Amerta Nutrition

Development of Protein-Rich Canavalia Biscuit from Koro Sword Bean Base on Acceptance and Nutritional Content as Additional Food for Pregnant Women for Stunting Prevention

Baiq Dewi Sukma Septiani — 2024-09-30

Background: One of the efforts to overcome the problem of stunting in toddlers, especially in Central Lombok Regency, is to improve the nutritional status of mothers during pregnancy, especially mothers with chronic energy deficiency (KEK). The PMT program for pregnant women has been regulated in Regulation of the Ministry of Health Number 51 of 2016, where pregnant women with KEK conditions are given a nutrition improvement program that has been set by the government, namely by providing additional food (PMT) in the form of biscuits.

Objectives: Developing additional food products for pregnant women in the form of biscuits using local food ingredients sourced from the koro sword bean.

Methods: The research design used a randomized block design (RBD) with 3 treatments (K=3), 1 experimental unit and 3 repetitions, so the total number of trials was 3×1×3=9. Koro bean flour was also added to Canavalia Biscuit products with different doses, and then the results were analyzed, including tests of acceptability and nutrient content including energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates and calcium.

Results: The results showed that adding 50 g of jack bean flour increased the acceptability of respondents in terms of color, aroma, texture, and taste. The addition of 50 g koro bean flour to Canavalia biscuit products increases the nutritional content, including energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates as well as calcium. The best nutritional content of "Canavalia Biscuits" in the group with the addition of 50% mustard greens includes energy 479 kcal, protein 26 g, fat 21.82 g, carbohydrates 76.66 g, calcium 159.70 mg.

Conclusions: The proportion of the addition of jack beans flour affects the acceptability and increases the nutritional content of "Canavalia Biscuits" including color, aroma, texture and taste.

Analysis of Phytic Acid and Tannin Content of Local Food-Based Analogue Rice as an Alternative Functional Food

Sri Rahmawati — 2024-09-30

Background: Analog rice is an alternative food diversification that has rice-like characteristics. Various food ingredients can be utilized to produce analog rice as functional and healthy foods.

Objectives: This study aims to identify the effect of cooking techniques on the phytic acid and tannin content of analogous rice (made from sorghum, mocaf, glucomannan, and moringa flour) and C4 rice.

Methods: This experimental research used RAL for two treatments, namely cooking rice with a steamer and a rice cooker. This research was conducted in October-November 2022 at the Chem-mix Pratama Laboratory. The sample used analog rice and C4 rice for phytic acid and tannin content analysis using the Infrared Spectrophotometry and UV-S Spectrophotometry methods.

Results: The highest phytic acid content of analog rice cooked using a rice cooker and a steamer was 6.64 mg and 4.75 mg respectively. The highest average tannin content of analog rice cooked using a rice cooker and a steamer was 18.35 mg and 19.55 mg respectively. The highest phytic acid content of C4 rice cooked using a rice cooker and a steamer was 7.43 mg and 9.01 mg respectively. The tannin content of C4 rice cooked using e rice cooker and a steamer was 4.45 mg and 9.11 mg respectively.

Conclusions: The phytic acid content of analog rice is lower than in C4 rice. The tannin content of analog rice is higher than C4 rice. Tannin content reduction in analog rice needs to be studied further.

Correlation between Iron Consumption, Hemoglobin Level, and Nutritional Status on the Physical Fitness of Young Women at MA Al-Irsyad Gajah

Angga Hardiansyah — 2024-09-30

Background: Good nutritional status, normal hemoglobin levels, and adequate iron consumption will help a person achieve good physical fitness. Lack of iron consumption causes a decrease in hemoglobin production. Low levels of hemoglobin cause disruption of oxygen transport to whole body associated with energy production. Malnutrition or excess nutritional status causes a person to have difficulty moving, which results in a lower level of physical fitness.

Objectives: To determine the relationship between iron consumption, hemoglobin level and nutritional status on the physical fitness of female adolescents.

Methods: The study used a cross-sectional design, with total sample of 65 respondents. The data were nutritional status from BMI/U, hemoglobin levels using the Easytouch GCHb (Glucose, Cholesterol, and Hemoglobin) tool, iron consumption using food recall, and physical fitness measured using beep test. Bivariate analysis was measured by Gamma correlation test and ordinal logistic regression test for multivariate analysis.

