The Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health

An Online Survey of Social and Demographic Determinants of Stress among Workers in Jakarta Province

Adella Delisa Putri — 2025-08-12

Introduction: Stress is related to the individual's psychological, physiological, and behavioral response to stressors. Many social and demographic determinants are probable causative factors of stress through a complex path. In Jakarta Province, a significant number of workers commute from surrounding cities, potentially exacerbating stress due to long travel times, job demands, and other related factors. This study aimed to determine social and demographic factors contributing to stress among workers in Jakarta Province. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted between October and December 2023 among 200 workers aged 15–65 years. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire via Google Form, distributed through snowball sampling on social media. The survey included the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Social Capital Scale, UCLA Loneliness Scale, and Social Network Index (SNI). A backward stepwise linear regression was performed to identify significant predictors of stress. Results: This study found that the mean stress score among workers was 19.39, which indicated a moderate stress level. The model showed social support (ß=-0.13), social capital (ß=-0.90), age (ß=-0.07), income (ß=0.00), distance (ß=0.19) as predictors of stress among workers and also obtained an R-Square value 50.4%. Conclusion: Social support, social capital, age, income, and commuting distance significantly influence workers' stress levels in Jakarta Province. Enhancing workplace social support systems and promoting stronger social networks may help mitigate stress. Employers and policymakers should consider interventions such as flexible work arrangements and peer support programs to improve employee well-being

Assessing Safety Culture Maturity in Indonesia's Petrochemical Producer

Putu Nadi Astuti — 2025-08-20

Introduction: Safety culture maturity is essential in high-risk industries, including the petrochemical sector, where maintaining workplace safety helps prevent accidents and improve operational efficiency. This study explores the maturity level of safety culture at the petrochemical company in Indonesia using Hudson’s five stage maturity model as a framework for evaluation. The research aims to identify the correlation between safety culture maturity and five aspects of organizational factors. Methods: The questionnaire was completed using online survey-based research by the employees in a petrochemical company of 86 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Safety culture maturity served as the dependent variable, while the independent variables included five organizational factors: information, organizational learning, employee participation, communication, and commitment. The study considers safety culture maturity as the dependent variable, while the five organizational factors serve as independent variables. Data were analyzed using regression analysis Spearman’s correlation to assess between these factors and the maturity level of safety culture. Results: The results from the framework demonstrating the safety culture maturity at the level of generative. The strongest correlations were found in commitment (r = 0.712, p < 0.01), followed by information, organizational learning, employee participation, and communication. Meanwhile, gender and education level did not significantly influence safety culture maturity. Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of organizational commitment, effective communication, and continuous learning make the safety culture become the habit. The study recommended the petrochemical industries using the framework and revised the questionnaire align with the regulation for continuous improvement in safety culture.

Job and Organizational Factors Determining Nurses' Work Stress at Regional General Hospital

Ikhram Hardi S. — 2025-08-20

Introduction: One of the government hospitals in South Sulawesi is facing various challenges related to nurses' working conditions, such as work stress. Preliminary data show that high work pressure, the nursing shift system, and the ratio of nurses to patients contribute to this condition and are predicted as risk factors that can affect the quality of work life for nurses. Methods: This study aim is to examine how organizational and job-related factors affect hospital nurses' work stress at regional hospital. Using a cross-sectional methodology, this study included 167 nurses out of 287 who were chosen by accident sampling. Questionnaires, observations, and interviews were used to gather data, which were then subjected to linear regression analysis (95% CI; α=0.05). Results: The results of this study indicate that work stress is significantly influenced by the job factor (p=0.000; β=0.415) and organizational factor (p=0.011; β= -0.229). Emotional demands are the most influential component of job factors on the emergence of stress. Conclusion: High job demands, especially emotional burden, significantly increase nurses' work stress, whereas good organizational support can reduce it. These findings indicate the importance of reducing emotional burden and increasing institutional support through mental resilience training, structured debriefing sessions, peer support systems, and psychological counseling services. The results of this study can also be used as a basis for policy making by hospital leaders to be more supportive of nurses' mental well-being and the sustainability of health service quality.

