Journal of Applied Veterinary Science And Technology

Characterization of Amino Acid Mutations of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) In Swan Geese (Anser cygnoides) In East Java, Indonesia

Naimah Putri, Ine Karni — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting the poultry industry. The NDV is classified into three strains based on their relative virulence, namely velogenic or highly virulent, mesogenic or moderately virulent, and lentogenic or lowly virulent. The clinical manifestations of the disease vary depending on many factors, such as host susceptibility and the virulence of the NDV strain. Objective: This study aims to analyze the amino acid mutations of the NDV in unvaccinated swan goose (Anser cygnoides) from various locations in Java. Methods: Samples were collected through cloacal swabs and isolated by inoculation in Specific Pathogen-Free (SPF) embryonated eggs that were nine days old. Hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition tests were conducted to confirm that the isolated virus was NDV. The isolated virus was processed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with primers that amplified partial sequences of the fusion (F) gene, which was analyzed to determine the pathotype. Results: The results indicated the presence of mutations in several regions. The amino acid changes occurred in 17 variable sites (7.2%) between RefSeq/JF950510 and ND/SW1/2018, 12 variable sites (5.1%) between RefSeq/JF950510 and ND/SW2/2018, 13 variable sites (5.5%) between RefSeq/JF950510 and ND/SW3/2018, and 19 variable sites (8.1%) between RefSeq/JF950510 and ND/SW4/2018. The amino acid sequences of the cleavage site of the fusion (F) protein revealed that all isolates had low virulence. Conclusion: The results indicated that mutations in the region outside the cleavage site not were incapable of altering the virulence of the virus.

Effects of Dietary Soy Sauce Dregs and Cassava Peel Meal on the Performance of Production and Reproduction of Grower Quails (Cortunix cortunix Japonica)

Muhammad Misbahul Ummah, Wahib Moh.Ridho Rojabi, Rosa Tri Hertamawati — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The cost of feed is a significant factor in the viability of a quail farming business. Purpose: This study aims to determine the effects of dietary soy sauce dregs and cassava peel meal on the performance production and reproduction of grower quails (Cortunix cortunix Japonica). Methods: This study employed four treatment groups, each with five replicates, namely P0 (control), P1 (5%), P2 (10%), and P3 (15%). The parameters observed were feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, mortality, body weight at sexual maturity, egg weight, and laying age. Data analysis was conducted using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, followed by the Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT) to identify any significant differences. Results: The results showed that the addition of soy sauce dregs and cassava peel meal to the feed up to 15% to the treatment group resulted in significant effects (p < 0.05) on feed consumption, egg weight, and laying age. However, it had no significant effect on body weight, feed conversion ratio, mortality, and body weight at sexual maturity. Conclusion: The supplementation of soy sauce dregs and cassava peel meal up to 15% in grower quail diets resulted in improvements in the performance of both production and reproduction of grower quails, as evidenced by increased feed consumption, egg weight, and laying age.

A Retrospective Study on the Mortality Rate of Camel Calves, Leading Causes, and Associated Risk Factors in Borana Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Gerade Abduljami, Adem Kumbe — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Camelus dromedarius (one-humped camel) is an important livestock species uniquely adapted to arid and hot environments. Purpose: This study aims to determine the mortality rate of camel calves and to investigate the potential risk factors associated with it. Methods: Retrospective data were collected through interviews with livestock owners using a semi-structured questionnaire from February 2020 to January 2021. During the study period, a total of 1,249 calves were born. This allowed for assessment of annual mortality rate and its main contributing factors. Results: The average annual mortality rate was 26% (1.29 ±1.77), while the overall mortality rate was 55% (1.30 ± 1.85). Malnutrition (5%), unexplained causes (6%), and diseases (24%) were the three leading causes of calf mortality. Diarrhea (57%), nonspecific diseases (45.4%), respiratory diseases (23%) were significant among the diseases. Mistakes in the management of young livestock included limiting access to colostrum and milk for human consumption, as well as poor care and health management. Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that the pastoral livestock production system used in Borena has a serious problem with calf mortality. The first month of life had the highest mortality rate of 26%. Diseases, starvation, and unexplained causes were the leading causes of calf mortality. In addition, calf mortality was associated with the timing of birth and colostrum feeding.