Results: Most of respondents had good nutritional status (55.4%), normal hemoglobin levels (69.2%), good iron consumption (58.5%), and sufficient physical fitness (60%). The results of bivariate analysis showed that nutritional status did not correlate with physical fitness (p=0.905). Meanwhile, hemoglobin level and iron consumption correlated with physical fitness (p=0.004). Multivariate analysis explained that hemoglobin levels had a 1.73 effect on physical fitness compared to iron intake which influenced physical fitness by 1.1 times.

Conclusions: There is a correlation between iron consumption and hemoglobin levels with physical fitness. There is no correlation between nutritional status and physical fitness.

The Effect of Rice Cooking Techniques on the Sensory Evaluation Test and Fluffiness Levels of Analog Rice Made from Sorghum, Mocaf, Glucomannan, and Moringa Flour

Nova Veronika Sailendra — 2024-09-30

Background: Rice cooking is the process of rice making with several cooking stages and types such as using rice cookers and steamers. This analog rice innovation aims to increase the nutritional value, food diversification, and functional foods.

Objectives: To determine the effect of rice cooking techniques on sensory tests (color, texture, aroma, and overall appearance) and fluffiness levels between analog rice and C4 rice.

Methods: This experimental research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) on analog rice resulting from the best treatment (P2) with an additional composition of 2 gram of Moringa flour. The cooking techniques used rice cookers and steamers for cooking both analog rice and C4 rice. A total of 25 semi-trained panelists were selected to identify sensory evaluation and the fluffiness levels of the product. The statistical analysis used the Mann-Whitney test with the help of SPSS version 23.0.

Results: Cooking techniques using a rice cooker and a steamer influenced the sensory evaluation tests (color (p=0.004), texture (p=0.002), and overall appearance (p=0.006)) and fluffiness levels (p=0.004) for analog rice. However, cooking techniques did not influence the sensory evaluation test for taste (p=0.396) and aroma (p=0.058). The sensory tests such as color (p=0.607), texture (p=0.578), overall appearance (p=0.701), taste (p=0.482) and aroma (p=0.216) and the level of fluffiness in C4 rice (p=0.891) did not show differences.

Conclusions: The steaming cooking technique influences the preference and fluffiness levels of analog rice. Cooking analog rice with the steaming technique is highly recommended in order to increase consumer preference.

Effect of Combination of Averrhoa Bilimbi Extract and Curcuma Longa Extract on Low Density Lipoprotein Levels in Rats Fed a High Fat Diet

Amalia Nurazima Fatikhasari — 2024-09-30

Background: Hypercholesterolemia is a state of total blood cholesterol levels transported by LDL exceeding normal limits. As a result, it can clog blood vessels, and this condition is a risk factor for CHD. Alternative medicine includes flavonoids in Averrhoa bilimbi (belimbing wuluh) known to reduce cholesterol and LDL levels, and curcumin in turmeric known to reduce fat absorption and increase fat excretion.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the combined effect of bilimbi fruit and turmeric extracts on LDL levels.

Methods: This experimental research used post-test only with a control group design involving male Wistar rats divided into 6 (six) random groups. Group KN (standard feed, aquadest for 28 days), K- (high-fat feed for 14 days, followed by standard feed and aquadest), K+ (high-fat feed for 14 days, followed by standard feed, aquadest, and simvastatin 0.18mg/200 g BW/day), P1 (high-fat feed for 14 days, followed by standard feed, aquadest and extracts of bilimbi fruit and turmeric extract at a dose of 240: 270 mg/200 g BW/day), P2 (high-fat diet for 14 days, followed by standard feed, distilled water and bilimbi fruit and turmeric extract at a dose of 360: 175 mg/200 g BW/day), P3 (high-fat diet for 14 days, followed by standard feed, distilled water and extracts of bilimbi fruit and turmeric at a dose of 120: 405 mg/200 g BW/day). The determination of LDL levels was done through a direct method using a spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 550 nm.

