-20320777113000-212725-1024255Website: e-journal.unair.ac.id/JBK/index ©2023 Jurnal Biometrika dan Kependudukan ; 12(2) 186–198, December 2023 00Website: e-journal.unair.ac.id/JBK/index ©2023 Jurnal Biometrika dan Kependudukan ; 12(2) 186–198, December 2023 MODERN CONTRACEPTIVE USE AMONG URBAN AND RURAL YOUNG MARRIED WOMEN IN INDONESIA *Sari Kistiana1, Andhika Ajie Baskoro11Research Centre for Population, National Research and Innovation Agency, 12710 South Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia-1778014224000-9588522225Published by Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Airlangga00Published by Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Airlangga*Corresponding Author: Sari Kistiana ; Email: sarikistiana@gmail.com 1204595127473ABSTRACTFamily planning is recognized as an essential key to reducing neonatal and maternal mortality and morbidity. The purpose of the study is to explore whether predictors of the use of modern contraceptives among young married women differ by place of residence. The data were drawn from the 2019 Indonesia Survey of Population, Family Planning, and Family Development. This study limited the sample of women aged 15-24 who were married or living together with a partner and not pregnant, creating a total sample of 3,927 women. Logistic regression was done to see the association between modern contraceptive use and the socio-demographic variables for each group of samples and put the place of residence variable as the interaction term. The total number of living children and region revealed to be significant predictors in the use of modern contraceptives among urban and rural young women. Urban young women with 1-2 living children had higher odds (OR=24.68; p=0.000) than rural ones (OR=15.25; p=0.000) of using modern contraceptives. Rural women residing in other islands (non-Java Bali) were less affected (OR=0.59; p=0.000) than urban young married women (OR=0.61; p=0.000) in using modern contraceptives. The use of modern contraceptives would be improved by the dissemination of information, education, and communication regarding the health risks associated with having more than two children. Family planning policies should be modified to accommodate the specific needs of different residences within geographical regions.ABSTRAKKeluarga berencana diakui sebagai kunci penting untuk mengurangi angka kematian dan kesakitan neonatal dan ibunya. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah prediktor penggunaan kontrasepsi modern di kalangan wanita menikah muda berbeda berdasarkan wilayah tempat tinggal. Data diambil dari Survei Kinerja dan Akuntabilitas Program Kependudukan, Keluarga Berencana dan Pembangunan Keluarga Indonesia tahun 2019. Studi ini membatasi sampel hanya pada wanita berusia 15-24 tahun yang sudah menikah atau tinggal bersama pasangan dan tidak hamil, sehingga menghasilkan total sampel sebanyak 3.927 wanita. Regresi logistik digunakan untuk melihat hubungan antara pemakaian kontrasepsi modern dengan variabel sosio-demografi pada masing-masing kelompok sampel dan variabel wilayah tempat tinggal digunakan untuk memodelkan hubungan tersebut. Jumlah anak masih hidup dan wilayah menjadi faktor signifikan dalam pemakaian kontrasepsi modern di kalangan wanita menikah muda perkotaan dan perdesaan. Wanita muda di perkotaan dengan 1-2 anak masih hidup memiliki peluang yang lebih tinggi (OR=24.68; p=0.000) dibandingkan dengan wanita muda di perdesaan (OR=15.25; p=0.000) untuk menggunakan kontrasepsi modern. Wanita perdesaan yang tinggal di pulau lain (non Jawa-Bali) tidak terlalu terpengaruh (OR=0.59; p=0.000) dibandingkan dengan wanita menikah muda yang tinggal di perkotaan (OR=0.61; p=0.000) dalam memakai kontrasepsi modern. Penggunaan kontrasepsi modern akan meningkat melalui penyebaran informasi, edukasi dan komunikasi mengenai risiko kesehatan yang terkait dengan memiliki anak lebih dari dua. Kebijakan keluarga berencana harus disesuaikan untuk mengakomodasi kebutuhan spesifik dari berbagai wilayah tempat tinggal dalam kawasan geografis.00ABSTRACTFamily planning is recognized as an essential key to reducing neonatal and maternal mortality and morbidity. The purpose of the study is to explore whether predictors of the use of modern contraceptives among young married women differ by place of residence. The data were drawn from the 2019 Indonesia Survey of Population, Family Planning, and Family Development. This study limited the sample of women aged 15-24 who were married or living together with a partner and not pregnant, creating a total sample of 3,927 women. Logistic regression was done to see the association between modern contraceptive use and the socio-demographic variables for each group of samples and put the place of residence variable as the interaction term. The total number of living children and region revealed to be significant predictors in the use of modern contraceptives among urban and rural young women. Urban young women with 1-2 living children had higher odds (OR=24.68; p=0.000) than rural ones (OR=15.25; p=0.000) of using modern contraceptives. Rural women residing in other islands (non-Java Bali) were less affected (OR=0.59; p=0.000) than urban young married women (OR=0.61; p=0.000) in using modern contraceptives. The use of modern contraceptives would be improved by the dissemination of information, education, and communication regarding the health risks associated with having more than two children. Family planning policies should be modified to accommodate the specific needs of different residences within geographical regions.ABSTRAKKeluarga berencana diakui sebagai kunci penting untuk mengurangi angka kematian dan kesakitan neonatal dan ibunya. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah prediktor penggunaan kontrasepsi modern di kalangan wanita menikah muda berbeda berdasarkan wilayah tempat tinggal. Data diambil dari Survei Kinerja dan Akuntabilitas Program Kependudukan, Keluarga Berencana dan Pembangunan Keluarga Indonesia tahun 2019. Studi ini membatasi sampel hanya pada wanita berusia 15-24 tahun yang sudah menikah atau tinggal bersama pasangan dan tidak hamil, sehingga menghasilkan total sampel sebanyak 3.927 wanita. Regresi logistik digunakan untuk melihat hubungan antara pemakaian kontrasepsi modern dengan variabel sosio-demografi pada masing-masing kelompok sampel dan variabel wilayah tempat tinggal digunakan untuk memodelkan hubungan tersebut. Jumlah anak masih hidup dan wilayah menjadi faktor signifikan dalam pemakaian kontrasepsi modern di kalangan wanita menikah muda perkotaan dan perdesaan. Wanita muda di perkotaan dengan 1-2 anak masih hidup memiliki peluang yang lebih tinggi (OR=24.68; p=0.000) dibandingkan dengan wanita muda di perdesaan (OR=15.25; p=0.000) untuk menggunakan kontrasepsi modern. Wanita perdesaan yang tinggal di pulau lain (non Jawa-Bali) tidak terlalu terpengaruh (OR=0.59; p=0.000) dibandingkan dengan wanita menikah muda yang tinggal di perkotaan (OR=0.61; p=0.000) dalam memakai kontrasepsi modern. Penggunaan kontrasepsi modern akan meningkat melalui penyebaran informasi, edukasi dan komunikasi mengenai risiko kesehatan yang terkait dengan memiliki anak lebih dari dua. Kebijakan keluarga berencana harus disesuaikan untuk mengakomodasi kebutuhan spesifik dari berbagai wilayah tempat tinggal dalam kawasan geografis.