Association Between Personal Hygiene Practices and Peripheral Blood Profiles in Agrarian Workers: An Analysis with Socio-demographic and Helminthiasis Considerations

Dewi Indiastari — 2025-08-20

Introduction: Helminthiasis remains a significant public health issue in Indonesia, negatively impacting nutrition and cognitive development, particularly among individuals who are in direct contact with soil. To mitigate this issue, improving personal hygiene and awareness of infection prevention is essential. This study aims to examine the correlation between sociodemographic factors and personal hygiene with blood profiles among workers in agrarian areas. Methods: A cross-sectional approach was used, with 144 samples collected through purposive sampling in the agrarian area of Malang Regency. Data were gathered using questionnaires covering sociodemographic factors and personal hygiene, as well as through hematology tests results obtained from blood samples taken from respondents, which were tested at the dr. Saiful Anwar Malang General Hospital. For data analysis, the Chi-square test was utilized for bivariate analysis, while logistic regression was employed for multivariate analysis. Results: The mean age of respondents was 48.1 ± 14.1 years, with a majority having attained only an elementary education (51.4%) and primarily working as farmers (66.7%). Approximately 38.2% of respondents demonstrated poor personal hygiene. Significant associations were found between personal hygiene and hemoglobin levels (p=0.031), as well as eosinophil counts (p=0.007). Multivariate analysis showed that respondents who did not wash their hands before eating had 1.8 times higher odds of having abnormal blood profiles compared to those who practiced handwashing. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that sociodemographic factors and personal hygiene are associated with the quality of blood profile among respondents. Enhanced education is needed to raise community awareness regarding personal hygiene.

Age, Sleep, Fatigue, and Body Mass Index Patterns in Central Java Bus Drivers: Multi-Route Occupational Health Assessment

Bayu Yoni Setyo Nugroho — 2025-08-20

Introduction: Indonesia's growing transportation demands have increased reliance on bus services across Central Java Province. Despite their importance, driver health remains understudied, even as driver factors account for 65% of public transportation accidents. This study investigates differences in health characteristics among bus drivers across three distinct routes: Trans Jateng, BRT Semarang City, and Inter-City Bus Transportation Services Between Semarang-Surakarta. Methods: This quantitative cross-sectional study conducted in Semarang City and Surakarta City examined 210 bus drivers between January 2023-August 2024 using interviews, questionnaires and stature meters. Variables included age, sleep duration, fatigue levels (using the Industrial Fatigue Research Committee questionnaire), and Body Mass Index. Analysis employed Kruskal-Wallis tests followed by Mann-Whitney post-hoc tests with Bonferroni correction. Results: Analysis revealed significant differences across all variables (p<0.001). Trans Jateng drivers (mean age 43.1 years) demonstrated optimal sleep (7.0 hours), low fatigue levels (88.6%), and healthier BMI profiles (74.3% normal). BRT Semarang City drivers (mean age 44.2 years) showed paradoxical characteristics with longest sleep duration (9.5 hours) yet highest fatigue levels (80% very high) and poor BMI profiles (84.3% overweight/obese). Inter-City drivers, despite being older (mean age 51.4 years) with shortest sleep duration (5.4 hours), showed moderate fatigue adaptation (92.9%) and similar BMI concerns (84.2% overweight/obese). Conclusion: Significant differences (p<0.001) exist among three public transport driver groups. Trans Jateng showed the best health profile, BRT Semarang City paradoxical with long sleep yet high fatigue, and Inter-City adaptive despite insufficient sleep. Sleep duration does not correlate with fatigue levels. Group-specific health interventions are needed.

Landslide Emergency Response Preparedness in Mining Areas: Early Warning System Implementation

Ardhila Chadarisman — 2025-08-20

Introduction: Coal mining operations present serious risks due to landslip risks, necessitating the use of efficient early warning systems and emergency preparation. This paper examines the use of an early warning system called LASER (Land Sliding Alert) in comparison to direct direction from the supervisor using conventional radio at the KPC Sangatta mining operation of PT. Pamapersada Nusantara. The study aims to evaluate how the system affects workers' response to approaching landslides as well as their degree of preparedness. Method: The researchers collected 12 data over 3 months from the emergency drill and continue with observations, interviews and document review. Substantive data including risk management screening, landsliding warning accuracy and response were assessed so response time from worker can be gathered. Result: The results displayed a better performance in the LASER early warning system than conventional land sliding alert, achieving 100% reactivity and increased pace of evacuation. The system uses Internet of Things (IoT) to ensure immediate notification for all buildings at the same time using sirens and radio equipment that leads to faster reaction. The LASER system is 96% effective at warning employees in the statistical research. Conclusion: The research demonstrates that the LASER-based early warning system is extremely efficient in monitoring dangerous slope conditions in mining areas. It effectively addresses the issue of response time and ensures that personnel are well-prepared to respond promptly and effectively. The study emphasises the significance of employing sophisticated monitoring systems and resilient emergency protocols to mitigate the hazards associated with landslides. The application of the landsliding alert can be implemented in other mining areas, especially in open pit mining activities and make contributions ultimately result in a workforce that is safer and mining operations that are more sustainable.

