Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi

ATTRIBUTE-BASED EVALUATION OF DENGUE SURVEILLANCE IN SUMENEP REGENCY: ASSESSING EFFECTIVENESS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT

2025-09-06T17:21:53+07:00

Background: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever remains a significant public health concern in Sumenep Regency, with cases and fatalities reported annually. In 2023, both the incidence rate (27.74/100,000 population) and the case fatality rate (1.96%) exceeded the national targets (IR ≤10; CFR ≤0.6%). Therefore, evaluating the dengue surveillance system is essential to assess its performance and support effective control measures. Purpose: This study evaluates the dengue surveillance system in Sumenep Regency in 2023 based on surveillance system attributes to provide recommendations for improvement. Methods: The study was conducted at a public health center (puskesmas) and the Regency Health Office, involving 17 informants, including surveillance officers and DHF program managers. Data were collected through interviews, document reviews, and observations using questionnaires and sheets. Analysis was based on surveillance system attributes aligned with Indonesia’s DHF prevention and control guidelines, with results presented in tables and narratives. Results: The surveillance system demonstrated good data stability and timeliness, but remains complex, inflexible, has low user acceptance, is not yet representative, and is not yet sensitive. Conclusion: The dengue surveillance system in Sumenep needs improvements in simplicity, user acceptance, representativeness, sensitivity, and data quality. Efforts should simplify processes, integrate active and passive surveillance, standardize procedures, and strengthen coordination to improve system effectiveness.

THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHTING, FLOOR TYPE AND WALL TYPE ON THE PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS IN FARMERS

2025-04-29T13:46:54+07:00

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis (TB), a disease primarily spread through droplets from infected individuals. Ponorogo Regency ranks eighth in TB-related mortality in East Java, with Kauman Health Center recording the highest number of TB cases, most of which involve individuals working as farmers. This study aims to investigate how environmental factors such as lighting, floor type, and wall type contribute to the occurrence of pulmonary TB among farmers in the Kauman Health Center area. Methods: This research employed an analytical observational design with a case-control approach. A total of 78 who worked as farmers were included, consisting of 39 cases and 39 controls, selected through simple random sampling. Both primary and secondary data were collected using measurement and observation techniques. The study focused on pulmonary TB incidence as the dependent variable, while the independent variables included lighting, floor type, and wall type. Data analysis involved univariate and bivariate methods using logistic regression. Results: Findings showed that the majority of respondents lived in homes with inadequate lighting (72%), proper floor types (79%), and acceptable wall types (69%). A significant association was identified between poor lighting and TB incidence among farmers, OR = 3.659 (95% CI: 1.422–9.417). However, no significant relationship was found between TB incidence and either floor type (p=0.366) or wall type (p=0.113). Conclusion: Inadequate lighting is significantly associated with pulmonary TB in farmers. In contrast, the type of floor and wall materials did not significantly influence this study.

SOCIAL MEDIA USE INTENSITY AND ADOLESCENT ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN SIDOARJO

2025-09-06T17:27:33+07:00

Background: Social media usage is rapidly increasing and has become integral to everyone. The increased use of social media among adolescents has generated substantial concerns regarding its potential effects on mental health disorders. Purpose: This study investigates how the intensity of social media use influences antisocial behavior. Methods: The research was conducted in Sidoarjo Regency, held from March to April 2025, as an analytical observational method with a cross-sectional design. The population consisted of adolescents aged 17 to 25, with a total sample of 384 respondents selected through simple random sampling based on defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Variables assessed included social media usage intensity, sleep disorder, self-confidence, anxiety regarding the future, and antisocial behavior. Data were collected using a self-reporting questionnaire and path analysis. Results: Findings indicated that 21.40% of respondents had low social media usage intensity, 7.00% experienced low sleep disorder, 24.20% had high self-confidence, and 18.20% did not experience anxiety about the future. Antisocial behavior was predominantly low among respondents (69.50%). The intensity of social media use was found to influence antisocial behavior directly and indirectly. Conclusion: Adolescents in Sidoarjo Regency displayed mental health disorder symptoms such as sleep disorder, reduced self-confidence, anxiety about the future, and antisocial tendencies. These findings highlight the importance of responsible social media use education, digital literacy programs, stress management initiatives, and increased involvement from families and educational institutions to create supportive environments promoting adolescent emotional stability.