-756626644396Received in 18 March 2022 ; Reviewed in 16 December 2022 ; Accepted in 24 August 2023 ; p-ISSN 2302–707X - e-ISSN 2540–8828 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.20473/jbk.v12i2.2023.186–197 ; Cite this as : Kistiana S, Baskoro AA. Modern Contraceptive Use among Urban and Rural Young Married Women in Indonesia. J Biometrika dan Kependud [Internet]. 2023;12(2):186–197. Available from: https://doi.org/10.20473/jbk.v12i2.2023.186–197 00Received in 18 March 2022 ; Reviewed in 16 December 2022 ; Accepted in 24 August 2023 ; p-ISSN 2302–707X - e-ISSN 2540–8828 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.20473/jbk.v12i2.2023.186–197 ; Cite this as : Kistiana S, Baskoro AA. Modern Contraceptive Use among Urban and Rural Young Married Women in Indonesia. J Biometrika dan Kependud [Internet]. 2023;12(2):186–197. Available from: https://doi.org/10.20473/jbk.v12i2.2023.186–197 1252855308292500126360132893000-559292741930Kata Kunci:kontrasepsi modern, keluarga berencana, ibu muda00Kata Kunci:kontrasepsi modern, keluarga berencana, ibu muda-97839158115Keywords: modern contraception, family planning, young women00Keywords: modern contraception, family planning, young women330205934237007620263398000INTRODUCTIONContraceptive use among young women would postpone the first pregnancy, as early sexual activity might result in an early and risky first birth. Young women’s increased risk of experiencing obstetric complications may be due to premature pelvic development ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"Objective: To delineate adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes as well as indications for cesarean delivery by maternal age in a contemporaneous large national cohort. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of electronic medical records from 12 centers and 203,517 (30,673 women aged 35 years or older) women with singleton gestations stratified by maternal age. Logistic regression was performed to investigate maternal and neonatal outcomes for each maternal age strata (referent group, age 25.0-29.9 years), adjusting for race, parity, body mass index, insurance, pre-existing medical conditions, substance and tobacco use, and site. Documented indications for cesarean delivery were analyzed. Results: Neonates born to women aged 25.0-29.9 years had the lowest risk of birth weight less than 2,500 g (7.2%; P<.001), admission to neonatal intensive care unit (11.5%; P<.001), and perinatal mortality (0.7%; P<.001). Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were higher in women aged 35 years or older (cumulative rate 8.5% compared with 7.8%; 25.0-29.9 years; P<.001). Previous uterine scar was the leading indication for cesarean delivery in women aged 25.0 years or older (36.9%; P<.001). For younger women, failure to progress or cephalopelvic disproportion (37.0% for those younger than age 20.0 years and 31.1% for those aged 20.0-24.9-years; P<.001) and nonreassuring fetal heart tracing (28.7% for those younger than 20.0 years and 21.2% for those aged 20.0-24.9-years; P<.001) predominated as indications. Truly elective cesarean delivery rate was 20.2% for women aged 45.0 years or older (adjusted odds ratio 1.85 [99% confidence interval 1.03-3.32] compared with the referent age group of 25.0-29.9 years). Conclusions: Maternal and obstetric complications differed by maternal age, as did rates of elective cesarean delivery. Women aged 25.0-29.9 years had the lowest rate of serious neonatal morbidity.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Timofeev","given":"Julia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reddy","given":"Uma M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Huang","given":"Chun-Chih","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Driggers","given":"Rita W","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Landy","given":"Helain J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Laughon","given":"S Katherine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"1184-1195","title":"Obstetric Complications, Neonatal Morbidity, and Indications for Cesarean Delivery by Maternal Age","type":"article-journal","volume":"122"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e27e61d2-ed4c-4e6b-9729-0202a52bce2b"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"abstract":"Background Family planning is one of the four pillars of the Safe Motherhood Initiative to reduce maternal death in developing countries. We aimed to estimate the effect of contraceptive use on maternal mortality and the expected reduction in maternal mortality if the unmet need for contraception were met, at country, regional, and world levels. Method We extracted relevant data from the Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group (MMEIG) database, the UN World Contraceptive Use 2010 database, and the UN World Population Prospects 2010 database, and applied a counterfactual modelling approach (model I), replicating the MMEIG (WHO) maternal mortality estimation method, to estimate maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use in 172 countries. We used a second model (model II) to make the same estimate for 167 countries and to estimate the effect of satisfying unmet need for contraception. We did sensitivity analyses and compared agreement between the models. Findings We estimate, using model I, that 342 203 women died of maternal causes in 2008, but that contraceptive use averted 272 040 (uncertainty interval 127 937–407 134) maternal deaths (44% reduction), so without contraceptive use, the number of maternal deaths would have been 1·8 times higher than the 2008 total. Satisfying unmet need for contraception could prevent another 104 000 maternal deaths per year (29% reduction). Interpretation Numbers of unwanted pregnancies and unmet contraceptive need are still high in many developing countries. We provide evidence that use of contraception is a substantial and effective primary prevention strategy to reduce maternal mortality in developing countries.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ahmed","given":"Saifuddin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Li","given":"Qingfeng","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Liu","given":"Li","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tsui","given":"Amy O","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"The Lancet","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"9837","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"111-125","title":"Maternal Deaths Averted By Contraceptive Use: An Analysis of 172 Countries","type":"article-journal","volume":"380"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=43148e36-6f97-4078-858c-72bd6f83469d"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sarkar","given":"Archana","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chandra-Mouli","given":"Venkatraman","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jain","given":"Kushal","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Behera","given":"Jagannath","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mishra","given":"Surendra