associated with diarrhoea. In Ghana, diarrhoea is the third most common cause of death among infants. Ghana is one of the countries in Africa with an estimated 1,700 deaths due to diarrhoea in infants.

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the relationship between toddlers' age, formula milk consumption, residence location, and diarrhoea occurrence.

Methods: This study was a cross-sectional, analytical, observational study. The data was obtained from the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) database in 2019. The total number of respondents in the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) was 8,362 individuals. Meanwhile, the total number of respondents who meet the inclusion criteria is 2,263 toddlers.

Results: This study demonstrated a significant relationship between the occurrence of diarrhoea in toddlers and characteristics related to the toddler's age (p-value<0.001; OR=0.696; 95% CI=0.579-0.837), formula milk consumption (p-value<0.001; OR=2.056; 95% CI=1.629-2.596), and residence location (p-value<0.001; OR=1.719; 95% CI=1.326-2.245).

Conclusions: Based on the results of the study, the incidence of diarrhoea in toddlers was correlated with the age of the toddler, formula feeding, and location of residence. Development of diarrhoea research will be needed in relation to health promotion in preventing diarrhoeal diseases.

Emotional Eating and Psychological Distress: Unveiling the Hidden Struggles of International Students in Surabaya

Nisaus Shofi Ayu Ningtyas — 2024-11-22

Background: International students often face significant adaptation challenges in new academic settings, leading to increased psychological stress, which may affect their emotional well-being and eating habits. Emotional eating is commonly triggered by stress and may contribute to the development of abdominal obesity, which is a serious health concern associated with a higher risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.

Objectives: This study aims to examine the presence of psychological stress and the incidence of emotional eating among international students.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Airlangga University in April 2024 with 130 international student respondents from a total of 165 international students recorded, who provided consent and met the inclusion criteria. Data were collected and analyzed descriptively, and statistical testing was conducted using Spearman’s correlation, setting the significance level at p-value <0.05.

Results: Most respondents were female (54.62%), undergraduate students (60.00%), Malaysians (57.70%), and had a median waist circumference of 82.59 cm. Psychological stress was associated with emotional eating behavior, as indicated by significant correlations between the subscales of depression, anxiety, and stress as well as the total Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) score and the total Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire Emotional Eating (EE) score (p <0.001).

Conclusions: International students experiencing psychological stress during their studies are more likely to engage in emotional eating behaviors, which can subsequently increase their potential for body size changes if not balanced with increased calorie burning.

The Relationship between Food Diversity and Development of Stunted Toddlers in Cisayong District, Tasikmalaya Regency, Indonesia

Nur Lina — 2024-11-22

Background: Stunting is chronic malnutrition causes impaired physical growth, cognitive functions, motor skills, decreased physical capacity, and nerve development. The prevalence of stunting in Tasikmalaya Regency was 24.4% in 2021 then increased to 27.2% in 2022. One of the stunting locus villages in Tasikmalaya Regency is Cisayong.

Objectives: The primary aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between food diversity and the development of stunted toddlers in Cisayong Village, Tasikmalaya Regency.

Methods: Case control study with a population of toddlers aged 24-59 months based on toddler weighing data in February 2023. The samples were calculated based on the Lemeshow formula involving 49 toddlers in the case group and 98 toddlers in the control group. The adopted research instruments were the food diversity score questionnaire and the Pre-Development Screening Questionnaire (KPSP).

Results: Most toddlers (57.14%) consumed a variety of foods, (62.59%) indicated developmental stages that did not match the KPSP. The results of the Mann Whitney test produced a p-value of 0.47 indicating that there was no significant difference in the variety of food consumed by toddlers. Toddlers whose developmental stages did not match were more often identified in stunted toddlers rather than well-grown toddlers. In particular, there was a significant difference in developmental level scores between the two groups of toddlers (p-value<0.001).

Conclusions: Well-grown toddlers indicated the same differences in terms of food diversity. There was a difference in developmental level scores between the two groups of toddlers.

Association between Nutritional Knowledge and Immunonutrients Intake with Immunity Status Post-Pandemic COVID-19 in College Students

Dian Isti Angraini — 2024-11-22

Background: The occurrence of COVID-19 pandemic has affected various aspects of life. Several studies have shown that the ability to recover and avoid COVID-19 infection depends on the level of immunity, which is influenced by the intake of immunonutrients. However, healthy eating habits, such as the consumption of these immononutrients, are influenced by a good nutrition understanding.

