The Indonesian Journal of Public Health

RISK FACTORS FOR LEPROSY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Aisyah Noer Auliyah Madani Pertiwi, Fariani Syahrul — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: In 2021, the global prevalence rate of registered leprosy cases stands was 16.9 cases per one million people, with a case detection rate of 17.83 new cases per one million people. This indicates a 10.2% rise in new cases compared to the previous year. Aims: This study aims to examine the risk factors associated with leprosy. Methods: The inclusion criteria for this study were articles published in the last five years, available in full-text, and written either in Indonesian or English. Articles that were literature reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, or classified as grey literature were excluded. The exclusion criteria were established to determine which studies to include in this study. Results: This study found that leprosy is associated with household density, personal hygiene, history of contacts, ventilation, humidity levels, BCG vaccination history, flooring type, house lighting, temperature, and wall type. Personal hygiene was identified as the primary risk factor for leprosy based on individual characteristics and behaviors, while household density was identified as the most significant risk factor based on the physical environment of the occupants. Therefore, poor personal hygiene and high residential density increase the risk of leprosy. Conclusion: The key risk factors for leprosy include household density and personal hygiene, while a history of BCG vaccination serves as a protective factor. This study provides valuable information for governments and stakeholders to assess healthy household indicators and promote clean and healthy living practices in communities

HEALTHY LIVING AMIDST INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Nurul Fitriyah — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0700

EFFECT OF EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTION ON PERCEPTIONS OF HPV VACCINATION AMONG UNDERGRADUATE FEMALE STUDENTS

Shahul Hameed, Chethana K, Asif Khan — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: India leads the world in terms of the prevalence of cervical cancer. If the HPV vaccine is administered before to first sexual contact, the potential degree of protection is approximately 70%. Aims: To investigate the impact of an educational intervention on perception among undergraduate female students. Methodology: Quasi-experimental design without control groups -One group pretest and post-test study was conducted in a tertiary health care center, among undergraduate female students of Medical, Nursing and Physiotherapy colleges. The study comprised 427 students. Perception of cervical cancer and practice of HPV Vaccination was assessed using a semi-structured questionnaire before giving educational intervention. After a gap of 4 weeks of educational intervention, a post-test was done. Results: data was collected using a semi structured questionnaire before and after intervention and it was found that 93% of the study population who had not had the HPV vaccination (406) were willing to do so in the future, and 90.4% of the entire study population (427) were willing to advise others to obtain the cervical cancer vaccine. Following an educational intervention, 2.8% of pupils received vaccinations in 4 weeks. Conclusion: In this study, medical and paramedical college students who received an educational intervention showed increased knowledge and a shift in behavior, including a willingness to get immunized. Thus, these initiatives can be promoted among female undergraduate students at all colleges, which will enhance their use of the HPV vaccine to prevent cervical cancer

DENGUE PREVENTION AND PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF BARRIERS TO ELIMINATE MOSQUITO BREEDING SITES AMONG MALAYSIANS

Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Malaysia reported a 150.7% increment in dengue cases in 2022 compared to 2021. Aim of this study was to evaluate the respondent's involvement in dengue prevention initiatives and public perceptions of barriers to eliminating mosquito breeding sites among Malaysian residents. Methods: A cross-sectional survey employing a population-based approach and a sophisticated survey design, carried out from August to October 2020. Respondents in this study must be 13 years of age or older from the selected households and live in non-institutionalized living quarters (LQ) units in Malaysia, regardless of citizenship. A pretested and structured Self-administered questionnaire (SAQ) was used. SPSS Version 23.0 was used to analyse the data. Results: Out of 4,522 participants, only 1,642 (36.7%) people carried out individual "Search and Destroy" mosquito breeding site practices at home once a week as recommended by the Malaysian Ministry of Health (MOH). Most respondents (n = 3,831, 94.3%) said they cleared their homes' clogged drains and cleaned their rain gutters. There is a significant association between compliance of ‘Search and Destroy’ practicing and type of house (p-value = 0.001). In order to avoid getting bitten by mosquitoes, 89.9% of the respondents (n=4,047) stated that they stay indoors when Aedes mosquito are active. The perceived barriers to dengue prevention activities are high for 22.6% of the participants. Conclusions: Addressing public perception of barriers to dengue prevention is an important step in controlling the spread of this disease in Malaysia.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HIV-TB CO-INFECTION IN PEOPLE WITH HIV/AIDS (PLWHA): A HOSPITAL-BASED STUDY

Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction : Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the co-infections with high morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). The prevalence of Tuberculosis in HIV patients in Indonesia ranges from 19.7% to 61.5%. Aims: This study aimed to identify predictors of incident HIV-TB co-infection in PLWHA. Methods: This observational study used a case-control design. Cases were defined as patients with HIV/AIDS co-infected with TB, while controls were those with HIV/AIDS without TB co-infection. The study population included 180 PLWHA, comprising 60 cases and 120 controls. Exclusion criteria for the case group were patients who had not completed their medical records and those who were previously infected with TB before HIV infection. Results: Bivariate analysis showed that variables significantly related to TB-HIV were clinical stage, CD4 levels, anemia status, and opportunistic infections. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that CD4 levels were the dominant predictor, with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 5.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.84-11.84, p = 0.0001. Meanwhile, clinical stage, anemia status, and opportunistic infections were confounding variables. Conclusion: CD4 levels were found to be a dominant predictor of increased TB-HIV risk. Further efforts should be made to encourage home assistant care initiation and improve medication compliance based on these results.

SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC, KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE TOWARD COVID-19 PREVENTION MEASURE IN GIRI AGUNG VILLAGE, EAST KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Sulistyawati Sulistyawati, Tri Mustanginah, Muchsin Maulana — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: In mid-2022, a Central Statistics Agency (BPS) survey reported that Indonesian people's compliance with COVID-19 prevention measures ranged between 70-84%. Many studies have also measured preventive behavior in urban areas but are still limited to rural areas. The information exposure of rural communities can be much different from that of urban communities, facilitated by technological developments. Aims: This research looked at COVID-19 prevention behavior in rural settings, which is essential to support targeted prevention programs. Methods: This study employed a quantitative study design with an analytical observational design through a cross-sectional approach. Residents aged 17 to 55 were recruited in Giri Agung Village, Sebulu, Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan. Chi-square and Binary Logistic Regression were used to analyze the data. Result: This research found a significant association between gender (p-value=0.002), education (p-value=0.003), knowledge (p-value=0.008), and attitudes (p-value=0.001) toward COVID-19 prevention measures. We discovered that education level most influenced prevention measures in binary logistic regression. Conclusions: Knowledge is one of the most critical factors in realizing action because it can build trust to perceive reality, make decisions, and determine actions to be taken on an object

ENHANCING KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS FOR MEASLES AND RUBELLA ELIMINATION TO PREVENT CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME IN KULON PROGO AND GUNUNGKIDUL REGENCIES

Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Measles-Rubella (MR) Vaccination coverage is important in eliminating Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS). In 2023, Kulon Progo and Gunungkidul Regencies recorded 98.59% and 97.63%, respectively. We conducted campaign activities, introduced the Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccine, and implemented educational efforts crucial for controlling measles, rubella and CRS. A collaborative educational program was organized to improve the quality of promotive and preventive education provided to health workers and elementary teachers. Aims: To enhance the knowledge of health workers and elementary teachers regarding measles, rubella, CRS and elimination strategies in Kulon Progo and Gunungkidul Regency. Methods: This study employed a quasi-experimental, non-randomized design with no control group. The participants were selected from all primary health care centers and selected elementary schools in Kulon Progo and Gunungkidul Regency. Before and after a multi-modal educational program, knowledge of participants was measured using questionnaire and analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: We included 72 health workers and 8 elementary teachers in Kulon Progo and Gunungkidul Regency. The results indicated an increase in knowledge among health workers regarding these topics. However, elementary teachers did not demonstrate statistically significant improvements in knowledge level, likely due to the small number of participants and a general lack of knowledge about these subjects among teachers. Conclusion: Multi-modal intervention enhanced the knowledge of health workers and elementary teachers about measles, rubella, CRS, elimination strategies of these diseases in two regencies of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Therefore, it is essential that public health authorities should prioritize continuous and accessible education programs for them