Kumar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mehra","given":"Sunil","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"BMC Public Health","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"1-19","title":"Community Based Reproductive Health Interventions for Young Married Couples in Resource-constrained Settings: A Systematic Review","type":"article-journal","volume":"15"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4ff2351a-73ee-46e4-8435-4ab0fb4aee0c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(1–3)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(1–3)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(1–3)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(1–3). Additionally, contraception could lessen the high risks to mothers and newborns by having too many children and too close pregnancies ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"Background Family planning is one of the four pillars of the Safe Motherhood Initiative to reduce maternal death in developing countries. We aimed to estimate the effect of contraceptive use on maternal mortality and the expected reduction in maternal mortality if the unmet need for contraception were met, at country, regional, and world levels. Method We extracted relevant data from the Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group (MMEIG) database, the UN World Contraceptive Use 2010 database, and the UN World Population Prospects 2010 database, and applied a counterfactual modelling approach (model I), replicating the MMEIG (WHO) maternal mortality estimation method, to estimate maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use in 172 countries. We used a second model (model II) to make the same estimate for 167 countries and to estimate the effect of satisfying unmet need for contraception. We did sensitivity analyses and compared agreement between the models. Findings We estimate, using model I, that 342 203 women died of maternal causes in 2008, but that contraceptive use averted 272 040 (uncertainty interval 127 937–407 134) maternal deaths (44% reduction), so without contraceptive use, the number of maternal deaths would have been 1·8 times higher than the 2008 total. Satisfying unmet need for contraception could prevent another 104 000 maternal deaths per year (29% reduction). Interpretation Numbers of unwanted pregnancies and unmet contraceptive need are still high in many developing countries. We provide evidence that use of contraception is a substantial and effective primary prevention strategy to reduce maternal mortality in developing countries.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ahmed","given":"Saifuddin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Li","given":"Qingfeng","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Liu","given":"Li","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tsui","given":"Amy O","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"The Lancet","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"9837","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"111-125","title":"Maternal Deaths Averted By Contraceptive Use: An Analysis of 172 Countries","type":"article-journal","volume":"380"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=43148e36-6f97-4078-858c-72bd6f83469d"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"abstract":"Background: Evidence on effective behavior change programming for sexual and reproductive health among married youth aged 15–24 in developing countries is lacking. To address this gap, we examined monitoring, evaluation, and special study data from the Promoting Change in Reproductive Behavior of Adolescents (PRACHAR) Project, which was implemented between 2001 and 2012 in Bihar, India, over 3 phases using 2 different implementation models (NGO- and government-led). Methods: We conducted a synthesis of evidence from multiple PRACHAR studies to identify key findings on intervention effectiveness, scalability, and sustained effects on behaviors. Data were triangulated from quantitative population-based quasi-experimental evaluations from each project phase; the project's performance monitoring database; and qualitative studies with beneficiaries. Results: PRACHAR's original comprehensive NGO-led model, which included behavior change elements and multiple overlapping communication channels (including home visits and small-group meetings), increased contraceptive use among young married couples, and these outcomes were sustained 4–8 years after project interventions ended. Several program elements were critical to the effectiveness of PRACHAR, including use of a socioecological intervention model with emphasis on behavior change efforts; use of a gender-synchronized approach that engages both male and female partners; and intensity of interventions calibrated to different moments in the life cycle of adolescents and youth. While the hybrid government-NGO model of PRACHAR implementation reached greater scale than the original NGO-led model, comparison of results suggests trade-offs in effectiveness of interventions and sustained impacts. Conclusions: A decade of learning from the PRACHAR Project in Bihar, India, finds that comprehensive programming with gender-synchronized interventions tailored to specific life stages and aimed at different levels of the socioecological model can effectively increase contraceptive use among married young people in a conservative context. Shifting from a more intensive NGO-led model to less intensive government implementation enhances scalability but may have diminished impact on reach and long-lasting effectiveness.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Subramanian","given":"Laura","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Simon","given":"Callie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Daniel","given":"Elkan E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Global Health: Science and Practice","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"330-344","title":"Increasing Contraceptive Use among Young Married Couples in Bihar, India: Evidence from a Decade of Implementation of the PRACHAR Project","type":"article-journal","volume":"6"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=88721866-6847-4682-8630-b8dfa6927b41"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"abstract":"Several studies show that maternal and neonatal/infant mortality risks increase with younger and older maternal age (<18 and >34 years), high parity (birth order >3), and short birth intervals (<24 months). Family planning programs are widely viewed as having contributed to substantial maternal and neonatal mortality decline through contraceptive use—both by reducing unwanted births and by reducing the burden of these high-risk births. However, beyond averting births, the empirical evidence for the role of family planning in reducing high-risk births at population level is limited. We examined data from 205 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), conducted between 1985 and 2013, to describe the trends in high-risk births and their association with the pace of progress in modern contraceptive prevalence rate (yearly increase in rate of MCPR) in 57 developing countries. Using Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition technique, we then examine the contributions of family planning program, economic development (GDP per capita), and educational improvement (secondary school completion rate) on the progress of MCPR in order to link the net contribution of family planning program to the reduction of high-risk births mediated through contraceptive use. Countries that had the fastest progress in improving MCPR experienced the greatest declines in high-risk births due to short birth intervals (<24 months), high parity births (birth order >3), and older maternal age (>35 years). Births among younger women <18 years, however, did not decline significantly during this period. The decomposition analysis suggests that 63% of the increase in MCPR was due to family planning program efforts, 21% due to economic development, and 17% due to social advancement through women’s education. Improvement in MCPR, predominately due to family planning programs, is a major driver of the decline in the burden of high-risk births due to high parity, shorter birth intervals, and older maternal age in developing countries. The lack of progress in the decline of births in younger women <18 years of age underscores the need for more attention to ensure that quality contraceptive methods are available to adolescent women in order to delay first births. This study substantiates the significance of family planning programming as a major health intervention for preventing high-risk births and associated maternal and child mortality, but it highlights the need for concerted efforts to strengthen service pro…","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brown","given":"Win","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ahmed","given":"Saifuddin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Roche","given":"Neil","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sonneveldt","given":"Emily","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Darmstadt","given":"Gary L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Seminars in Perinatology","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"338-344","title":"Impact of Family Planning Programs in Reducing High-Risk Births Due to Younger and Older Maternal Age, Short Birth Intervals, and High Parity","type":"article-journal","volume":"39"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e74d4402-2755-440e-8947-55accdb1130e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(2,4,5)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(2,4,5)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(2,4,5)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(2,4,5) among young mothers. Also, teenage mothers have a higher chance of premature birth or low birth-weight conditions ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"Objective: To delineate adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes as well as indications for cesarean delivery by maternal age in a contemporaneous large national cohort. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of electronic medical records from 12 centers and 203,517 (30,673 women aged 35 years or older) women with singleton gestations stratified by maternal age. Logistic regression was performed to investigate maternal and neonatal outcomes for each maternal age strata (referent group, age 25.0-29.9 years), adjusting for race, parity, body mass index, insurance, pre-existing medical conditions, substance and tobacco use, and site. Documented indications for cesarean delivery were analyzed. Results: Neonates born to women aged 25.0-29.9 years had the lowest risk of birth weight less than 2,500 g (7.2%; P<.001), admission to neonatal intensive care unit (11.5%; P<.001), and perinatal mortality (0.7%; P<.001). Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were higher in women aged 35 years or older (cumulative rate 8.5% compared with 7.8%; 25.0-29.9 years; P<.001). Previous uterine scar was the leading indication for cesarean delivery in women aged 25.0 years or older (36.9%; P<.001). For younger women, failure to progress or cephalopelvic disproportion (37.0% for those younger than age 20.0 years and 31.1% for those aged 20.0-24.9-years; P<.001) and nonreassuring fetal heart tracing (28.7% for those younger than 20.0 years and 21.2% for those aged 20.0-24.9-years; P<.001) predominated as indications. Truly elective cesarean delivery rate was 20.2% for women aged 45.0 years or older (adjusted odds ratio 1.85 [99% confidence interval 1.03-3.32] compared with the referent age group of 25.0-29.9 years). Conclusions: Maternal and obstetric complications differed by maternal age, as did rates of elective cesarean delivery. Women aged 25.0-29.9 years had the lowest rate of serious neonatal morbidity.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Timofeev","given":"Julia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reddy","given":"Uma M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Huang","given":"Chun-Chih","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Driggers","given":"Rita W","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Landy","given":"Helain J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Laughon","given":"S Katherine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"1184-1195","title":"Obstetric Complications, Neonatal Morbidity, and Indications for Cesarean Delivery by Maternal Age","type":"article-journal","volume":"122"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e27e61d2-ed4c-4e6b-9729-0202a52bce2b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(1)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(1)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(1)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(1). Children born to teenage women have a higher mortality rate than children born to women in their 20s and 30s. Furthermore, young women face many barriers to contraceptive services, such as limited access to information, the stigma surrounding contraception, and fear of immediate and long-term side effects ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sarkar","given":"Archana","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chandra-Mouli","given":"Venkatraman","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jain","given":"Kushal","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Behera","given":"Jagannath","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mishra","given":"Surendra Kumar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mehra","given":"Sunil","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"BMC Public Health","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"1-19","title":"Community Based Reproductive Health Interventions for Young Married Couples in Resource-constrained Settings: A Systematic Review","type":"article-journal","volume":"15"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4ff2351a-73ee-46e4-8435-4ab0fb4aee0c"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"abstract":"Background: Evidence on effective behavior change programming for sexual and reproductive health among married youth aged 15–24 in developing countries is lacking. To address this gap, we examined monitoring, evaluation, and special study data from the