Effect of Artemisia vulgaris Supplementation on Zebrafish Embryo Under Heat Stress Condition during In Vitro Culture

Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Artemisia vulgaris contains flavonoids, which play a vital role in counteracting free radicals. Purpose: To determine the effect of Artemisia vulgaris extract supplementation on embryo development, heart rate and survival of zebrafish under heat stressed and non-heat stressed conditions. Methods: The research used a completely randomized design. Zebrafish embryos (n=240) were divided into heat stressed (36°C) and non-heat stressed (28°C) groups, while for each group were divided into three subgroups, namely T1/control (without Artemisia vulgaris supplementation); and supplemented group T1 and T2, with 2 µL and 4 µL of Artemisia vulgaris supplementation, respectively. The efficacy of Artemisia vulgaris supplementation was determined by observing the embryo development, heart rate, and survival rate of zebrafish up to 96 hours post fertilization (hpf). Results: The development of zebrafish embryos under heat stressed treated with Artemisia vulgaris extract gave the same quality as the control treatment without heat stressed exposure. Zebrafish embryos exposed to heat stressed with 4 µL Artemisia vulgaris supplementation gave the highest survival rate on the heat stressed group. Artemisia vulgaris supplementation improved the heart rate of zebrafish exposed to heat stressed as in the non-heat stressed group. Conclusion: Artemisia vulgaris extract can reduce the detrimental effects of heat stressed induction on zebrafish embryos, as evidenced by the improvement in embryonic development, heart rate, and survival rate of zebrafish embryos after supplementation.

Detection of Fasciola sp. in the Livers of Slaughtered Cattle at a Slaughterhouse in North Lombok Regency

Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Fasciola sp. has been identified as a highly pathogenic organism and has a significant health impact on both animals and humans. However, there is a lack of data and information on fasciolosis in North Lombok Regency. Purpose: This study aims to detect the presence of Fasciola sp. in livers of slaughtered cattle at the Tanjung Sub-district Slaughterhouse, North Lombok Regency. Methods: This study was conducted on the livers of slaughtered cattle, with a total of 30 samples collected between August and September 2023. Results: A total of 30 liver samples from slaughtered cattle at the Tanjung Sub-district Slaughterhouse, North Lombok Regency were examined for the presence of Fasciola sp. worms. The examination involved observing changes in color, size, consistency, and palpation of the organ. Following the incision of the liver and bile ducts and subsequent inspection of several areas with pathological-anatomical changes due to the infestation of Fasciola sp., an average length and width measurements of Fasciola sp. worms were found to be 26 mm and 6.4 mm, respectively. This indicated the worms belong to the Fasciola gigantica species. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that Fasciola sp. worms were found in the livers of slaughtered cattle at the Tanjung Sub-district Slaughterhouse, North Lombok Regency. The worms were identified as belonging to the Fasciola gigantica species, characterized by an average length of 26 mm and width of 6.4 mm, having a narrow shoulder, a blunt posterior end, a flat leaf-like body shape, dorsoventrally flattened, a brownish-gray color, and an oral sucker at the anterior end.

Isolation and Molecular Identification of Endophytic Fungi Associated with Brown Algae for Inhibiting Escherichia coli ESBL

Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The marine environment is the main source of research on natural products in the future. In addition, marine microorganisms have been identified as a natural source capable of developing new antibiotic compounds, including controlling urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli ESBL. Purpose: This study aims to isolate, select, and test the potential of brown macroalgae endophytic fungi (Phaeophyceae) collected from the coastal waters of Sanur, Bali Province. Methods: Three types of brown algae were collected from Sanur Beach and their endophytic fungi were isolated using PDA media. Antibacterial activity was determined by measuring the inhibition zone and determining the inhibition category. The selected isolates were cultured and the phytochemical profile was determined qualitatively. In addition, molecular identification using the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) primer set and comparison with the GenBank (NCBI) database were carried out in this study. Results: The results showed that 10 isolates were successfully isolated from three types of brown macroalgae. It was found that isolates T1, S1, and P3 had the highest inhibition in the very strong category. There were variations in mycelial weight, pH value, and inhibition shown by the culture filtrate of the three endophytic fungal isolates against Escherichia coli ESBL. Isolate S1 had the highest phytochemical profile, namely alkaloids, triterpenoids, saponins, and phenolics. The three endophytic fungal isolates showed isolate T1 (Phlebiopsis magnicystidiata) (MT5617191), isolate P3 (Neurospora crassa strain RT3M) (MT1028551), and isolate S1 (Peniophora sp.) (MH2680421). Conclusion: The results of this study provide initial information regarding the potential of bioprospecting brown macroalgal endophytic fungi as a source of new antibiotics against Escherichia coli ESBL.

Anthrax: Distribution, Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards Pastoralists in Jawhar, Qalimow and Adan Yabal Somalia.