KNOWLEDGE, PERCEPTION, AND STIGMA IN THE JAKARTA COMMUNITY TOWARD TUBERCULOSIS PREVENTION

Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: The Corona Virus Infectious Disease (COVID)-19 pandemic has impacted tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and treatment in Indonesia, making Indonesia rank second in the world’s tuberculosis cases. Tuberculosis epidemiology worsened during the pandemic; an estimated 10.6 million people fell ill with tuberculosis worldwide in 2021, an increase of 4.5% from the previous year (Falzon et al., 2023). Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between knowledge, perception, and stigma toward tuberculosis prevention in the community in Jakarta. Methods: Respondents in this study were selected using simple random sampling with the criteria at least 17 years of age and currently not diagnosed as a TB patient. Those who were diagnosed with active TB and were on treatment were excluded from the study. Using a cross-sectional design, this study was analyzed with logistic regression. Results: Two factors were found to be associated with the level of tuberculosis prevention behavior. Respondents with better knowledge about tuberculosis were 5.13 times more likely to make good prevention in tuberculosis (OR=5.129; 95% CI=2.341-11.238; p-value <0.001). In addition, having a positive perception of tuberculosis prevention was also associated with better tuberculosis prevention practices (OR=3.301; 95% CI=1.402-7.772; p-value=0.006). Conclusion: Knowledge and perceptions can also eventually lead to stigma, which results in delayed diagnosis, increases the source of transmission, and hinders efforts to reduce its prevalence. A possible recommendation is to educate the community about TB transmission, treatment, and prevention to dispel myths and negative perceptions.

OVERVIEW OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS UNDERGOING SURGERY IN PADANG, WEST SUMATRA, 2018-2022

Dolly Irfandy, Tuti Handayani, Bestari Jaka Budiman, Cahaya Megananda — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains a health problem that affects the quality of life of patients and often requires surgery. Approximately >60% of CRS patients undergo surgery. Aims: This study aims to identify an overview of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis undergoing surgery in Padang, West Sumatra, 2018-2022. Methods: This type of study is a descriptive observational study conducted by observing the medical records of CRS patients at the ENT-HNS Outpatient Department of RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang for the period January 2018 – December 2022 with a total sample of 138 patients. Samples were collected using a total sampling technique and then analyzed univariately. Results: The results of this study showed that CRS patients were found mostly (21.7% each) in the 41-50 years and 51-60 years age groups, more than half (52.2%) were male, and most (86.2%) lived in West Sumatra area. Most (89.9%) patients presented with nasal congestion and more than half (55.1%) had CRSwNP. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common microbe type (29.8%) found in patients. Most total Lund-Mackay scores (24.6%) were found in the 5-8 score range. Most (83.3%) patients visited postoperatively for ≤ 3 months with an average of 3.6 visits per patient. Conclusion: This study provides an overview of CRS patients who underwent surgery, which is crucial for determining the most appropriate management strategies to prevent the worsening of patient symptoms. Furthermore, this study may provide an overview of the duration of post-sinus surgery control.