Results: The mean LDL levels were KN (53.60 ± 10.69) mg/dL, K- (193.40 ± 16.86) mg/dL, K+ (100.20 ± 42.48) mg/dL, P1 (118.00 ± 64.71) mg/dL, P2 (104.00 ± 45.28) mg/dL, P3 (78.00 ± 4.69) mg/dL. The data received was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Then, the results obtained differences in LDL levels between various groups (p<0.001). Subsequently, it was continued with the Mann-Whitney test on KN compared to K-, K+, P1, P2, P3 indicating p=0.009. As a result, it was found a significant difference in LDL levels between KN and K-, K+, P1, P2, and P3.

Conclusions: This research concludes that providing a mixture of bilimbi fruit extract and turmeric extract can reduce LDL levels.

Analysis of Maternal Factors with the Incidence of LBW Infants at Situbondo Health Center: Study of Cohort Register Data in 2020

Nurihza Widowati — 2024-09-30

Background: Infant mortality rate (IMR), especially in the perinatal period, is caused by the condition of low-birth-weight babies (LBW). The nutritional and health conditions of pregnant women play an important role in determining the nutritional status of infants starting during pregnancy. Maternal factors are one of the causes of LBW in infants.

Objectives: Analyzing maternal factors (parity, Hemoglobin (Hb) level of the mother during pregnancy, age of the mother during pregnancy, nutritional status of the mother during pregnancy (chronic energy deficiency = KEK), and the distance between pregnancies that cause the incidence of LBW babies at the Situbondo Health Center in 2020.

Methods: The case-control method was used in this study by using cohort register data at the Situbondo Health Center. In March 2022, data were collected from 82 mothers including 41 mothers of LBW babies as a case group and 41 mothers of the control group who did not have LBW babies. Data were analyzed using chi-square test.

Results: The results proved that maternal hemoglobin level was associated with the incidence of LBW babies (p=0.026; OR=3.088; 95%; CI=1.240-7.692). However, the variables of parity, maternal age during pregnancy, maternal nutritional status (SEZ), and pregnancy distance were not associated with the incidence of LBW babies.

Conclusions: Low Hb levels in pregnant women have a higher risk of delivering LBW babies. It is recommended that pregnancy checks be carried out by pregnant women regularly at least 6 visits to health facilities and it is recommended to take blood supplement tablets regularly, eat healthy foods and do not believe in myths that are detrimental to the health of pregnant women.

Moringa oleifera, Cyclea barbata, Centella asiatica Leaves Extract Intervention Ability to Improve Fetus Development and Blood Protein Levels in Malnutrition Pregnant Model Mice

Juliana Christyaningsih — 2024-09-30

Background: Pregnant women experiencing chronic energy deficiency are at risk of giving birth to low birth weight and premature (stunted) babies.

Objectives: In an effort to prevent stunting, the study investigates the effects of a 1:1:1 ratio of Moringa oleifera, Cyclea barbata, and Centella asiatica leaf extract on fetal growth and blood protein levels.

Methods: This research used a laboratory experimental approach with 25 adult female Mus musculus Balb/C mice as a model of malnourished pregnancy, was divided into 5 groups: pre-test, positive control, negative control, placebo and test group. Moringa oleifera, Cyclea barbata, and Centella asiatica leaf extracts are administered to the test group and positive control in 1:1:1 ratio.

Results: The study results indicated that in pregnant mice without malnutrition receiving a mixture of Moringa oleifera, Cyclea barbata, and Centella asiatica leaf extracts, the average fetal body length was 9.7% higher and their weight was 7.4% heavier than pregnant mice with experiencing chronic energy deficiency.

Conclusions: The administration of Moringa oleifera, Cyclea barbata, and Centella asiatica leaf extract can contribute to improving fetal development and blood protein levels. However, its effectiveness is more pronounced in normal pregnancies than in pregnancies with chronic energy deficiency as it can prevent stunting.

Association between the Role of Peers and Social Media Exposure with Level of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Consumption in Adolescent

Vyanadia Rizka Fawziya — 2024-09-30

Background: Sugar-sweetened beverages, favored by various groups, particularly adolescents, are associated with an increasing risk of obesity and diabetes mellitus. According to preliminary research conducted at SMAN 1 Serang, approximately 60% of students have a high level of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption. Role of peers and social media exposure is considered to have an association with level of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in adolescents.