EVALUATION OF DIARRHEA SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM IN MAGETAN REGENCY HEALTH OFFICE 2023 USING SURVEILLANCE ATTRIBUTES

2025-05-06T11:13:35+07:00

Background: Diarrhea prevalence in 2023 in Magetan Regency was reported for all age groups at 59.40% and for children under five at 96.53%. The preliminary study found several problems in the recording and reporting system of Diarrhea in the Magetan Regency. Purpose: To describe the quality of the diarrhea surveillance system implemented in Magetan Regency Health Office based on surveillance system attributes assessment. Methods: Descriptive research with an evaluation study design. An evaluation was conducted on the diarrhea surveillance system in 2023 in the Magetan Regency Health Office. The respondents of this study were 23 people. Data was collected using questionnaires through Google Forms, interviews, and document studies. Data analysis was carried out and presented descriptively using tables and narratives. Results: Evaluation of the diarrhea surveillance system based on the assessment of surveillance attributes shows that the diarrhea surveillance system in Magetan Regency is simple, flexible, of high data quality, sensitive, highly acceptable, timely, and highly stable. However, the system is not representative, and the positive predictive value cannot be calculated. Conclusion: The implementation of the diarrhea surveillance system in Magetan Regency has been running well, mostly supported by the completeness of surveillance attributes. The evaluation results show that the system is simple, flexible, has high data quality and acceptability, is sensitive, timely, and highly stable. However, the system is not representative, and the PVT cannot be calculated.

RISK FACTORS OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AMONG INDONESIAN PROSPECTIVE HAJJ PILGRIMS (DATA ANALYSIS OF SISKOHATKES 2024)

2025-09-06T17:33:02+07:00

Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is an escalating global public health issue. By 2024, CKD ranked sixth among the top ten causes of death among Indonesian hajj pilgrims and served as a comorbidity for the two leading causes of mortality, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Purpose: This study aims to identify the risk factors of CKD among Indonesian prospective hajj pilgrims in 2024. Methods: A cross-sectional design was utilized using secondary data from the Integrated Hajj Computerized System for Health Sector (Siskohatkes) for all registered pilgrims in 2024. A total of 217,476 participants were enrolled using purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of CKD among prospective Indonesian hajj pilgrims was 0.2%. Multivariate analysis revealed significant risk factors, including family history of CKD (aPOR = 3.51; 95% CI: 1.30–9.48), diabetes mellitus (aPOR = 2.25; 95% CI: 1.82–2.78) male (aPOR = 2.10; 95% CI: 1.71–2.57), age ≥ 60 years (aPOR = 1.93; 95% CI: 1.48–2.52), and hypertension (aPOR = 1,90; 95% CI: 1,48–2,44). Conclusions: This study highlights risk factors for CKD among prospective Indonesian hajj pilgrims, with a family history of CKD being the most dominant risk factor. The Indonesian Hajj Health Center is advised to standardize the diagnostic methods for CKD and integrate health information systems to serve as a reference for comparison of examination results.

GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY TUBERCULOSIS HOTSPOTS IN BANYUMAS REGENCY (2023) THROUGH SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION

2025-05-19T15:26:32+07:00

Background: Banyumas Regency had the second-highest number of TBC cases in Central Java Province in 2023, totaling 7,060 cases. The incidence of TBC increased by approximately 27.27% from 2022 to 2023. Despite various TB control efforts, conventional epidemiological methods often fail to capture the spatial patterns of disease transmission, making it challenging to identify localized hotspots and effectively allocate resources. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the spatial relationship between HIV prevalence, population density, healthy living behaviors, and housing conditions in relation to TBC incidence. Additionally, it sought to identify tuberculosis hotspots in Banyumas Regency. Methods: The data were obtained from the Banyumas Tuberculosis System Information in August 2024. Total of 4,853 registered patients who sought treatment and resided in Banyumas Regency in 2023 was assessed. TBC distribution patterns were analyzed using the spatial autocorrelation method through the Moran Index and Local Indicators of Spatial Associations (LISA). Results: The analysis revealed significant clustering of TBC incidence with HIV prevalence, clean and healthy living behavior, and population density. The significant dispersion was noted with healthy houses. Notably, six 27 subdistricts—Kembaran, North Purwokerto, South Purwokerto, East Purwokerto, Sokaraja, and Sumbang—demonstrated significant local spatial autocorrelation. Conclusion: The study found TBC incidence was clustered in areas with high HIV prevalence, poor living conditions, and high population density, while healthy houses showed a dispersed pattern, highlighting the importance of prioritizing interventions, policy changes, and resource allocation.