QUALITY OF LIFE OF COVID-19 SURVIVORS IN THE CITY OF BOGOR

Laras Arsyi Insani, Atik Choirul Hidajah — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: The number of COVID-19 survivors in Bogor City until 2021 is 98.52%. COVID-19 survivors often experience a reduction in quality of life and impacts such as symptoms for a long period of time, fatigue, headaches, shortness of breath, impaired physical function, and others that affect quality of life. Aim: Analyze the quality of life of COVID-19 survivors in Bogor City. Method: A cross-sectional design with a population of all Bogor City residents who have declared cured depending on data from the Bogor City Health Office in 2021 with a sample is the majority of COVID-19 survivors in the Bogor City residents who have been certified cured of COVID-19 as demonstrated by the positive screening findings for COVID-19 and have the inclusion criteria. Age, gender, educational status, marital status, employment status, income, vaccination status, alcohol drinking habit, smoking habit, comorbidity, obesity, COVID-19 symptoms experienced, duration of COVID-19 recovery, and hospitalization were independent variables, and data collection was done with an online questionnaire application within 2 (two) months using the 36-Item Short Form Survey Instrument (SF-36) to measure quality of life. Result: The quality of life of COVID-19 in Bogor City is classified as good. The variables of educational status, income, comorbidities, obesity, COVID-19 symptoms experienced, and duration of COVID-19 recovery show that these variables have a greater risk of experiencing poor quality of life. Conclusion: Educational status, income, comorbidities, obesity, COVID-19 symptoms experienced, and the duration of COVID-19 recovery have a significant relationship with quality of life.

CLEAN AND HEALTHY LIVING BEHAVIOUR AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES (COVID-19) DIFFRERENCES BETWEEN DORMITORY AND HOME DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Based on the results of the 2018 Basic Health Research, it was found that only 39.1% of households implemented clean and healthy living behavior (CHLB). During the COVID-19 pandemic, students living in dormitory and at home continue their studies at the Modern Islamic Boarding School. The differences in living conditions have an impact on Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (CHLB) and infectious diseases (COVID-19). Aims: this research is to compare CHLB and infectious diseases (COVID-19) between students living at dormitory and home. Methods: A cross-sectional design study was conducted in January-February 2023 at Madrasah Aliah Mranggen, Demak, involving 232 students aged 16-18 years. The sample size is calculated using a formula to test the difference in means between two unpaired population groups with numerical data. Subjects were selected through systematic random sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected using a household CHLB questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Mann Whitney and Chi Square Test. Results: showed no differences in age, CHLB, and infectious diseases among students living at dormitory and home. There were differences in handwashing with soap and water after using the toilet (p=0.041) and handling money (p=0.014), as well as the absence of smoking by dormitory mates/family members inside the Home/dormitory (p=0.001) between the two groups. Conclusion: There were no differences in CHLB and infectious diseases (COVID-19) between students living in dormitories and at home during the COVID-19pandemic.

ANALYSIS OF DIRECTLY OBSERVED TREATMENT SHORTCOURSE IMPLEMENTATION AS AN EFFORT TO CONTROL TUBERCULOSIS IN YOGYAKARTA

Liena Sofiana, Tis’a Salma Muthiah, Nawwara Putri — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Globally, tuberculosis (TBC) continues to be a factor causing morbidity and death. During the COVID-19 epidemic, case detection has decreased globally; Indonesia is one of the countries that sees this. For many years, the Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse (DOTS) approach has been used as a TB control program. Based on case studies, the success rate for tuberculosis treatment in Yogyakarta is 86.4%, which does not meet the national target. Aims: To evaluate the Yogyakarta DOTS strategy in reducing TB. Methods: This research uses a qualitative case study design methodology. Six people participated in this research as respondents; two of them were drug swallowing supervisors, and four of them were TBC program participants. Theme analysis was applied to data analysis. Results: Yogyakarta successfully implemented DOTS which consists of five strategies. There are no gubernatorial regulations derived from presidential regulations regarding TB control; however, there was a decision by the governor to accelerate the eradication of TB, which later became a political commitment. Cases were identified through sputum examination using a rapid molecular test. Healthcare institutions have adequate access to medicines, which are monitored by the drug swallowing supervisors. Tuberculosis information system (SITB) is used in monitoring, recording and reporting systems. Conclusion: Implementing the five of Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse strategies in controlling TBC in Yogyakarta has been done quite well. However, implementation is still hampered by a lack of human resources, computer infrastructure, and connections, all of which impact timely reporting.