Objectives: This research aimed to determine association between role of peers and social media exposure with level of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption in adolescents at SMAN 1 Serang.

Methods: The analytic observational research was carried out using a cross-sectional design. The study population consisted of 1,085 students from classes X and XI, while the sample size comprised 300 students who were selected using stratified random sampling and the data obtained were analyzed with chi-square test. Independent variables were measured with a questionnaire consisting of 13 closed-ended questions, while the dependent variable was measured with a Food Frequency Questionnaire.

Results: The majority of respondents had a high level of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption (54.3%), bad role of peers (55.7%), and exposure to social media (74.0%). Moreover, this research showed the association between the role of peers (p=0.0001) and social media exposure (p=0.037) with level of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption.

Conclusions: This research showed a significant association between role of peers and social media exposure with level of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption in adolescents. Therefore, forming peer groups and using social media were expected to increase students' awareness, causing a substantial reduction in beverages consumption.

The Impact of the Family Quality Village Program on Accelerating Stunting Reduction Efforts in Sleman Regency

Lily Arsanti Lestari — 2024-09-30

Background: Stunting is a significant nutrition problem in Indonesia. The current national prevalence is 21.6%, whereas the prevalence in the Yogyakarta Province and Sleman Regency are 16.4% and 15%, respectively. The Family Quality Village Program is initiated to accelerate stunting reduction efforts by empowering families in health, education, and entrepreneurship.

Objectives: This study evaluated the implementation and impact of the Family Quality Village Program in Sleman Regency in conjunction with other stunting reduction programs.

Methods: This study was a qualitative study with a case study approach. Data collection techniques included document analysis, 4 sessions of focus group discussions, in-depth interviews involving 11 key informants, and reflective journals. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis method.

Results: In 2022, there were 34 Family Quality Village in the Sleman Regency. We obtained 3 major themes; program acceptance among stakeholders, synergy with other stunting related programs, and program management. Several local government agencies and community health staff working on stunting reduction efforts were not familiar with the concept of the Family Quality Village Program, thus affecting stakeholder acceptance and synergies with other stunting programs. Additionally, this program experienced significant changes regarding the local governance system which required adjustment in the program management, hence affecting the program effectiveness.

Conclusions: It is crucial to increase awareness of the program and coordination to ensure its optimum impact on stunting reduction efforts. The local governance system should also be considered to ensure program acceptance among stakeholders.

Protective Effect of Banana, Cassava, and Corn Flours on Hepatotoxicity of Malnourished Male Rats

Najib Mohammed — 2024-09-30

Background: Malnutrition-induced hepatotoxicity is defined as liver damage caused by insufficient nutrition, which results in oxidative stress and damage to liver cells.

Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of banana, cassava, and corn flours on hepatotoxicity induced by malnutrition in male rats.

Methods: Twenty-four male rats were divided into six groups (n=4): (1) rats received 30 g/rat normal feed daily for 45 days; (2) rats received 30 g malnutrition feed daily for 45 days; rats received 30 g/rat malnutrition feed daily for 15 days and then treated with normal feed (3), banana flour (4), cassava flour (5), and corn flour (6), for 30 days. The malnutrition groups received a diet with protein deficiency for 15 days, then were treated with a diet according to each treatment group. The liver enzymes were analyzed, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Furthermore, the liver's histopathological changes in each group were evaluated using Hematoxylin eosin staining.

Results: The AST levels in malnourished male rats significantly (p<0.05) increased (240.75±67.23 U/L) compared to the control group (170.00±33.52 U/L). While, the ALT levels (66.75±12.69 U/L) were decreased compared to the control group (98.75±26.61 U/L). Furthermore, malnutrition diet in rats caused significant changes in liver histology, including inflammatory cell infiltration, necrosis, congestion of the central vein, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and widened hepatic sinusoid. Interestingly, normalized AST and ALT levels and improved liver histology were observed in malnourished rats after receiving normal feed and flour of banana, cassava, and corn.

