Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease

Clinical Patterns and Demographic Characteristics of Dermatophytosis in Surabaya

2024-12-13T08:10:03+07:00

Dermatophytosis, the most common fungal infection in humans, significantly impacts quality of life due to its clinical and cosmetic effects. Its high prevalence underscores the need to evaluate patient profiles to improve management strategies. This study aim is to identify the most prevalent type of dermatophytosis, patient demographics, clinical characteristics, laboratory investigations, and therapy in dermatophytosis into the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of dermatophytosis in a tropical, high-burden region. This descriptive retrospective study used total sampling of medical records of dermatophytosis patients from January 2017 to December 2022. Tinea corporis and tinea cruris was the most common, while tinea manuum is the least common dermatophytosis. Female adults were the most affected group. Common clinical features for each type included alopecia for tinea capitis, erythematous macules for other types, and nail dystrophy for tinea unguium. Trichophyton mentagrophytes was the commonest pathogen in 2017. Most of the therapies followed Clinical Practice Guidelines with extensive use of griseofulvin and ketoconazole cream. Further research should explore therapeutic outcomes, preventive measures, and factors influencing recurrence and adherence to treatment.

Red Laser-Activated Silver Nanoparticles from Green Synthesis Extract of Butterfly Pea for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Against Staphylococcus aureus

2024-10-11T20:39:28+07:00

This study investigated the potential of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from butterfly pea extract (Clitoria ternatea L.) to combat Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The use of a red diode laser as a method for enhancing the antimicrobial activity of AgNPs presents a novel approach to treating bacterial infections. The red diode laser is crucial, as it activates the AgNPs, enhancing their antimicrobial properties. This combination of light, natural extract, and nanoparticles underscores the innovative approach of using PDT in treating bacterial infections. By integrating these elements, the study aims to provide insights into effective, biocompatible treatments for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The primary objective of this study is to synthesize and characterize AgNPs using butterfly pea extract and evaluate their effectiveness against S. aureus when combined with red laser irradiation. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using an environmentally friendly method that processes butterfly pea extract as the reducing agent for the synthesis of the nanoparticles. Using UV-Vis spectrophotometry to track the creation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), it was determined that the butterfly pea extract was an effective source of nanoparticles. The particle size distribution and peak absorbance wavelength were determined by characterization utilizing a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). Tryptic soy agar (TSA) plates were used to investigate the antibacterial activity of AgNPs against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The effectiveness of photoinactivation against S. aureus was evaluated by exposing AgNPs at a concentration of 1 mM to a red diode laser for 90 seconds. The results showed that the produced AgNPs had potential antibacterial capabilities when combined with red light therapy. The results demonstrated that the synthesized silver nanoparticles can effectively kill or inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) when exposed to a red diode laser for 90 seconds. The findings suggest that photodynamic therapy using green-synthesized AgNPs and red laser irradiation could be a promising approach to controlling bacterial infections like S. aureus. Further research is recommended to explore the underlying mechanisms of photoinactivation and to optimize treatment parameters for in vivo applications on experimental animals.

Description of Mothers' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior Regarding Deworming The Children Against Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis at The Lampaseh Health Center in Banda Aceh City

2024-05-08T14:29:34+07:00

Helminth infections are a significant public health problem in developing countries, including Indonesia, where the prevalence ranges from 60% to 90%. One common helminth infection is Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis (STH), which particularly affects children. One of risk factors is children who lack personal hygiene, especially when they are playing with soil. The increased incidence of STH can be prevented by deworming programs, and the role of parents, especially maternal parenting. This study aims to determine the description of the level of knowledge, attitudes and behavior of mothers on deworming the children against STH at the Lampaseh Health Center, Banda Aceh City, Indonesia. This research is descriptive with a cross-sectional design. The sample consists of mothers with children aged 2-12 years, selected using accidental sampling techniques. Data were collected through interviews using structured questionnaires. The results showed that the level of maternal knowledge of deworming the children against STH categorized as good (95.1%), quite good (3.9%), and less good (1.0%) as well as the attitude of mothers was categorized into good (51.5%), quite good (46.6%), and less good (1.9%). However, the mother’s behavior was good (69.9%) and less good (30.1%). The conclusion was that the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of mothers on deworming the children against STH need to be maintained and improved.