Promoting Change in Reproductive Behavior of Adolescents (PRACHAR) Project, which was implemented between 2001 and 2012 in Bihar, India, over 3 phases using 2 different implementation models (NGO- and government-led). Methods: We conducted a synthesis of evidence from multiple PRACHAR studies to identify key findings on intervention effectiveness, scalability, and sustained effects on behaviors. Data were triangulated from quantitative population-based quasi-experimental evaluations from each project phase; the project's performance monitoring database; and qualitative studies with beneficiaries. Results: PRACHAR's original comprehensive NGO-led model, which included behavior change elements and multiple overlapping communication channels (including home visits and small-group meetings), increased contraceptive use among young married couples, and these outcomes were sustained 4–8 years after project interventions ended. Several program elements were critical to the effectiveness of PRACHAR, including use of a socioecological intervention model with emphasis on behavior change efforts; use of a gender-synchronized approach that engages both male and female partners; and intensity of interventions calibrated to different moments in the life cycle of adolescents and youth. While the hybrid government-NGO model of PRACHAR implementation reached greater scale than the original NGO-led model, comparison of results suggests trade-offs in effectiveness of interventions and sustained impacts. Conclusions: A decade of learning from the PRACHAR Project in Bihar, India, finds that comprehensive programming with gender-synchronized interventions tailored to specific life stages and aimed at different levels of the socioecological model can effectively increase contraceptive use among married young people in a conservative context. Shifting from a more intensive NGO-led model to less intensive government implementation enhances scalability but may have diminished impact on reach and long-lasting effectiveness.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Subramanian","given":"Laura","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Simon","given":"Callie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Daniel","given":"Elkan E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Global Health: Science and Practice","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"330-344","title":"Increasing Contraceptive Use among Young Married Couples in Bihar, India: Evidence from a Decade of Implementation of the PRACHAR Project","type":"article-journal","volume":"6"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=88721866-6847-4682-8630-b8dfa6927b41"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ahinkorah","given":"Bright Opoku","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Contraception and Reproductive Medicine","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"1-12","title":"Predictors of Modern Contraceptive Use among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Mixed Effects Multilevel Analysis of Data from 29 Demographic and Health Surveys","type":"article-journal","volume":"5"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4c6eb16c-e629-4d7d-806f-a569fc0b25f3"]},{"id":"ITEM-4","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Smith","given":"Ellen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Daley","given":"Alison Moriarty","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners","id":"ITEM-4","issue":"8","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"453-462","title":"A Clinical Guideline for Intrauterine Device Use in Adolescents","type":"article-journal","volume":"24"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2b73720b-225a-4673-9a05-4fa4b80c21d5"]},{"id":"ITEM-5","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chandra-Mouli","given":"Venkatraman","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McCarraher","given":"Donna R","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Phillips","given":"Sharon J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Williamson","given":"Nancy E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hainsworth","given":"Gwyn","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Reproductive Health","id":"ITEM-5","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"1-8","title":"Contraception for Adolescents in Low and Middle Income Countries: Needs, Barriers, and Access","type":"article-journal","volume":"11"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c1906fc6-0e3c-4915-92e8-40cb4bfcba9b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(3,4,6–8)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(3,4,6–8)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(3,4,6–8)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(3,4,6–8).Indonesia is diverse, divided into 34 provinces and more than 600 languages spoken by 633 ethnic groups. Given the vastness and diversity of the nation, it is essential to analyze health outcomes at the state level to inform programs and policies. In addition, even within a state, there could be significant differences in health outcomes between urban and rural populations. The differences in the health outcomes are that women who reside in rural areas have a higher total fertility rate (TFR) than women who live in urban areas (2.6 vs 2.3 children) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"National Population and Family Planning Board, Central Bureau of Statistics, The Ministry of Health","given":"USAID","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"National Population and Family Planning Board","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"1-446","title":"Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia 2017","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=700936e1-1a21-4ea6-8bca-091f32e04c6c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(9)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(9)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(9)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(9). The age-specific fertility rates (ASFR) among Indonesian women aged 20 to 24 were 111 births per 1,000 women, and among teenage women aged 15 to 19 were 36 births per 1,000 women ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"National Population and Family Planning Board, Central Bureau of Statistics, The Ministry of Health","given":"USAID","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"National Population and Family Planning Board","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"1-446","title":"Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia 2017","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=700936e1-1a21-4ea6-8bca-091f32e04c6c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(9)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(9)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(9)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(9). The ASFR for women under 25 is also lower in urban areas than in rural ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"National Population and Family Planning Board, Central Bureau of Statistics, The Ministry of Health","given":"USAID","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"National Population and Family Planning Board","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"1-446","title":"Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia 2017","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=700936e1-1a21-4ea6-8bca-091f32e04c6c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(9)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(9)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(9)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(9). Furthermore, compared to births of women who live in urban areas, the under-5 mortality rate is substantially higher for rural women (33 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies vs 31 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"National Population and Family Planning Board, Central Bureau of Statistics, The Ministry of Health","given":"USAID","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"National Population and Family Planning Board","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"1-446","title":"Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia 2017","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=700936e1-1a21-4ea6-8bca-091f32e04c6c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(9)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(9)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(9)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(9).Most contraceptive studies conducted in Indonesia have investigated the determinants at the national level ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"Background: The contraceptive prevalence in Indonesia was still dominated by short-acting method. Recently, the use of traditional contraceptives in Indonesia show an upward trend which is high risk of unintended pregnancy and sexual transmitted disease. This study aims to examine the determinants of contraceptive use in Indonesia and find the differences in characteristics of users. Material and Method: Data used were from the IDHS 2007, IDHS 2012 and IDHS 2017. Contraceptive method mix was used as dependent variables. Chi-square test and binary logistic regression were applied to find the significant factors. Findings: The findings indicated that contraception in Indonesia was mostly used for fertility limiting. About 90% of contraceptive method mix in Indonesia are contributed by modern contraceptive method. Modern contraceptive method are frequently used by women who live in rural areas. Compared to modern contraceptive users, traditional users in Indonesia were more likely have good education and occupation and live in urban areas. Conclusion: Women who used traditional method should be encouraged to switch into the more effective modern contraceptive method. Strategy to promote the use of Long-Acting Reversible and Permanent Method needs to be strengthened.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gayatri","given":"Maria","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Utomo","given":"Budi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"JournalIndian Journal of Public Health Research and Development","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"12","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"1818-1823","title":"Contraceptive Method Use in Indonesia: Trends and Determinants between 2007, 2012 and 2017","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d8f547d6-d427-41fc-9980-bc0b40b3c534"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kistiana","given":"Sari","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gayatri","given":"Maria","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sari","given":"Diah Puspita","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Global Journal of Health Science","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"13","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"37-48","title":"Determinants of Modern Contraceptive Use among Young Married Women (Age 15-24) in Indonesia","type":"article-journal","volume":"12"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=22f80b30-9568-48ff-8fb0-07f1de0476dc"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"abstract":"Background: Contraceptives in family planning are used to control the timings between pregnancies. Although the number of those using family planning has increased, determinants of contraceptive use among married women in Indonesia remain insufficient. This research aimed to identify the factors associated with contraceptive use among married women in Indonesia. Methods: This study employed data from the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey 2017. We selected 35,621 married women aged 15–49 years. Then, the determinants of contraceptive use among married women in Indonesia were examined by binary logistic regression. Results: Women’s age (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)=0.529; 95% CI=0.470–0.597), the number of living children (AOR=44.024; 95% CI=33.193–58.390), education level (adjusted odds ratio=2.800; 95% CI=2.181–3.594), wealth index (AOR=1.104; 95% CI=0.978–1.246), frequency of watching television (AOR=1.555; 95% CI=1.321–1.829), and frequency of using the Internet (AOR=0.856; 95% CI=0.794–0.924) were significantly associated with contraceptive use among married women. Conclusions: This study highlights the determinants of contraceptive use among married women in Indonesia. Women’s age, the number of living children, education level, wealth index, and access to information may influence contraceptive use among these women. This study emphasizes that health education and promotion on the importance of using contraception should be initiated in innovative ways.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gafar","given":"Alfian","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Suza","given":"Dewi Elizadiani","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Efendi","given":"Ferry","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Has","given":"Eka Mishbahatul Mar’ah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pramono","given":"Ahmad Putro","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Susanti","given":"Ika Adelia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"F1000Research","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"1-9","title":"Determinants of Contraceptive Use among Married Women in Indonesia","type":"article-journal","volume":"9"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=cb1b8362-7a83-4473-9f6a-52a8388162e1"]},{"id":"ITEM-4","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mas'udah","given":"Anni Fithriyatul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pristya","given":"Terry YR","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Andarmoyo","given":"Sulistyo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional","id":"ITEM-4","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"33-38","title":"Parity and Marital Status as Factors Influencing Contraceptive Use among Adolescents in Indonesia","type":"article-journal","volume":"16"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=58d83f91-dd3e-4b74-977a-d878dfad9574"]},{"id":"ITEM-5","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wijayanti","given":"Niken","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thaweesit","given":"Suchada","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sunpuwan","given":"Malee","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Health Research","id":"ITEM-5","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"323–331","title":"Contraceptive Use among Married Adolescent Women in Indonesia","type":"article-journal","volume":"29"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=99dea13d-c0f9-487b-aae3-bb69f3da1040"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(10–14)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(10–14)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(11–15)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(10–14), without distinguishing between the urban-rural disparity, which has different health outcomes. As such, this study aims to fill this gap in the current literature that urban-rural settings have not been extensively researched. Specifically, the study aims to determine urban and rural differences in modern contraceptive use and the associated predictors in Indonesia. The focus on modern contraceptive use in this study is due to the centerpiece of the national family planning program in Indonesia to increase access and services of modern contraceptive use ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rahayu","given":"Ria","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Utomo","given":"Iwu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McDonald","given":"Peter","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Conference on Family Planning: Research and Best Practices","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"1-36","publisher-place":"Kampala","title":"Contraceptive Use Pattern among Married Women in Indonesia","type":"paper-conference"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=276d0666-59a2-48f5-9455-aaaf2ecbd3ef"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(15)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(15)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(16)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(15) considering that traditional methods are relatively less effective. In contrast, modern contraceptive methods significantly reduce fertility ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"Several studies show that maternal and neonatal/infant mortality risks increase with younger and older maternal age (<18 and >34 years), high parity (birth order >3), and short birth intervals (<24 months). Family planning programs are widely viewed as having contributed to substantial maternal and neonatal mortality decline through contraceptive use—both by reducing unwanted births and by reducing the burden of these high-risk births. However, beyond averting births, the empirical evidence for the role of family planning in reducing high-risk births at population level is limited. We examined data from 205 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), conducted between 1985 and 2013, to describe the trends in high-risk births and their association with the pace of progress in modern contraceptive prevalence rate (yearly increase in rate of MCPR) in 57 developing countries. Using Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition technique, we then examine the contributions of family planning program, economic development (GDP per capita), and educational improvement (secondary school completion rate) on the progress of MCPR in order to link the net contribution of family planning program to the reduction of high-risk births mediated through contraceptive use. Countries that had the fastest progress in improving MCPR experienced the greatest declines in high-risk births due to short birth intervals (<24 months), high parity births (birth order >3), and older maternal age (>35 years). Births among younger women <18 years, however, did not decline significantly during this period. The decomposition analysis suggests that 63% of the increase in MCPR was due to family planning program efforts, 21% due to economic development, and 17% due to social advancement through women’s education. Improvement in MCPR, predominately due to family planning programs, is a major driver of the decline in the burden of high-risk births due to high parity, shorter birth intervals, and older maternal age in developing countries. The lack of progress in the decline of births in younger women <18 years of age underscores the need for more attention to ensure that quality contraceptive methods are available to adolescent women in order to delay first births. This study substantiates the significance of family planning programming as a major health intervention for preventing high-risk births and associated maternal and child mortality, but it highlights the need for concerted efforts to strengthen service pro…","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brown","given":"Win","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ahmed","given":"Saifuddin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Roche","given":"Neil","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sonneveldt","given":"Emily","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Darmstadt","given":"Gary L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Seminars in Perinatology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"338-344","title":"Impact of Family Planning Programs in Reducing High-Risk Births Due to Younger and Older Maternal Age, Short Birth Intervals, and High Parity","type":"article-journal","volume":"39"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e74d4402-2755-440e-8947-55accdb1130e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(5)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(5)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(5)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(5). The study's findings can provide valuable data to inform the development of effective programs and policies aimed at improving the contraceptive prevalence rate among young women, based on their area of residence. METHODSThe study used secondary data from the 2019 Indonesia Survey on Family Planning, Population, and the Development of Family. The Indonesia Survey on Family Planning is a national survey managed by the Central Bureau of Statistics (Badan Pusat Statistik/BPS) and National Population and Family Planning Board (Badan Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana Nasional/BKKBN). In this survey, 59,824 women were interviewed using stratified multistage sampling as the nationally and provincially representative sample of households. This study uses a weighted sample of 3,927 unpregnant married women aged 15-24 for statistical analysis. Modern contraceptives were the outcome variable for this study, which was categorized by using and not using. Modern contraceptive methods are effective, legal, and safe methods to control pregnancy, which are female sterilization, male sterilization, Intra Uterine Device (IUD), implants, injectables (one month and three months), pills, female condoms, condoms for males, emergency contraception, Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM), and intravaginal/diaphragm. The independent