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the association between nutritional knowledge and immunonutrients intake with immunity status post-pandemic COVID-19 in college students.

Methods: The study procedures were carried out using an observational analytical method with a cross-sectional design. The sample population comprised 104 first-year students from Medical Education Study Program at Medical Faculty of Lampung University. Students were determined using the unpaired categorical comparative analytics sample size formula and selected with a straightforward simple random sampling method. Data were collected using a questionnaire, including nutritional knowledge, immunonutrients intake, and immune status. Analysis was carried out using Chi-Square test and logistic regression.

Results: The result showed that 51.9% of respondents had decreased immunity status. The bivariate test revealed that protein intake (p-value<0.001), zinc (p-value=0.006), iron (p-value<0.001), vitamin A (p-value<0.001), and vitamin C (p-value=0.002) had a relationship with immunity status, while nutritional knowledge (p-value=0.708) had no association. In addition, the factors most related to immunity status were protein, iron, and vitamin C intake.

Conclusions: Immunonutrients intake is a factor that directly influenced immunity status, while nutritional knowledge is an indirect factor.

Oral Nutrition Supplements: Regulation and Distribution in Indonesia – a Study in a Private Hospital in Surabaya

Lama'ah Azzahra' — 2024-11-22

Background: Oral Nutrition Supplements (ONS) in the Minister of Health Regulation No. 29 year 2019 which was made as the guidance of nutritional management for children with nutritional problems, especially growth failure (still prevalent) and became one of Indonesia governments’ goal for MDG’s achievement.

Objectives: To describe the regulations and distributions of ONS as a strategy to reach the optimal catch-up growth in children under 5 years-old in private hospital in Surabaya based on the Minister of Health Regulation No. 29 year 2019. Also to determine the effect of ONS on insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) as a growth marker and lymphocytes as immune cells involved in immune response.

Methods: A quasi-experiment with pre-post design involving children aged 12-60 months old. The subjects received 400 ml of ONS (~400 kcal/day with estimated nutritional requirement of 1000 kcal/day) under the provision of the pediatrician as an adjuvant to cover their nutrients deficits.

Results: ONS intervention along with dietary counselling for nutritional therapy and medication improved the children’s growths parameters, including body weight (from 10.38±2.28kg at day-0 to 11.27±2.38 at day-90, p-value=0.000) and body length/height significantly (from 82.94±9.58cm to 85.75±8.93 at day-90, p-value=0.000). ONS also improved IGF-1 in children with growth failure.

Conclusions: ONS intervention was proved to improve the IGF-1 levels, but not with the number of lymphocyte cells. The regulation of ONS must be under professional provision as it has the effect to increase body weight rapidly and must be stopped when the children receive the prescription reached their catch-up growth.

25(OH)D Status in Metabolic Syndrome, Metabolic Syndrome Components, and Healthy Adult

Efriwati Efriwati — 2024-11-22

Background: Vitamin D supplementation to prevent Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) has been widely implemented in developed countries and is now being introduced in developing countries. However, recent studies have shown no association between vitamin D and MetS in adults.

Objectives: This study aims to obtain a profile of vitamin D values in adults and explore vitamin D status in MetS patients, MetS components, and healthy adults.

Methods: This research design was a cross-sectional study, utilizing both secondary and primary data from the research on the Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases (RF-NCD) longitudinal study in 2021. Serum 25(OH)D levels in 956 adult respondents were determined by Enzyme-linked Immune Assay (ELISA) analysis using Stored Biological Material (SBM) serum from the 2021 RF-NCD longitudinal study. The ANOVA test was used to determine differences in vitamin D levels in various physiological conditions of respondents (MetS, MetS components, and healthy people).

Results: A total of 68.5% of respondents had inadequate (deficiency and insufficiency) serum vitamin D levels, with an average of 26.5 ng/mL. The average vitamin D levels between MetS patients, MetS components, and healthy people were not significantly different (p-value>0.05). However, the number or percentage of respondents with 25(OH)D deficiency in the MetS group (12.1%) was higher than other physiological conditions.