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN POOR ORAL HYGIENE AND ORAL HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG DRUG USERS

2025-07-04T10:54:27+07:00

Background: The quality of life among drug users has become an increasingly important public health issue. One of the factors suspected to contribute to this is poor oral hygiene, which may result from reduced saliva production due to long-term use of psychotropic substances. This condition warrants special attention, particularly in Banjarbaru City, which has the highest rate of drug abuse in South Kalimantan Province, with a proportion of 26.64%. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between drug users' quality of life and their dental and oral hygiene. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design and was conducted on a representative sample of drug users undergoing rehabilitation. A total of 38 respondents were selected using a simple random sampling method. Data on dental and oral hygiene were collected using the Oral Hygiene Index Simplified, while quality of life was measured using the OHIP-14 questionnaire. The data were then analyzed using appropriate statistical methods to determine the correlation between the variables. Results: Dental and oral hygiene for drug abusers have an average score of 3.38 and an average quality of life score of 21.25. Poor oral hygiene is associated with poor quality of life in drug abusers (r = 0.572, p-value <0.000). Regression analysis showed that poor oral hygiene was a predictor of poor quality of life (β: 3.936; R2: 0.328; p <0.000). Conclusion: This study emphasizes how crucial it is to practice proper dental hygiene in order to improve drug users' quality of life.

DETERMINANTS OF THE INCIDENCE OF DIARRHEA IN TODDLERS AGED 12-59 MONTHS IN JAYAPURA CITY

2025-06-25T10:31:34+07:00

Background: Diarrhea in toddlers can be more deadly compared to other ages because the percentage of fluid in the baby’s body is greater. In 2023, data from 14 health centers in Jayapura City showed that diarrhea consistently ranked among the top 10 diseases, particularly at Abepura and North Jayapura Health Centers. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the determinants of diarrhea incidence, including risk factors, among toddlers in Jayapura City. Methods: A cross-sectional design was applied with a sample of 192 toddlers aged 12–59 months selected through accidental sampling. Inclusion criteria were mothers of toddlers aged 12–59 months, residing in the community health center working area, and willing to participate. Exclusion criteria included toddlers with congenital or chronic diseases, mothers not serving as primary caregivers, and uncooperative respondents. Data were collected using questionnaires and processed with SPSS software. Univariate and bivariate analyses employed the chi-square test, while multivariate analysis used multiple logistic regression. Results: Exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.00) and maternal attitude (p=0.01) were significantly related to diarrhea incidence. Exclusive breastfeeding was identified as the main determinant, with p = 0.00 and an Exp(B) value of 4.32. Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding is the key determinant of diarrhea incidence among toddlers aged 12–59 months in Jayapura City.

ANALYSIS DETERMINANTS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS: A CASE CONTROL STUDY

2025-07-08T10:22:16+07:00

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (type 2 DM) is a chronic disease in adults due to the body's resistance to insulin. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the determinants of the incidence of type 2 DM. Methods: The study design was a case-control study. The case population in this study was patients with type 2 DM who had been diagnosed by doctors based on data available in the medical records of Bintang Bayu Health Center. In contrast, the control population was patients who did not suffer from type 2 DM. The study's sample size was 138 people, with a ratio of cases to controls of 1:2. The case group consisted of 46 people, and the control group comprised 92 people. The sampling technique used was nonprobability sampling, namely, consecutive sampling. Questionnaire distribution was the primary method of data collection. The frequency distribution of each variable was calculated before analyzing the data using Chi-square and logistic regression. Results: Diet (p=0.001; OR=4.7; 2.231–10.154), knowledge (p=0.033; OR=2.3; 1.129–4.785), physical activity p = 0.010; OR = 2.8; 1.342 – 6.032), hypertension (p=<0.001; OR=4.9; 2.089–11.784) were significant to the incidence of type 2 DM. The most dominant variable was hypertension, p=<0.001; OR=7.3 (2.581-20.680). Conclusions: Poor diet, poor knowledge, light physical activity, and hypertension were significant factors in the incidence of type 2 DM.

ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH VOLUNTEER (CHV) BEHAVIOR IN DETECTING PRESUMPTIVE PULMONARY TB IN BANJARNEGARA

2025-09-07T14:12:09+07:00

Background: Pulmonary TB case detection in Banjarnegara Regency from 202 to 2023 has fallen short of the target. As of June 2024, only 21% of suspected pulmonary TB cases have been identified. The behavior of community health volunteers (CHV) who actively seek out TB cases in the community starting from conducting visits, providing basic education to at least 20 close contacts of the index TB case, screening symptoms through interviews using the National TB 16K form, to encouraging symptomatic contact to undergo sputum examination at the health center is closely linked to the detection of pulmonary presumptive TB. Purpose: To analyze the behavior of CHV and to identify the factors influencing CHV behavior to identify presumptive TB pulmonary. Methods: The research design used was quantitative with a cross-sectional and observational design. The sampling technique used was total sampling with a total of 136 respondents. Results: Based on research conducted, 77 demonstrated good behavior in presumptive identification, while 59 exhibited less favorable behavior. The majority of respondents had excellent knowledge (92.65%), a supportive attitude towards presumptive detection (65.44%), and good motivation (60.29%). There is a relationship between knowledge (P=0.015), attitude (P=0.006), and motivation (P=0.000) with the behavior of community health volunteers in identifying pulmonary TB presumptive in Banjarnegara Regency. Conclusion: 56.62% of respondents exhibited good behavior in detecting pulmonary TB presumptives. Further training with an interactive learning approach is necessary to enhance the capacity of community health volunteers.

SMOKING, PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AND DIETARY WITH HYPERTENSION IN THE ELDERLY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

2025-03-06T14:03:43+07:00

Background: The condition of the elderly can affect blood pressure because they may struggle to balance both psychologically and physiologically. Lifestyle can affect risk factors for hypertension. Purpose: To examine lifestyle risk factors for the incidence of hypertension in the elderly with a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: Eight electronic databases, including PubMed, Science PubMed, ScienceDirect, NCBI, ProQuest, and EBSCO Journals Online, were searched for studies published in English from 2017 to December 2023. Quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) for cross-sectional and case-control studies. We further categorized the outcomes into smoking, physical activity, Diet, and hypertension in the elderly. We analyzed them using the Review Manager 5.3 application with both fixed-effect and random-effect models. Results: Eight studies and 30,821 subjects were included, with fair to excellent quality. Based on the meta-analysis, not dieting (AOR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.17-1.61; p < 0.001) was a statistically significant risk factor for hypertension in the elderly. Conclusion: Not dieting is are risk factor for hypertension in the elderly.

RISK FACTORS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE AND LATENT TUBERCULOSIS IN CHILDREN ≤ 14: ACTIVE CASE FINDING

2025-09-07T14:19:36+07:00

Background: In 2024, 135,000 tuberculosis (TB) cases were reported in Indonesian children, accounting for part of the 885,000 total TB cases nationwide. Pediatric TB remains a concern due to children’s vulnerability from immature immunity, poor nutrition, and close contact with TB patients. Early detection through active case finding (ACF) is crucial for identifying active and latent TB in at-risk populations. Purpose: To determine the prevalence of active and latent TB and analyze associated risk factors among children screened through ACF. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 870 children in Sidoarjo Regency using ACF. Active TB was diagnosed through symptom interviews and sputum examination, while latent TB was determined by tuberculin skin test (TST). Nutritional status was assessed using body mass index (BMI). Bivariate analysis was performed to assess associations with active TB. Results: The prevalence of active TB was 4%, and that of latent TB was 4.7%. Among TB cases, 46% were active and 54% latent. Malnutrition was common in active (77%) and latent (46%) TB. Bivariate analysis showed no significant associations with gender, close contact, or passive smoking. Children aged <5 years had a higher risk than those aged 5–14 years (OR = 3.11; 95% CI: 0.99–9.79; p = 0.064). Nutritional status was significantly associated with active TB (χ² = 7.85; p = 0.049). Underweight children had nearly four times higher risk of active TB compared to those with normal nutrition (OR = 3.94; 95% CI: 1.32–11.76; p = 0.018). Conclusion: ACF was effective in detecting active and latent TB among children. Malnutrition was a significant risk factor, suggesting that nutritional interventions should be integrated into pediatric TB control strategies. Patients had close contact with active TB patients.