Mebendazole treatment in ascariasis re-infection of two-year-old boy in rural Ambon: a case report and literature review

2024-05-06T09:45:02+07:00

Ascariasis is currently a health problem in developing countries, especially in rural areas. Successful control of ascariasis is highly dependent on therapeutic interventions, environmental, and individual hygiene practices. Ascariasis is generally asymptomatic but can cause severe problems if treated improperly. Treatment is available, but reinfection may occur. This case aims to emphasize the usage of mebendazole treatment in ascariasis reinfection. A two-year-old boy came to the hospital with mucus diarrhea and worms in the stool. Two months ago, he had the same symptoms and experienced improvement after taking pyrantel pamoate at the previous hospital. The patient was diagnosed with acute diarrhea with mild to moderate dehydration, re-infection ascariasis, and malnutrition. Mebendazole 100 mg was administered twice daily for 3 days. Treatment with mebendazole was repeated twice with an interval of one month after the previous therapy due to the presence of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs in fecal examination. Fecal examination in the third month revealed the absence of Ascaris lumbricoides egg. Mebendazole can be used as therapy for ascariasis reinfections. However, repeated therapy is required in some cases. By integrating repeated therapy with comprehensive control measures, including health education and improved sanitation infrastructure, sustainable progress in combating ascariasis can be achieved.

Predation Time for Halfmoon and Multicolor Plakat of Varieties of Betta Fish Against Aedes aegypti Larvae in Different Water Volume

2024-05-22T08:38:30+07:00

One biological strategy for controlling mosquito vectors is using larvivorous fish as larvae predators. Larvivorous fish are an alternative to overcome the problem of larval resistance to temephos. Among the many varieties of Betta fish, the specific predation rates associated with each variety and their behavior in different water volumes remain unclear. This study aims to analyze the differences in predation time for halfmoon and a multicolor plakatof varieties of Betta fish against Aedes aegypti larvae in different water volumes.. The research was conducted as a laboratory experiment using a post-test-only design with five replications. Four treatment groups were established, each consisting of one aquarium filled with a specific water volume, one fish, and 25 Ae. aegypti larvae. The tests began at 12:00 WIB, and the predation time was recorded until all larvae were consumed. The findings showed that all All varieties of Betta fish can typically predate Ae. aegypti larvae. Halfmoon and multicolor plakat have the same predation ability against Ae. aegypti larvae (p > 0.05). The Mann Whitney's results indicated that Betta fish placed in water with a water volume of 1 and 3 liters had no significantly different predation against Ae. aegypti larvae (p > 0.05). However, the Kruskall-Wallis test results showed a significant difference in predation abilities between the two varieties when exposed to different water volumes (p < 0.05) . The multicolor plakat variety displayed the fastest predation time in 1 liter of water, whereas the halfmoon variety predated more quickly in 3 liters of water.

Correlation Between MTB/RIF Gene Xpert Cycle Threshold Values and Clinical Radiological Severity of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

2024-04-26T12:48:08+07:00

The determination of bacterial load was essential for assessing disease severity, transmission rate, and prognosis. Gene Xpert is a diagnostic test that provides Cycle Threshold (Ct) value as a potential measure of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb) load. Despite its potential, there are limited reports exploring the relationship between Ct value and clinicoradiological severity. This study aimed to correlate Ct value and clinicoradiological severity of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). The study was a retrospective design using medical record data of confirmed TB patients from January to December 2022. These patients were identified based on Gene Xpert test and classified as high, moderate, or low detection Mtb when Ct value was <16, 16-22, and 22-28, respectively. In assessing the severity of clinical using the Bandim score, thoracic TB lesions was categorized by Chest XRay into minimal, moderate, and advanced. The total of 90 TB patients and the majority were males (78.9%) aged 46-65 years (59.0%), with comorbidities (95.0%). The most of the participants had mild clinical severity (44.4%), with Ct value of 16-22 (52.2%), and moderate lesions (35.6%). The most common lesions were fibroinfiltrates on the chest X-ray (61.1%). The Ct value of <16 had a significant correlation with clinical severity of TB (p<0.05) but no significant association with advanced lesions (p>0.05). Based on the results, Ct value had a strong correlation with clinical severity in pulmonary TB. In addition, it could be used as a predictor for managing pulmonary TB patients and an important indicator for control programs.

Efficacy of Shampoo Made from Bangle Rhizome Extract (Zingiber montanum) Against Head Lice (Pediculus humanus capitis)

2024-06-04T08:49:59+07:00

Head lice is a major public health problem worldwide. Its treatment is challenging due to product failures resulting from rapidly emerging resistance to existing treatments, incorrect treatment application, and misdiagnosis. Various head lice treatments with different mechanisms of action have been developed and explored over the years, with limited reports on systematic assessments of their efficacy and safety. The head lice shampoo currently in circulation is 1% permethrin-based. Side effects of using permethrin-based shampoos include skin irritation and high resistance. The research conducted aims to present strong evidence that the use of shampoo made from bangle rhizome extract against head lice mortality is safer to use. The study used 240 head lice taken from elementary school students aged 8-12 years in a school in Bekasi. The study group was divided into 6 groups: negative control group (using baby shampoo), positive control group (using permethrin-based anti-lice shampoo), shampoo treatment group made from bangle rhizome extract with dose of 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 4%. In addition to calculating the number of head lice deaths per group, the time of death was also calculated to determine LC₅₀ (Lethal Concentration 50), LC₉₀(Lethal Concentration 90), LT₅₀ (Lethal Time 50), and LT₉₀ (Lethal Time 90). The results showed a highly significant difference between the number of head lice deaths in the control group and the shampoo treatment group made from bangle rhizome extract (p<0.01). Likewise, there was a highly significant difference for the time of death of head lice in the control group and the shampoo treatment group made from bangle rhizome extract. Statistical analysis showed LC₅₀ of 0.96%, LC₉₀ of 2.84%, LT₅₀ of 57.72 minutes, and LT₉₀ of 28.79 minutes. It can be concluded that the effective dose of shampoo made from bangle rhizome extract is 4%, which can kill 100% of head lice within 27 minutes.