Conclusions: Most of the respondents in this study have inadequate vitamin D levels. The average vitamin D levels did not differ between physiological conditions. Further studies are needed on other micronutrient factors that affect the incidence of MetS and its components.

Sweet Threshold and Fasting Blood Glucose Levels in Adolescents at Surabaya Indonesia

Silvia Rosalinda — 2024-11-22

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a degenerative disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). Based on Riskesdas 2018, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus diagnosed by doctors among the Indonesian population aged 15-24 years was 0.1%. The increase in blood glucose levels can be caused by high sugar consumption triggered by a high sweet taste threshold.

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate a relationship between the sweet threshold and fasting blood glucose levels in adolescents at Surabaya Indonesia.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 97 individuals selected through simple random sampling. The sweet taste threshold was carried out using three-alternative forced-choice (3-AFC) method. The sweet threshold was categorized as high if the sample could only answer <4 questions, while the normal category was defined as those who could answer >4 questions. Blood glucose measurements were performed by medical personnel using a glucometer, with a fasting blood glucose level of >100mg/dL considered high. Analysis was carried out using the Chi Square statistical test.

Results: The results indicated that 12.4% of the respondents had a high sweet taste threshold, while 10.3% of the respondents had high fasting blood sugar levels. The results showed that there was no relationship between the sweet taste threshold and fasting blood glucose levels (p-value = 0.210).

Conclusions: There is no relationship between the sweet taste threshold and fasting blood sugar levels in adolescents at Pondok Pesantren Subulussalam Surabaya. Respondents with high GDP levels should undergo further examination to facilitate early intervention and promote healthier lifestyles.

Keywords: Taste Threshold, Diabetes Mellitus, Fasting Blood Glucose Level, Adolescent

Dietary Intake, Lifestyle Factors, and Metabolic Risk: Insights from Health Check-Ups at a Private Healthcare Facility in Coimbatore, India

Shanthi Dhandapani — 2024-11-22

Background: Over the last decade (2014–2024), the global prevalence of metabolic risk factors such as dyslipidemia (5-8%), hypertension (5-10%), obesity (10-15%) and elevated blood glucose levels (10-15%) has been steadily increasing.

Objectives: To determine the correlation among the dietary consumption, lifestyle factors, and metabolic risk factors among the respondent of age 18-65 years.

Methods: The respondent (n=419) were enrolled from August 2023 to February 2024 in Coimbatore, India. The sociodemographic characteristics, dietary intake, stress levels, and physical activity were measured using questionnaires. The respondent’s anthropometry, HbA1c level, blood pressure, and liver function tests were examined, and those with abnormal liver enzymes underwent abdominal ultrasonography for fatty liver diagnosis. The descriptive, Chi square and Kendall’s tau correlation coefficient were performed for statistical analysis.

Results: This research showed a weak correlation among protein intake of the respondent and obesity (r=0.084 and p-value=0.026). A significant association was observed among blood pressure range and the consumption of fat (r=0.079, p-value=0.039), protein (r=0.158, p-value<0.001). Correspondingly, the intake of nutrient such as energy (r=0.102, p-value<0.001), carbohydrate (r=0.089, p-value<0.001), and fat (r=0.156, p-value<0.001) was positively correlated with an increased hyperglycaemic risk. Further, energy (r=0.202, p-value<0.001), carbohydrate (r=0.146, p-value<0.001) consumption level had positive correlation with fatty liver disease.

Conclusions: A significant positive correlation as observed between and metabolic risk factors and dietary intake. Modifying the interventions to target these risk factors may aid lower the risk of hypertension, obesity, hyperglycaemia, and fatty liver disease in diverse inhabitants.

Global Trend of Stunting in The Last Decade: A Bibliometric Analysis

Yohanis Ndapa Deda — 2024-11-22

Background: Stunting is a growth and development problem in children caused by chronic malnutrition and disease. There is no bibliometric analysis related to stunting globally and simultaneously using metadata from GS (Google Scholar) and Scopus on Vosviewer visualization from 2012 to 2022.

Objectives: To study the trends in research on stunting through a bibliometric analysis of the widely used GS and Scopus databases.