Work-Related Health and Burnout Patterns: A Two-Year Longitudinal Analysis of Case Managers and Administrators in Occupational Accident Insurance Services

Arie Arizandi Kurnianto — 2025-08-20

Introduction: Occupational health and safety are important for professionals managing an organization’s workplace accident insurance efforts because their work influences productivity. Therefore, this study will compare the associated health and burnout related to work in case managers and administrators. Methods: A longitudinal design was adopted. This study used year-over-year surveys of 158 employee professionals with 79 case managers and 79 administrators over a two-year time frame. They measured occupational health with the questionnaires Work Ability Index (WAI) and Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI). Occupational health was subsequently studied using linear regression and mixed-effects models. Results: Case managers tend to have higher work ability (mean WAI score: 45.08), but they suffer from more personal burnout (mean PB score: 33.0), presumably because they work directly with injured workers. In contrast, administrators are experiencing lower but more stable levels in their work ability (mean WAI score: 37.78) and with higher levels of client-related burnout (mean CRB score: 53.0). Further, work ability deteriorates as age increases, especially among case managers, and is negatively associated with high BMI, low sleep and long sick leave. Employees with a BMI > 30 had 12% lower WAI scores (p<0.01), and those sleeping < 6 hours per night had 15% lower work ability index. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the need for targeted interventions to alleviate occupational burnout and improve work ability, particularly through occupation-specific workplace interventions. The study also suggests that implementing stress management programs, health promotion initiatives, and workflow optimizations may improve occupational health outcomes.

Analysis of Context-Specific Mental Health Factors of Construction Workers in Indonesia

Seng Hansen — 2025-08-30

Introduction: The construction industry is widely recognized as one of the sectors with significant mental health challenges. Many studies revealed that mental health problems such as depression, burnout, and sleep difficulty are more common in the construction industry compared to other industries. The causes may include high risk environment, long working hours, job insecurity, and machoism culture. On the other hand, the issue of mental health in the Indonesian construction sector is still not widely understood. Hence, this study investigates the key context-specific factors that influence the mental health of construction workers. Method: A mixed-method approach was employed, consisting of an integrative literature review (ILR) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The ILR identified twenty-three context-specific mental health factors, subsequently used as input in the questionnaire survey. The questionnaire consists of demographic characteristics and measurement of mental health factors using a six-point Likert scale. The survey was distributed to construction workers in Indonesia, each with a minimum of two years of work experience. The collected data were analyzed using EFA. Result: This study found five key groups of context-specific factors: workplace, work pressure, role, gender inequality, and psychosocial factors. These factors are found to be deeply interconnected, often exacerbating one another. The study underscores the complexity of mental health issues in this high-pressure, high-risk industry. The results suggest that addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach to better understand and alleviate the stress experienced by construction workers. Conclusion: This study presents five mental health determinants among construction workers in Indonesia. The findings can form the basis for further research and the formulation of work policies that are more responsive to local conditions.

Personal Protective Footwear and The Risk of Tinea Unguium among Lojejer Villager Farmers

Karenzha Iftinan — 2025-08-31

Introduction: Tinea unguium is a nail infection caused by dermatophytes, characterized by nail discoloration, thickening, and brittleness. Farmers, often exposed to prolonged wet conditions, are at higher risk of this infection. The use of appropriate footwear is recommended to mitigate this risk. However, inadequate personal protective equipment (PPE) usage makes farmers more susceptible to Tinea unguium. Research on Tinea unguium among farmers in Lojejer Village is limited, with differing result on the link between wearing footwear as PPE and the occurance of Tinea unguium. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the use of footwear as PPE and the incidence of Tinea unguium among farmers in Lojejer Village. Methods: This study uses a cross-sectional observational design. It involved 98 respondents determined using Slovin’s formula. Data were collected through interviews and nail samples, which were subjected to fungal culture on sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) medium and microscopic examination with lactophenol cotton blue staining. Fisher’s Exact tests were used for analysis. Results: Results revealed that seven farmers (7.14%) were affected by Tinea unguium, predominantly males (85.8%) aged 45–64 years (57.1%). Trichophyton rubrum was identified as the primary dermatophyte, with Aspergillus sp. as a contaminant. Statistical analysis showed no significant relationship between footwear usage, personal hygiene, or footwear hygiene and Tinea unguium (p-values > 0.05). Conclusion: The study found no significant association between footwear use, hpersonal hygiene, and footwear hygiene with Tinea unguium incidence among farmers in Lojejer Village