Conclusions: Banana, cassava, and corn flours exhibited hepatoprotective activity on malnutrition-induced hepatotoxicity in malnourhised male rats.

Fortification of Eucheuma cottonii Flour in Vaname Shrimp Nugget as a Source of Iodine

Heder Djamaludin — 2024-09-30

Background: Humans require iodine as a micronutrient; a deficit in this mineral lowers IQ. Seaweed (E. cottonii) is a non-salt source of iodine. You can add E. cottonii flour to food items like nuggets. Aside from that, Vanname Shrimp are a high-protein fishery product that can be utilized as a base for nuggets. Therefore, to prevent iodine deficit, Vanname Shrimp nuggets supplemented with E. cottonii flour can be developed as a substitute food.

Objectives: Fortification of E. cottonii flour in making Vanname Shrimp nuggets as an effort to increase the iodine content.

Methods: Three replications of a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) were used in the study. The fisheries products laboratory at Brawijaya University's Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences (FPIK) was the site of the research. There were four additions of E. cottonii flour: 0%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5%. Iodine content is the parameter for chemical testing; elasticity is the parameter for physical testing; and color, scent, taste, and texture are the criteria for organoleptic testing (the hedonic approach for determining the optimal treatment utilizing the de Garmo and proximal testing).

Results: The study found that adding different quantities of E. cottonii flour fortification significantly altered the iodine content and flexibility of Vanname Shrimp nuggets. E. cottonii flour is optimally fortified at a level of 7.5% treatment, with iodine content of 6.17 mcg/g, elasticity of 6.65 N, carbohydrate content of 77.04%, protein content of 7.78%, fat content of 3.67%, water content of 9.85%, and ash content of 1.66%.

Conclusions: In order to prevent and treat iodine deficiency, the Vanname Shrimp nugget product fortified with E. cottonii flour should be further developed as a food option.

Food Waste Assessment to Evaluate Adequacy Intake among Elderly and to Apply Quality Control of Food Service Management in Nursing Home

Farapti Farapti — 2024-09-30

Background: Malnutrition is still common among the elderly, and meal provision has an important role in combating this issue. One of the meal provision programs is done by providing adequate quantity and quality of intake in nursing homes. Having less food waste can reflect to which extent intake and quality standards are applied in institutional food services.

Objectives: This study aims to examine food waste as a factor in evaluating the adequacy of food intake and quality control in the food service management of nursing institutions.

Methods: This study was conducted on 65 elderly at Surabaya Nursing Homes in 2023. Observations on the menu they had were carried out to determine the adequacy of their food intake. The Visual Comstock 7x hours method was used to assess the adequacy of food intake. Then, the food waste limit of 20% became a quality control in food service management.

Results: The adequacy of nutritional intakes in the studied Surabaya nursing homes in terms of energy, carbohydrates, fiber, sodium, and potassium were 77.26%, 66.24%, 37.14%, 165.36%, and 27.17% of recommended daily allowance, respectively. This means that both the adequacy of the intake and the type of menu the elderly consumed are still below the standards. Food waste of more than 20% was identified from menus made of papaya, tongkol rica (spicy mackerel tuna), ote-ote (vegetable fritter), rice, green bean compote, sour vegetable soup, skipjack tuna balado (chili pepper skipjack tuna), and melon.

Conclusions: The adequacy of food intake that the elderly consumed did not meet daily needs and recommendations. Apart from that, some menus still had >20% leftovers. The menu options need to be diversified to reach the recommended nutritional intake.

Nutritional and Organoleptic Value in the Formula Enteral of Growol and Germinated Mung Bean Flour as an Alternative Enteral Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diana Nurrohima — 2024-09-30

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by increased blood glucose. Nutritional support rich in dietary fiber and high protein can stimulate insulin secretion, thereby inhibiting increased blood glucose. Enteral of Growol-Germinated Mung Bean Flour (ENGROCAJO) is a formula developed from growol flour and germinated mung bean flour. It contains high dietary fiber with protein and is an alternative nutritional therapy for people with T2DM. Hospital Diabetes Mellitus (DM) enteral formula administered to patients is limited to dietary fiber.