Methods: This method was used to investigate and evaluate a large amount of scientific data on stunting, revealing the intricacies of the evolution and novelties related to stunting over a decade (2012-2022).

Discussions: Stunting studies have increased over the last decade (2012-2022). The authors most cited based on the Scopus database are Prendergast & Humphrey. The authors most cited based on the GS database is de Onis & Branca. The productive author based on GS is T Siswati from Indonesia. The top numbers one influential author based on Scopus are M. De Onis and P. Svefors. The total number one source article based on Scopus and GS is Plos One. PH Nguyen, P Menon, and VM Aguayo are the three authors who have co-authored the most documents related to stunting in the past decade based on VosViewer visualizations. Based on the results of the VosViewer visualization, six significant clusters were also discussed: review, Inequality, Ethiopia, anemia, trial, and Infant.

Conclusions: Stunting prevention in areas or countries with acute stunting needs more detail from governments and WHO. We recommend that future research on the pattern of appropriate policies to prevent stunting be carried out.

Essential Health Intervention Package for Adolescent Girls as a Step to Break the Stunting Cycle: A Literature Review

Rahayu Widaryanti — 2024-11-22

Background: In Indonesia, approximately 32% of Indonesian adolescents experience anemia, if it not addressed effectively, adolescents suffering anemia pose a risk of resulting in stunted growth in their future offspring. Addressing nutritional issues including anemia in adolescence is a crucial step in efforts to break the cycle of stunting.

Objectives: This study aimed to review and analyze various essential health interventions for adolescent girls as a strategy to break the cycle of stunting through a comprehensive article review.

Methods: Literature was collected from four English-language databases: Scopus, PubMed, Springer Link, and EBSCOhost published from January 2013 to November 2023. The authors conducted article searching using the keywords "Adolescent girl" OR "teenage girl" OR "young woman" AND Intervention AND stunting. Inclusion criteria for this study encompassed community- or population-based research utilizing cross-sectional, cohort, and experimental methods. Exclusion criteria included systematic literature reviews and studies that did not report relevant findings. Ultimately, 10 articles were reviewed from a total of 4,596 articles identified, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)2020 checklist.

Discussions: The health intervention package designed for adolescent girls to prevent stunting includes health education delivered through various methods such as PowerPoint presentations, videos, booklets, and comics, along with the implementation of youth integrated post (posyandu) and community or school-based health intervention. Health promotion materials cover diet, personal hygiene, and supplementation of micronutrients and macronutrients.

Conclusions: Implementing the appropriate package of essential health interventions constitutes an effective and efficient approach to break the cycle of stunting.

Back Matter Vol. 8 No. 4, December 2024

Amerta Nutrition — 2024-11-26

Accuracy of Dietary Assessment Methods as a Measurement of Micronutrient Intake in Adolescents: Scoping Review

Abdul Malik Simatupang — 2024-11-22

Background: Micronutrient deficiency, including iron, vitamin A, B-12 and folic acid, can cause anemia and harm adolescent health. Accurate dietary assessment methods is crucial to detect micronutrient deficiencies, but existing methods, have limitations, necessitating a review to identify the accurate methods for assessing micronutrient intake in adolescents.

Objectives: To determine the accuracy of dietary assessment methods as suitable option for measuring micronutrient intake in adolescents.

Methods: This study utilized the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) flowchart approach. Article were identified from ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar. Articles were included if participants aged 10-19 years, published between 2014-2024, written in English/Indonesian, original research articles and studies related to validation of dietary assessment methods for micronutrient intake. The keywords were "micronutrient intake" OR "dietary intake" AND "dietary assessment" OR "validity" AND "adolescent".

Discussions: 1157 articles were identified, 7 met the eligibility criteria, including 50 to 1081 adolescent. The Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) method was valid for sodium, niacin, folate, thiamine, calcium, phosphorus and reproducible for vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, iron, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, β-carotene. The Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) method was valid for riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium, serum iron biomarkers, and reproducible for retinol, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin C, vitamin D, iron, calcium. The 24-hour Dietary Recall (24hDR) method showed acceptable validity for serum iron biomarkers.

Conclusions: The SQ-FFQ, completed by adolescents with instruction of nutritionist, using a shorter food list and time intervals, has higher relative validity and reproducibility.