Effectiveness of Giving Muntingia Calabura Leaves and Muntingia Calabura Fruit (Muntingia calabura L) on Blood Sugar Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: Literature Review

Introduction : Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia caused by abnormalities in insulin secretion, thus impacting on blood glucose levels. Calabura muntingia leaves are traditionally used as an alternative medicine because they contain flavonoid compounds which have anti-diabetic properties. In general, it is known that how to make traditional medicine is by boiling it, where the solvent only uses water so that the polar compounds will be attracted. The purpose of this study is to explain effectiveness the effect of administration between calabura muntingia leaves and calabura muntingia fruit through a review of studies related to blood sugar levelsin the last ten years.


INTRODUCTION
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia due to abnormalities in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both, T2DM is a growing epidemic, resulting in individual suffering and extraordinary economic losses (Decroli, 2019). Diabetes Mellitus is among the most common in the world and the prevalence of diabetes is projected to increase from 2014 to 2035 (Guariguata et al., 2014). The increasing prevalence of T2DM in developing countries must be anticipated by policy makers in an effort to determine long-term health service policy plans. In this case, preventive and promotive action is needed that can help the community, one of which is by consuming herbal plants, one (Utami & Sari, 2015). Research conducted by (Zahroh & Musriana, 2016) stated that the calabura muntingia leaf decoction had an average pre and post value of 305 mg / dL to 178 mg / dL. Meanwhile, the research conducted (Pramono & Santosa, 2015)stated that the calabura muntingia fruit had an average pre and post intervention value of 513 mg / dL to 109 mg / dL. From these two studies, the researcher wanted to analyze the effectiveness of the calabura muntingia leaves and calabura muntingia fruit (muntingia calabura l) can affect blood sugar levels.

RESULT
Based on the table of literature search results, the results of the study are divided into two major themes, namely the effect of giving cherry leaves and the effect of giving cherry fruit on blood sugar levels.
The research design that is widely used to discuss cherry leaves is experimental study, while the research design used to discuss cherry leaves is an experimental study.
The results of many studies have decreased glucose. The most effective concentration in reducing blood glucose by 25%, the greater the concentration of the decoction of muntingia calabura leaves, the more chemical components are in it so that it is effective in lowering blood glucose levels (Titihalawa et al., 2018). According to the content of the calabura muntingia fruit, there are ingredients that can lower blood sugar levels, the mechanism of which inhibits the absorption of blood sugar from the intestine and accelerates the digestive process that occurs in the digestive system so that the carbohydrates in the digestible food ingredients will not be absorbed by

The Content of Cherry Leaves And Fruit
Kersen ( (Febrina & Sari, 2019)  which attacks insulin secretion to increase (Ajie, 2015) In addition to flavonoids, the content of cherry leaves also contains saponins. This saponin functions as an antidiabetic because it is an inhibitor of the αglucosidase enzyme. This enzyme can be found in the small intestine and has the function of converting carbohydrates into glucose. Thus, the apavila αglucosidase enzyme is inhibited, the blood glucose levels in the body will decrease, causing a hypoglycemic effect (Fiana & Oktaria, 2016).

LIMITATION
Research cannot be carried out directly due to the COVID-19 pandemic, so researchers cannot provide objective results.
Few studies have been found regarding the effectiveness of the effect of calabura muntingia leaves and calabura muntingia fruit in a database indexed by Scopus, ProQuest and Scholar, so there is no strong reason for the effectiveness of calabura muntingia leaves and calabura muntingia fruit.
The drawback of various articles that have been reviewed is that in article 2, article 3 and article 4, only discussing the therapeutic properties of this plant has not been fully researched. In article 6, article 7 and article 8 only discuss the pharmacological potential of the isolated bioactive compounds and their contribution to use. Whereas in article 1, article 5, article 9, article 10, article 11 have discussed the content and role of plants, of all the articles some do not discuss the content and role as a whole and the claimed drugs have not been fully studied.

CONCLUSION
From the results of the literature review that has been obtained, the same opinion was not found in each of the studies related to the content and role of the calabura muntingia plant. A stronger and more recent study has found that muntingia calabura leaves and muntingia calabura fruit contain flavonoids and saponins which can reduce blood sugar levels, a flavonoid compound that is thought to have activity in reducing blood glucose levels is quercetin. The form of extract, infusion, juice and stew does not change the content of the Calabura muntingia plant. The therapeutic properties of this plant have not been thoroughly studied. Other than that, future studies are advised to compare the reduction in blood glucose levels with different preparations.