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the nutritional value and organoleptic value of the ENGROCAJO formula and compare it with the hospital DM enteral formula.

Methods: This was an observational laboratory study developed an enteral formula from growol and germinated mung bean flour. It analyzed the nutritional value using proximate and dietary fiber analysis. The organoleptic assessment utilized a hedonic test with 20 participants. The nutritional and organoleptic contents were compared with hospital DM enteral formula. The difference test between formulas was tested using Kruskal-Wallis with a significant value of p<0.05.

Results: The nutritional content in 100 g of ENGROCAJO formula and hospital DM enteral formula includes energy of 386.86 and 329.49 kcal, protein of 41.38% and 20.43%, fat of 2.78% and 8.88%, carbohydrate of 49.08% and 38.55% with dietary fiber of 22.43% and 3.62%. Organoleptic assessment of aroma, color, flavor, and thickness showed that the ENGROCAJO formula had higher quality than the hospital DM enteral formula. However, the flavor aspect showed significant difference (p=0.038).

Conclusions: ENGROCAJO formula contains higher protein and dietary fiber compared to the hospital DM enteral formula. There was a significant difference in the organoleptic taste between the ENGROCAJO formula and the hospital DM enteral formula.

Indirect Determinant Effects of Stunting with Toddler Stunting Incident in Papua New Guinea in 2018

Riza Khoiriyah — 2024-09-30

Background: Papua New Guinea has a significant problem with stunting, with a prevalence rate of 46.5% in 2018.

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the effect of various factors on stunting in Papua New Guinea in 2018. These factors include characteristics of the child (gender, age, and ownership of health insurance) and household environmental factors such as the mother's education level, number of toddlers in the household, drinking water sources, and availability of restrooms.

Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional research design using secondary data from "The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in Papua New Guinea in 2018." The variables of interest were extracted and subjected to data cleaning procedures, resulting in a final sample size of 744 toddler data points available for analysis. The chi-square test and logistic regression were employed for statistical analysis.

Results: The study revealed that mothers of toddlers who had never received any formal education were more likely to have toddlers who experienced stunting. The statistical analysis showed a significant association between the lack of maternal education and toddler stunting (p-value=0.012; odds ratio=1.488; 95% confidence interval [1.092; 2.028]). Additionally, toddlers in the age group of 24-59 months were found to be at a higher risk of experiencing stunting. The statistical analysis indicated a strong association between this age group and toddler stunting (p-value<0.001; odds ratio=1.770; 95% confidence interval [1.301; 2.408]).

Conclusions: The approach to addressing stunting in toddlers aged 24-59 months emphasizes the implementation of targeted and responsive interventions, with particular emphasis on the significance of investing in the education of toddler mothers in Papua New Guinea. However, in terms of prevention, it is crucial to administer the intervention before the toddler reaches the age of 24-59 months, as stunting is a visible result of long-term malnutrition.

Breakfast Practices Among Indonesian Adults: Urban and Rural Differences and Its Associated Factors

Vina Hasna Arifa — 2024-09-30

Backgrounds: Adults in Indonesia have challenges due to the high prevalence of obesity. Factors that contributed to obesity included unhealthy eating practices. Skipping breakfast habits are linked to health issues such as non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Breakfast practices also reflected the social and cultural dynamics in urban and rural. Socioeconomic and demographic factors could cause differences in breakfast practices between urban and rural areas in Indonesia.

Objectives: This research aimed to examine the differences in breakfast practices among Indonesian adults in urban and rural areas based on various characteristics and to explore the association between socioeconomic and demographic characteristics with breakfast practices.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using secondary data from the Indonesia Food Barometer (IFB) in 2018. A total of 770 adults (26–45 years old) were examined to observe the differences in breakfast practices (skipping breakfast, eating together, buying food, cooking food, and activities during meals) in urban and rural areas. Logistic regression analysis was also employed to examine the association between skipping breakfast and modern breakfast practices with socioeconomic and demographic variables.

Results: Chi-square analysis showed significant differences between urban and rural areas in eating alone, eating outside the home, and buying food during breakfast (p-value <0.001). Factors related to skipping breakfast were education level and type of residence (all p-value <0.001), while occupation (p-value = 0.004) and type of residence (p-value <0.001) were related to modern breakfast practices.