The Role of Host Genetics Regulating Proteins in HIV-1 Susceptibility: Epidemiological and Demographic Insights on HIV-1 in Indonesia (2022)

2024-11-22T14:50:30+07:00

Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) remains a global public health concern, marking 52,995 cases in Indonesia alone, dominated with CRF01_AE strain which is classified as an X4 strain or a virus that uses CXCR4 co-receptor. This highlights the urgent needs to develop therapies that utilize CXCR4 inhibitors to modulate HIV-1 infection and replication. The aims of this study were to assess the epidemiological and demographic insights on HIV-1 in Indonesia in 2022, and connecting it to the dominated strain to further assess various host genetics known to promote HIV-1 infection, focusing on the co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4. A systematic review was conducted, analyzing published studies and the 2022 HIV/AIDS report from the Ministry of Public Health of Indonesia. Additionally, the study evaluated the therapeutic potential of CXCR4 antagonists, including AMD3100, AMD070, BPRCX807, and MCo-CVX-5c, known for their anti-HIV-1 activity. Among the listed antagonists, AMD070 and MCo-CVX⎯5c are advancing among the others, leading to a potential most advanced combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). This research contributed to the development of personalized treatment strategies for HIV-1 by providing insights into the genetic factors influencing co-receptor regulation and HIV-1 susceptibility.

Effect of Immunization of The Pili Protein 65.5 kDa Klebsiella pneumoniae on IFN-Î³ Levels of Spleen BALB/c Mice

2024-04-17T14:28:03+07:00

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacterium that poses a threat to the global community. Currently, no vaccine for K. pneumoniae is licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The delay in the manufacture of the K. pneumoniae vaccine was because many vaccine candidates failed at the clinical trial stage due to adverse cross-reactions. Pili can be used as a choice as a vaccine candidate. Pili K. pneumoniae is an immunogenic substance that triggers an immune response, one of which is the cytokine IFN-Î³. Splenic splenocytes are the main source of IFN-Î³-producing cells. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of immunization pili protein 65.5 kDa K. pneumoniae on IFN-Î³ levels from spleen BALB/c mice. There were 3 groups, K1 as control given PBS, K2 given pili protein 65.5 kDa + adjuvant, and K3 given adjuvant. IFN-Î³ was then measured by the ELISA method and analyzed by the ANOVA test. The results of measuring IFN-Î³ levels using One-way ANOVA showed that the total for all groups was 243.50 ± 43.7 with p < 0.05, the Post Hoc LSD test was continued. The Post Hoc test showed significant differences between K1 control and K2 groups, and between K1 and K3 groups, but not between K2 and K3 groups. It can be concluded that immunization with 65.5 kDa of pili protein does not affect the increase in IFN-Î³ levels in the spleen of BALB/c mice.

Predictive Positive Value Xpert MTB/RIF in Detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis on Adult Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in Dr. Soetomo Referral Hospital Surabaya Indonesia

2023-12-19T13:13:24+07:00

Pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and transmitted via droplets. Southeast Asia is the largest contributor of TB, and Indonesia itself has the second-highest number in the world with an incidence of approximately 824000 cases. The most common symptoms of active TB are cough, fever, weight loss, and night sweats. The diagnosis can be established upon the confirmation that one of the specimens contains M. tuberculosis. Xpert MTB/RIF provides results in less than 2 hours, whereas culture takes approximately 2-6 weeks. This research aims to evaluate the characteristics and determine the Predictive Positive Value (PPV) percentage of GeneXpert MTB/RIF, utilizing parameters derived from the gold standard examination results, namely culture. This research method is descriptive- analytic based on secondary data extracted from medical records of patients receiving care at the multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) Outpatient Management at Dr. Soetomo Referral Hospital Surabaya from the period January 2019 – April 2022. The results showed that the PPV level of GeneXpert MTB/RIF in detecting the presence of M. tuberculosis is 90%. The diagnosis of pulmonary TB is also supported by the chest X-ray infiltrate's appearance and clinical symptoms of cough, weight loss, fever, and night sweats. Smoking and diabetes are the most common comorbid and risk factors in TB. The conclusion of this study is that the PPV for diagnosing adult pulmonary TB using the Xpert MTB/RIF is relatively high. This suggests the potential use of this method as a diagnosing tool for accurately diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis.