Berkala Ilmiah Kimia Farmasi

Inhibitory Effect of Encapsulated Lemongrass Leaf Extract with Chitosan and Tripolyphosphate against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes

Komariah Komariah — 2025-06-30

The lemongrass plant (Cymbopogon citratus) was a potential medicinal plant due to the presence of secondary metabolites such as neral, citral, geranial acetate, flavonoids, and tannins, which possess pharmacological activities including antibacterial, antifungal, and antiinflammatory. However, the antibacterial secondary metabolites contained in lemongrass leaves were unstable, hence required a substance capable of encapsulating or entrapping them using other natural compounds such as chitosan and tripolyphosphate (TPP). The chitosan and TPP ratio significantly affects crosslinking during the encapsulation process. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are among the bacteria potentially causing infections in the oral cavity. The aim of this research was to determine the inhibitory effect of encapsulated lemongrass leaf extract with chitosan and TPP ratios of 1:1, 1:0.9, 1:0.8, and 1:0.7 against S.aureus and S.pyogenes. The research results showed inhibition zones formed on S. aureus and S. pyogenes for each encapsulation ratio of 1:1, 1:0.9, 1:0.8, 1:0.7, were 25.09±0.62 mm, 21.01±0.13 mm, 22.78±0.39 mm, 23.96±0.14 mm, and 24.38±0.45 mm, 21.99±0.34 mm, 22.44±0.48 mm, and 20.49±0.24 mm, respectively. Encapsulation of lemongrass leaf extract using chitosan and TPP ratios was effective in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus and S. pyogenes, with the best ratio at 1:1.

Keywords: Lemongrass leaves, encapsulation, chitosan, antibacterial, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes

Quantitative Structure Property Relationships of Curcumin Derivatives for its Anticancer Potential by Using Molecular Docking Against PCNA Receptor

Chiara Nathalie Santoso — 2025-06-30

Nowadays, cancer therapy has significant negative consequences on the body. Prevention of these adverse effects can be done by developing new drug compounds that targeted the Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) receptor. Natural compounds such as curcumin with their multitarget properties have the potential to bind to this receptor. This study tested the curcumin compound and several of its derivatives to bind to the PCNA receptor on cancer cells and then predicted the physicochemical properties that affect the curcumin derivative compounds. The in silico docking used AutoDock Vina, molecular docking was carried out to predict interaction energy (ΔG) of curcumin derivatives against PCNA compared with compound AOH1996. The physicochemical properties that affect ΔG are seen by analyzing the quantitative structure property relationship (QSPR). As a result, the curcumin derivatives Dihydroxytetrahydrocurcumin is predicted to have ΔG = -6.7 kcal / mol, while the native ligand AOH1996 is had ΔG = -7.2 kcal / mol. Molecular docking shows that the interaction energy of curcumin derivatives is not better than the AOH1996. The physicochemical parameters predicted to affect the interaction energy of curcumin compounds in binding to the PCNA receptor are lipid solubility and molecular weight. Applying the physicochemical properties found from the QSPR, further research can be conducted to develop curcumin compounds that are more suitable for the PCNA receptor.

Keywords: Curcumin Derivatives, PCNA receptor, AOH1996, Molecular Docking, QSPR

Activity and Stability Test of Lip Balm Preparation Formulation from Ethanol Extract of Kersen Leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) as Sunscreen

Evanisia More — 2025-06-30

Sunscreen was a cosmetic product that could chemically or physically inhibit the penetration of ultraviolet (UV) rays into the skin. One of the medicinal plants with notable sun protection properties was the leaf cherry (Muntingia calabura L.). The total flavonoid and phenolic content of cherry leaves possess unique antioxidants that helped protect the skin from damage caused by sun exposure. This study aimed to evaluate the stability and antioxidant activity of the lip balm extract from cherry leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) at concentrations of 0%, 4%, 6%, and 8%. This research employed an experimental design with four different concentrations: 0%, 4%, 6%, and 8%. Antioxidant testing was conducted using the DPPH method (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), alongside sunscreen activity tests and stability assessments over 28 days at room temperature. The results from the antioxidant testing of the cherry leaf extract lip balm formulation indicated robust antioxidant activity, with an IC₅₀ value showing that at a concentration of 4%, the initial value was 2.12 mg/L and the final value was 2.10 mg/L; at 6% concentration, the initial value was 1.11 mg/L and the final value was 1.13 mg/L; and at 8%, the values should be assessed. The ultra category SPF value was noted at a concentration of 8%, with an initial value of 45.93 and a final value of 33.69. Thus, it was concluded that the cherry leaf extract lip balm preparation had good antioxidant and SPF properties.

Keywords: lip balm, cherry leaf extract, sunscreen

Antioxidant Activity of Stick Mask of Binahong Leaves Ethanolic Extract (Anredera cordifilia (Ten.) Steenis)

Selvia Maslamah Aan — 2025-06-30

The development of the cosmetic industry created many new variations of cosmetic products. One of the beauty products that was developing was a stick mask with the benefit of preventing premature aging. Binahong (A. cordifolia) leaf was one of the plants that had antioxidant activity because of flavonoids that prevent premature aging of the skin. The study aimed to make a stick mask of ethanol extract of binahong (A. cordifolia) leaf and evaluation and test the antioxidant activity using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method of the stick mask preparation. The preparation formulation was performed with variations in extract concentration at F0 0%, F1 25%, F2 30%, and F3 35%. Evaluation of the preparation includes organoleptic test, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, adhesives, dry time, and melting point test showed that the preparations met the standard requirements. The antioxidant activity of binahong (A. cordifolia) leaf ethanol extract stick mask in F3 with 35% extract concentration resulted in very strong antioxidant category with IC₅₀ 1,500 μg/mL.

Keywords: Antioxidant, Binahong leaf (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), Mask