What is the COVID-19 Risk Zone Colours Impact: Health Related-Quality of Life of Indonesian Healthcare Workers

Nur Septia Handayani — 2025-08-31

Introduction: In Indonesia, over 1000 healthcare workers have died due to COVID-19. Healthcare workers face increased workloads and negative perceptions, including discrimination and verbal or physical violence, which may impact their quality of life. Health-related quality of life encompasses both physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) health components. This study aims to analyze the health-related quality of life of healthcare workers who are obliged to service during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia and occupational health and safety factors based on the workplace location risk zone. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted involving 149 healthcare workers from several areas of Indonesia as representatives from the red and orange risk zones. Health-related quality of life was measured using the SF-36 questionnaire. Differences in health-related quality of life scores were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test base on COVID-19 risk Zone and PPE availability. Results: Healthcare workers in the lower-risk (orange zone) exhibited better mental health scores (MCS 75±15.5) compared to those in the high-risk zone (red zone) (MCS 66.2±15.2). Additionally, those who received a complete set of PPE from their workplace had better health-related quality of life scores workplace (MCS 76.9±14.2, PCS 77±16) than those who lacked such provision (MCS 73±17.6, PCS 82±13.4). Furthermore, healthcare workers with access to PCR testing at their workplace tended to have higher quality of life scores than those who only had access to rapid testing. Conclusion: These findings highlight how the Health System addresses the pandemic, particularly regarding the health and safety of healthcare workers

Health Risk Assessment of Petrol Filling Workers of West Bengal, India

Srijoni Basak — 2025-08-31

Introduction: In recent decades, rapid urbanization has led to a surge in the number of automobiles on the roads, and consequently, an increase in petrol filling stations. In India, petrol stations are manually operated, and during fuel dispensing workers are routinely exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and vehicular exhaust. As a result, petrol filling workers face substantial health risks, though their well-being often receives minimal attention. This study aims to assess the adverse effects of VOC exposure on pulmonary function and evaluate associated health risks. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 152 petrol filling workers and 100 control individuals. Spirometry and Peak Expiratory Flow rate tests were performed on both groups along with physical parameters. Respiratory symptoms were recorded via questionnaires. In addition, environmental analysis has been made for total VOCs, benzene, PM_2.5and PM₁₀ and from this analysis carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk has been assessed. Results: Pulmonary function parameters were significantly lower in petrol filling workers than in controls. Odds ratios indicate increased risks of respiratory symptoms, including cough, phlegm, and chest tightness, correlated with years of exposure. Workers with over 20 years of exposure reported higher incidences of chronic cough (85%), chronic bronchitis (50%), and chest tightness (35%) compared to those with fewer years of exposure. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessments revealed elevated Lifetime Cancer Risk and Hazard Quotient values. Conclusion: Exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) in petrol and diesel may reduce lung function and elevate the risk of respiratory impairment, alongside heightened carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks.

Dimensions of Safety Practices in Educational Institutions: A Scoping Review Toward Boarding School Adaptation

Sisca Mayang Phuspa — 2025-08-31

Introduction: The safety of educational institutions, especially at boarding schools, remains an underexplored area in safety management research. This scoping review aims to identify key dimensions of safety practices in educational institutions to provide a foundational framework for adapting safety assessments to boarding schools. Methods: Through the JBI’s Framework, a comprehensive search of six databases (PubMed, CORE, DOAJ, ScienceDirect, Wiley, and SAGE Journals) yielded 240 articles. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 14 articles were included in the final analysis. Results: Content analysis of these articles revealed four main categories of school safety guidelines: structural and environmental aspects (16 indicators), knowledge aspects (15 indicators), behavioral aspects (13 indicators) and social support aspects (10 indicators). Structural and environmental aspects primarily focused on physical facilities and infrastructure. Knowledge aspects focused on the content of safety education materials that students and teachers must understand. Behavioral aspects focus on daily activities in the educational environment that support a safe culture. Social support focused on the involvement of parties outside the educational institution to support a safety culture. Conclusions: Although none of the reviewed studies focused specifically on boarding schools, the identified dimensions offer a useful starting point for developing a culturally relevant safety assessment tool. This review highlights the lack of context-specific literature and the need for further research, including expert consultation and field validation, to ensure effective safety strategies in boarding school settings.

Building Worker Welfare: A Multidisciplinary Analysis of Health and Safety in Various Work Contexts

Shintia Yunita Arini — 2025-08-31