Abdirahman Barre, Abdihamid Salad Hassan, Abdullahi Nur Mohamed — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Anthrax is a Zoonotic Disease (both Human and Animals) the disease is causing higher morbidity and mortality rate in Middle-Shebelle Somalia. Anthrax is a rare infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthraces. It was reported in many parts of the region the disease is endemic that effects production with the pastoralists with an incidence >30% of their livestock production system. In a study to determine the status of anthrax in pastoralists in three selected area of Middle-Shebelle: Jawhar, Qalimow, and Aaden yabaal with Forty two herds were also used. The three selected area of the study were the most livestock populations in Middle-Shebelle. A structured Questionnaire was used to capture pastoralists Knowledge, Attitude and Their Practice with regards of Anthrax Disease. A cross-sectional survey was conducted contemporaneously with focus group discussions (FGDs) and key Informant interviews (KIIs) between May 2020 and April 2021. A Four Hundreds (4OO) of Households were visited via Personal interview. The existence of the disease per herd were estimated that 18.1% of camel herds, 34.3% of cattle herds and 47.6% of small ruminants flocks. Thus the summary of the KAP Results indicated that there was lack of Knowledge and Practice Gap among pastoralists related anthrax Disease. Generally, majority of farmers were practicing poorly in livestock community that was created the distribution of the disease. Therefore, the cattle sheep and goat herds should aware the diseases about the characterization and controlling systems through extending and trading for pastoralists and households. In addition, further assessment and control coverage with anthrax disease will highly option of essentials.

Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Foodborne Salmonella spp. and E. coli Isolates from Rodents and Shrews in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania

Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a pressing global public health issue that affects both human and animal health. Small mammals, such as rodents and shrews, represent a significant reservoir of zoonotic infections. However, there is limited documented research specifically addressing Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. resistant strains from small mammals. Purpose: This study was conducted to examin the occurrence of AMR E. coli and Salmonella spp. and their associated resistance genes in rodents and shrews. Methods: A total of 148 fecal samples from rodents and shrews were examined for E. coli and Salmonella spp. using culture methods and biochemical tests. Fifty isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion method on Muller-Hinton agar. Genotypic analysis by PCR was used to confirm the bacterial strains and their resistance pattern genes. Results: Two bacteria were confirmed in 57 (38.5%) of the fecal samples. Specifically, E. coli and Salmonella spp. were identified in 54 (36.5%) and 3 (2%) fecal samples, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed significant resistance in Rattus rattus. Molecular analysis confirmed that Salmonella spp. carry a larger proportion of resistance genes than E. coli. Specific resistance genes, including Sul1 and Sul2, were identified, constituting 15.4% of the total resistance genes. The prevalence of β-lactamase genes was remarkable, with a higher occurrence in Salmonella spp. Conclusion: In terms of human health, the implications of rodents and shrews serving as carriers and transmitters of various pathogens were highlighted. Given the possibility of unexpected zoonoses arising from the bacteria found in this study, these findings contribute to the understanding AMR in the context of bacterial infections in animals and humans.

Trypanosoma evansi Infection in Sumba Horses in East Sumba Regency : A Study at BBVet Denpasar

Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Sumba is one of the original habitats of the Sandalwood Ponies and the presence of pony is an important element for the community. The Sumbanese herd their ponies in the savanna and rely on nature as a source of horse feed, consequently, during the dry season, the availability of the feed decreases. These conditions can potentially reduce the health status of ponies and increase morbidity or mortality from diseases caused by Trypanosoma evansi. Purpose: This study aims to determine the occurrence and intensity of Trypanosoma evansi infection in blood samples from horses examined at the Denpasar Bali Veterinary Centre. Methods: Thirty blood samples were collected from East Sumba Regency. Three milliliters of blood were taken from the jugular vein and immediately transferred into an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tube. Thin blood smears were subsequently prepared and examined using the Giemsa-stained blood smears method. The preparations of blood smear were examined under microscope to determine the Trypanosoma evansi infection and the intensity was calculated on the average number of Trypanosoma evansi in 100 red blood cells. Results: The result showed that six out of 30 horses were tested positive for Trypanosoma evansi. The infection intensity ranged from two to 18 parasites with an average number of 8 in the blood smear examination method. Conclusion: The incidence of trypanosomiasis in Sumba horses varies with each season in East Sumba Regency. The prophylactic measures that should be adopted in the particular herd of horses because this is the most significant blood protozoan parasite of equines.

Effect of Epigallocatechin Gallate on the Inflammatory Response in Mice (Mus musculus) Kidneys

Gegana Wimaldy Airlangga, Balqis Aina Fajriya, Andreas Bandang Hardian — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Epigallocatechin gallate is the primary polyphenol constituent of green tea. It has the ability to inhibit the pathological processes caused by oxidants. However, in certain cases, the green tea diet is known to exert pro-oxidant effects. In addition, studies have shown that epigallocatechin gallate negatively affects cells. Several studies on epigallocatechin gallate showed increased oxidative stress and decreased intracellular antioxidants. Furthermore, it can stimulate an inflammatory response from the innate immune system, which may contribute to the elimination of the effects of epigallocatechin gallate. Purpose: This study aims to investigate the inflammatory responses (IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α) in mice kidneys due to epigallocatechin gallate. Methods: This study involved the use of experimental animals aged between two and three months with an average body weight of 20 grams. The animals were randomly divided into two groups, namely the control group and the epigallocatechin gallate treatment group, with each group consisting of 16 samples. The dose of epigallocatechin gallate used in this study was 750 mg/kg bw. The treatment was administered for three days, after which the kidneys were collected. Immunohistochemical staining was used to observe the inflammatory response, including IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α. Subsequently, all the data were collected and statistically analyzed using an independent t-test. Results: The results of the data analysis showed a significant difference in the expression of IL-6 (p = 0.018) and TNF-α (p = 0.000), but no significant difference in the expression of IL-1 (p = 0.106). Conclusion: In conclusion, epigallocatechin gallate was found to induce an inflammatory response in mice kidneys.

Prevalence of Ectoparasites and Hemoparasites in Rodents and Shrews in Ilemela District, Mwanza Region, Tanzania

Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Rodents and shrews play an important role in the transmission and spreading of zoonotic diseases in Tanzania and worldwide. Purpose: This study aims to identify ectoparasites and hemoparasites in rodents and shrews captured in Ilemela District, Mwanza Region, Tanzania. Methods: Rodents and shrews were captured using Sherman live traps and modified wire cages, both of which were placed indoors, peri-domestically, and in agricultural fields. The animals were anaesthetized using diethyl ether, and blood samples were collected aseptically from the heart. Thin and thick smears were prepared for the identification of hemoparasites. Results: The overall prevalence of ectoparasites was 56.4%, with the following ectoparasites identified: Laelaps echininus (39.6%), Polyplax spp. (4.0%), Xenopsylla cheopis (2.7%), and Heamaphysalis leachi (0.7%). The highest prevalence of ectoparasites was observed in Mastomys natalensis. In terms of sex, male animals showed a higher prevalence of ectoparasites (59.0%) than female animals. Additionally, the prevalence of hemoparasites was 35.5%, with the following parasites identified: Anaplasma spp. (18.8%), Trypanosoma lewisi (0.7%), Plasmodium spp. (1.3%), Bipolar coccobacilli (2.7%), and Bacillus spp. (3.4%). Anaplasma spp. was identified in all infested rodent species, with the highest prevalence observed in Mus musculus (34.4%) and Mastomys natalensis (27.3%). However, T. lewisi was only identified in Rattus rattus (0.7%), whereas no hemoparasites was identified in Crocidura spp. Conclusion: This study provides baseline information on the prevalence of ectoparasites and hemoparasites in rodents and shrews in Ilemela district, Mwanza Region, Tanzania. Therefore, monitoring of these parasites is important for preparedness and early warning preparation for the control of rodent-borne diseases.

Seroprevalence and Geographical Distribution of Rift Valley Fever in Livestock in Sudan

Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is zoonotic and Transboundary Animal Disease (TAD) that has public health and trade implications for livestock and livestock products. It occurs following heavy rains and is characterized by miscarriages in small ruminants, such as sheep and goats, and illness in humans. The mosquito is the main vector for the disease. It can be transmitted by direct contact with tissues, aerosol, and blood of the infected individual and by ingestion of raw and/or uncooked milk. Purpose: This study aims to estimate the seroprevalence of RVF in Sudan and to determine the geographical distribution of RVF to understand the pattern of its occurrence in Sudan. Methods: This study was conducted in Central Sudan. This study was a retrospective study in which the data were collected mainly from archives and records of the laboratory and were used to estimate the seropositivity. The target population in this study was concentrated on livestock, especially ruminants. Results: In this study, the overall seroprevalence of RVF was estimated to be 16%. The highest seroprevalence was recorded at 66% in cattle in River Nile (95% CI [60.37171, 73.44393]), whereas the lowest seroprevalence was recorded at 0.8% in cattle in Blue Nile (95% CI [0.73293, 0.96704]). Conclusion: This study concluded that herd immunity is a significant factor in understanding the epidemiology of RVF in Sudan. In addition, the retrospective data provided a roadmap for managing and controlling transboundary diseases that have had an impact on human health.