BLASTOCYSTIS HOMINIS INFECTION IN CHILDREN WITH HIV/AIDS DURING COVID-19 RELATED DISRUPTION ERA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Made Bayu Permasutha, Ajib Diptyanusa — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic has resulted in significant disruption to health services in multiple nations. In Indonesia, the impact occurred on changes in services for HIV/AIDS patients. As a result, there is a high rate of parasitic co-infection disease, including Blastocystis hominis. Prior research indicates that the occurrence of this illness varies greatly among individuals with HIV/AIDS, with rates ranging from 3.86% to 72.40%. Aims: The objective of this study is to ascertain the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of infection, develop a predictive model, and examine the correlation between clinical symptoms and the severity of Blastocystis results. Methods: Thirty-eight children with HIV/AIDS in Yogyakarta-Indonesia, from May until August 2021 were examined by direct examination, culture, PCR, and sequencing. In addition, a structured questionnaire was used to obtain additional data regarding baseline information and other factors influencing Blastocystis infection. The results obtained were subjected to phylogenetic, univariate and multivariate data analysis. Results: Out of the 38 samples studied, 26 (68.4%) were positive for Blastocystis. The results of sequencing demonstrated the finding of subtype 3 (ST3) and subtype 4 (ST4). From univariate and multivariate analysis, a longer duration of therapy is a predictor of Blastocystis infection (AOR 6.54, P=0.04). The relationship between clinical manifestations and intensity of Blastocystis findings showed a non-significant association (P>0.99). Conclusion: Children with HIV/AIDS had a significantly high incidence of Blastocystis infection, potentially attributed to the interruption of services resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.

ENHANCING TUBERCULOSIS CASE FINDING THROUGH SULI SIMULATOR APP: A CASE STUDY IN LUBUKLINGGAU CITY, SOUTH SUMATERA PROVINCE, INDONESIA

Depit Kurniawan, Rizma Adlia Syakurah — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health challenge and is included as one of the targets in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). TB case finding in Lubuklinggau City decreased from 967 in 2019 to 273 (24,37%) in 2020. Aims: This study aims to analyze the TB disease management program strategy implementation in contact investigation activities by utilizing the SULI SIMULATOR application. Method: A qualitative design with a participatory action research (PAR) approach was employed, involving focus group discussions, in-depth interviews with 36 informants, and document review. Data were validated using triangulation methods and sources, followed by thematic analysis. Result: The findings revealed that, in terms of input, some PHC lacked analysts in their human resources. In terms of process, the successful implementation of the TB disease prevention program, with the application of SULI SIMULATOR for TB contact investigation, led to an increase in the case detection rate (CDR) to 255 cases (22.76%) in 2021 compared to the previous year's 237 patients (21.16%). Conclusion: The active involvement of the community and family is crucial in promoting early detection of TB cases through contact investigation activities, as well as providing support for treatment in family and community-based health efforts

ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EDUCATION AND LEVEL OF ORAL HEALTH KNOWLEDGE IN POSYANDU CADRES

Tiarma Talenta Theresia, Alifia Adinda Cikagri, Tri Erri Astoeti, Goalbertus — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: The prevalence of dental caries in West Jakarta was 44.24%, and one of the prevention efforts that could be taken was health promotion. Posyandu cadres are health volunteers selected from the community who voluntarily contribute to improving community health. Posyandu cadres are important as oral health educators in the community; as extension workers, Posyandu cadres must have the necessary knowledge, skills, and experience to be trusted as a source of information; one of the factors that influence participation is knowledge. Aims: This research examines the relationship between education and oral health knowledge among Posyandu Cadres in Kemanggisan District. Method: Analytical observational research was conducted using a cross-sectional design method involving 73 Posyandu cadres. The research was conducted by taking data from the results of questionnaires filled in directly from August – September 2023. Result: Of the 73 respondents, 41.1% had high knowledge, and 58.9% had low knowledge. Subjects who had a high level of education had higher odds of having good knowledge (adjusted OR: 147.93; 95% CI: 3.52 - 6218.85, P = 0.009). Conclusion: The higher the cadre's education, the better their oral health knowledge will be.