Conclusions: There were differences in breakfast practices between urban and rural. Skipping breakfast and modern breakfast practices were more prevalent in urban areas.

Sensory Profiling of Jelly Drink Made from a Combination of Bay Leaf Water Extract and Guava Juice Using a Quantitative Descriptive Analysis

Sefanadia Putri — 2024-09-30

Background: The profiling of a drink made from bay leaves combined guava juice has not been previously reported despite the positive health aspects of both plants.

Objectives: To analyze the sensory characteristics of jelly drink bay leaf water extract with guava juice combination using the Quantitative Analysis Descriptive (QDA) sensory evaluation method.

Methods: The QDA carried out of three stages, namely the panelist preparation stage, Forum Group Discussion (FGD), and quantitative descriptive test. QDA was carried out on four jelly drink product formulas, namely F0 (standard), F1 (75:25), F2 (50:50), F3 (25:75) from the ratio of bay leaf extract:guava juice.

Results: Sensory attributes consist of 17 attributes, namely appearance (particle aggregation size, viscosity, homogeneity), aroma (bay leaf, guava, sweet), texture (gritty, ease of spreading), taste (guava, sweet, sour, bay leaf), mouthfeel (gritty, jelly-like consistency, viscosity), aftertaste (astringent and bitter). The results of the one-way ANOVA analysis showed significant differences between the formula and the control product (p<0.05). Formula 1 and 3 not accepted by consumers because there are weaknesses, such as the inhomogeneous appearance and the strong aroma of bay leaf obtained the highest value in formula 1. In contrast, formula 3 has the highest value in astringent and bitter aftertaste, gritty texture and mouthfeel.

Conclusions: The selected treatment is formula two of jelly drink with a ratio of bay leaf water extract: guava juice = 50:50. A description like this will assist food technology in developing new products.

Virtual Posyandu Program during the Pandemic Maintained Children’s Growth and Development

Ancah Caesarina Novi Marchianti — 2024-09-30

Background: Posyandu program suspension due to COVID-19 has resulted in a decrease in monitoring children’s growth, leading to undetected problems. Understanding mothers' eating behavior plays a crucial role in preventing malnutrition, we must continue the program as a health promotion medium to enhance mothers' understanding and track children's growth and development.

Objectives: This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of virtual Posyandu program in strengthening cadre health promotion services for nutritionally vulnerable children in Jember Regency agricultural area during the absence of offline Posyandu.

Methods: The research was carried out September 2022-January 2023, implementing a 21-day intervention on 169 respondents from Puskesmas Arjasa and Paleran (representing two different socio-cultures). The cadres utilized the application to enhance children's nutritional health and instruct parents on its usage. The success parameter is that there were significant differences between the growth and development of children pre- and post-program. Growth variables were assessed by measuring nutritional status according to Ministry-of-Health Regulation, before and after the intervention, while development variables were assessed using a Developmental Pre-Screening questionnaire (DPSQ).

Results: The virtual Posyandu program in both Puskesmas demonstrated significant differences (p<0.001) in children's growth and development parameters, such as height-for-age, weight-for-height, and DPSQ, between the pre- and post-program periods. Despite the challenges posed by the pandemic, the program has effectively maintained children's growth and development.

Conclusions: Balitagrow^© Android-based application in virtual Posyandu program effectively maintained children’s growth and development in pandemic era and worth continuing to be developed according to user needs.

Front Matter Vol. 8 No. 3, September 2024

Amerta Nutrition — 2024-09-30

Recent Literature Review: The Effects of Tea Consumption on Hypertension

Ridwan Balatif — 2024-09-30

Background: In Indonesia, the prevalence of hypertension was found to increase from 25.8% (2013) to 34.1% (2018). In additon, patients with this medical condition are generally required to adhere to lifelong anti-hypertensive drugs for blood pressure control. However, recent studies have suggested the use of tea containing active compounds Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which can lower blood pressure.

Objectives: This study aimed to provide an overview of active compounds in tea with the potential to lower blood pressure.

Methods: The data used were obtained from sources related to randomized controlled clinical trials searched through the Pubmed page in the 2017-2022 period, with various keywords such as tea, blood pressure, and hypertension.

Discussions: Out of 35 studies reviewed, a total of 9 were obtained from the literature search. The results showed that EGCG in capsule form with a dose range of 75-300 mg could reduce blood pressure significantly, as observed in studies with capsules containing anthocyanins and polyphenols. Although 4 studies used tea beverages as intervention materials, there was no significant decrease in blood pressure. Furthermore, 2 studies showed a significant variation due to differences in the levels of active compounds and the presence of caffeine in tea, which affected blood pressure measurements.

Conclusions: The use of active compounds in tea, particularly EGCG, in recent clinical trials on blood pressure regulation has shown a significant reduction in hypertension. Therefore, exploiting the potential of EGCG in a larger sample size could serve as a promising avenue for future studies.

The Potential Benefits and Mechanism of Action of Tropical Nuts Against Metabolic Syndrome: A Literature Review

Amalia Rani Setyawati — 2024-09-30

Background: Metabolic syndrome is a significant risk factor for both type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, with a high prevalence in Asia Pacific, particularly in Indonesia. To reduce its prevalence, several studies have recommended the use of tropical nuts, which can be developed as functional foods and complementary treatment. In this context, the bioactivities of tropical nuts can largely be attributed to their rich content of monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber, minerals, vitamins, phytosterols, and polyphenols.

Objectives: This literature review aims to evaluate the potential benefits and mechanism of action of tropical nuts against metabolic syndrome.

Methods: The study design was a literature review of several articles from 3 online databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect.

Discussions: The results showed that tropical nuts (peanut, sacha inchi, cashew, tropical almond, and Brazil nut) had several biologically active components, such as arginine, fiber, fatty acid, mineral, vitamin, phenolic compounds, resveratrol, and phytosterol. The test samples were reported to have the ability to modulate Nrf2, SOD, MDA, GSH, GPx, and CAT due to their antioxidant activity. In inflammation, tropical nuts had a significant effect on NF-κB, NLRP3, TNF-ɑ, IL-8, IL-1ꞵ, IL-6, and IL-10. The results also showed their ability to enhance lipid synthesis, nitric oxide production, advanced glycation end-product, prostaglandin, SIRT3, homocysteine, protein kinase C, adhesion molecules, platelet aggregation, GLP-1, PYY, AGRP, PPARɑ/ꞵ/δ, GLUT4, and insulin receptor.

Conclusions: Tropical nuts had beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome due to their bioactivities, including antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anti-dyslipidemia, and cardioprotective.

Breastfeeding on Body Composition in Premature Infants: A Systematic Review

Achmad Dzulkifli — 2024-09-30

Background: Premature newborns have a higher susceptibility to metabolic syndrome and cognitive impairment compared to infants born at full term. Breast-feeding is advised as a natural source of nutrition for premature newborns and as a cost-effective approach to decrease illness and financial strain. Assessing preterm children's growth and body composition upon leaving the hospital is crucial and requires great attention due to its sensitivity and significance in determining future care.

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the body composition of preterm infants who were fed breast milk against formula.

Methods: This study employed a systematic survey approach, which involved the use of fifteen exploratory diaries covering the period from 2013 to 2023. The search terms employed were "breast-feeding", "body composition", OR "preterm infants".

Discussions: Breast-feeding preterm infants has a positive correlation with the deposition of body fat-free mass. This helps maintain healthy body composition, prevent obesity, prevent loss of brain cell development, and promote optimal growth instead of formula feeding. The body composition of premature newborns undergoes alterations during breast-feeding at ages that correspond to their expected due dates, which may contribute to the mitigation of risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome.

Conclusions: Breast-feeding preterm infants results in slower weight gain compared to formula feeding. However, it is more effective in repairing body composition by increasing body fat-free mass, which leads to better metabolic outcomes and neurodevelopment. The care of preterm newborns places a high priority on promoting breastfeeding and providing breastfeeding support.

Back Matter Vol. 8 No. 3, September 2024

Amerta Nutrition — 2024-09-30