Study of The Physiological Status of Horses Before and After Training in Anantya Riding Club

Henny Endah Anggraeni, Igal Muhammad — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The physiological status of a horse is an indicator of its health. Parameters that can be used to determine the health status of a horse include respiratory rate, heart rate, and body temperature. As the activity of a horse increases, its respiratory rate increases. By measuring respiratory rate, heart rate, and body temperature before and after training, changes in the physiological status of a horse can be determined. Purpose: This study aims to provide an overview of the physiological status of horses before and after training at Anantya Riding Club. Case: Physiological status of horses before and after training. Case Management: This study used a qualitative approach. Data on the physiological conditions of horses were collected before and after training. A digital thermometer was used to measure body temperature. A stethoscope was used to measure heart rate. Respiratory rate was measured by placing the back of the hand or the palm of the hand close to the horse's nose to feel its breath. These measurements were taken before and after training. Conclusion: This study concluded that the physiological status of horses after training showed an improvement. The average body temperatures of the horses before and after training were [37.6 ± 0.09]°C and [38.61 ± 0.03] °C, respectively. The average heart rates of the horses before and after training were 41.0 ± 2.4 beats/minute and 90.2 ± 3.5 beats/minute, respectively. Finally, the average respiratory rates of the horses before and after training exercise were 39.7 ± 3.0 breaths/minute and 101.2 ± 0.5 breaths/minute, respectively.

A Case of Bilateral Conjunctivitis in a Seven-Year-Old Shih-Tzu Dog

Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva that is common in dog, which also known as pink eyes. Conjunctivitis can be caused by infectious agents such as bacteria, chlamydia, and virus, and can also be induced by allergies or due to trauma. Bilateral infection may indicate they are caused by an infectious agent or allergy. Purpose: This study aims to provide veterinarians with insight into the treatment of conjunctivitis cases and the factors that hinder therapy. Case: A seven-year-old female Shih-Tzu dog has had eye problems for six months since April 2023. Physical examination revealed redness in the left and right eyes with mucopurulent exudate. Laboratory examination using an impression smear followed by cytology confirmed inflammation in the eye with many neutrophil cells and coccus-shaped bacteria. The dog was diagnosed with bacterial conjunctivitis with a good prognosis. Case Management: The therapy consisted of the administration of topical antibiotics in the form of Erlamycetin plus® (chloramphenicol and dexamethasone) eye drops for five days, followed by Erlamycetin® (chloramphenicol) eye ointment. Conclusion: After 12 days of therapy, there was no redness in the dog's eyes and only a small amount of exudate was observed. However, on day 14, the owner reported that exudates were observed in the dog's eyes. The therapy resulted in improvements but was not optimal because the owner did not consistently follow the recommendations.

Literature Study : Histopathology Analysis of Rabies Disease (2014 - 2022)

Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Rabies is a contagious and zoonotic disease caused by Lyssavirus, a neurotropic, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Rabies infects most mammals through the transmission of saliva from a rabid animal that enters the body of a healthy animal through an open wound, bite, scratch, or direct contact. A post-mortem diagnosis and evaluation are crucial for establishing regional statistical data in order to design a robust strategy for combating rabies. Histopathology has long been known to be an invaluable source of information regarding the destructive impact of rabies in nervous tissue. In addition to other ante-mortem evaluations, a correlation between clinical signs, gross pathological findings, and histopathological findings must be established to achieve the maximum target of combating rabies. Purpose: This study aims to analyze and compare gross pathological findings and histopathological findings in the literature published between 2014 and 2022. Methods: A comparison between gross pathological findings and histopathological findings was conducted on case studies from 2014 to 2022. Anamnesis and clinical signs were obtained as supporting data. The findings were presented as percentage to identify the predominant pathological signs. Results: A review of four case studies revealed that paralysis, hyperesthesia, gait abnormality, and muscle tremor were the most commonly observed signs (50%). Only two case studies revealed gross pathological findings, including meningeal congestion and cerebellar hemorrhage. Eight studies identified the intracytoplasmic negri body in Purkinje cells as the most commonly observed histopathological finding (100%). Conclusion: The primary clinical signs and gross pathological findings associated with rabies are typically regarded as non-specific. Histopathology revealed the intracytoplasmic Negri body in Purkinje cells as the most commonly observed finding (100%).