predictors were age ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ahinkorah","given":"Bright Opoku","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Contraception and Reproductive Medicine","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"1-12","title":"Predictors of Modern Contraceptive Use among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Mixed Effects Multilevel Analysis of Data from 29 Demographic and Health Surveys","type":"article-journal","volume":"5"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4c6eb16c-e629-4d7d-806f-a569fc0b25f3"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kafle","given":"Ramesh Babu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Nepal Population Journal","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"17","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"33–42","title":"Dynamics of Contraceptive Use among Young Women in Nepal","type":"article-journal","volume":"18"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7bd5a42e-2a20-4f87-95ab-802a7d531a3a"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Worku","given":"Abebaw Gebeyehu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tessema","given":"Gizachew Assefa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zeleke","given":"Atinkut Alamirrew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-37","title":"Trends and Determinants of Contraceptive Use among Young Married Women (Age 15-24) Based on the 2000, 2005, and 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys: A Multivariate Decomposition Analysis","type":"report"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=15734930-ff6d-436b-84d1-85794e87d0ff"]},{"id":"ITEM-4","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Casey","given":"Sara E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gallagher","given":"Meghan C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kakesa","given":"Jessica","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kalyanpur","given":"Anushka","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Muselemu","given":"Jean-Baptiste","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rafanoharana","given":"Raoza Vololona","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Spilotros","given":"Nathaly","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"PLOS Medicine","id":"ITEM-4","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"1-16","title":"Contraceptive Use among Adolescent and Young Women in North and South Kivu, Democratic Republic of The Congo: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Survey","type":"article-journal","volume":"17"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b4c6e0f4-72b3-45cd-972e-7e31b505692f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(6,16–18)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(6,16–18)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(6,17–19)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(6,16–18), region ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Islam","given":"Ahmed Zohirul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Reproductive Health","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"1-9","title":"Factors Affecting Modern Contraceptive Use among Fecund Young Women in Bangladesh: Does Couples’ Joint Participation in Household Decision Making Matter?","type":"article-journal","volume":"15"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ddb31a7c-3e5b-421a-a2b2-fea9901f873d"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Asiimwe","given":"John Bosco","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ndugga","given":"Patricia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mushomi","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ntozi","given":"James Patrick Manyenye","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"BMC Public Health","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"1-11","title":"Factors Associated with Modern Contraceptive Use among Young and Older Women in Uganda; A Comparative Analysis","type":"article-journal","volume":"14"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4222b35b-ef25-4ded-9bdf-a1ebec97edfb"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(19,20)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(19,20)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(20,21)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(19,20), educational level ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kafle","given":"Ramesh Babu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Nepal Population Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"17","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"33–42","title":"Dynamics of Contraceptive Use among Young Women in Nepal","type":"article-journal","volume":"18"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7bd5a42e-2a20-4f87-95ab-802a7d531a3a"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Worku","given":"Abebaw Gebeyehu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tessema","given":"Gizachew Assefa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zeleke","given":"Atinkut Alamirrew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-37","title":"Trends and Determinants of Contraceptive Use among Young Married Women (Age 15-24) Based on the 2000, 2005, and 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys: A Multivariate Decomposition Analysis","type":"report"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=15734930-ff6d-436b-84d1-85794e87d0ff"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Casey","given":"Sara E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gallagher","given":"Meghan C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kakesa","given":"Jessica","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kalyanpur","given":"Anushka","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Muselemu","given":"Jean-Baptiste","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rafanoharana","given":"Raoza Vololona","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Spilotros","given":"Nathaly","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"PLOS Medicine","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"1-16","title":"Contraceptive Use among Adolescent and Young Women in North and South Kivu, Democratic Republic of The Congo: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Survey","type":"article-journal","volume":"17"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b4c6e0f4-72b3-45cd-972e-7e31b505692f"]},{"id":"ITEM-4","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Asiimwe","given":"John Bosco","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ndugga","given":"Patricia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mushomi","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ntozi","given":"James Patrick Manyenye","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"BMC Public Health","id":"ITEM-4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"1-11","title":"Factors Associated with Modern Contraceptive Use among Young and Older Women in Uganda; A Comparative Analysis","type":"article-journal","volume":"14"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4222b35b-ef25-4ded-9bdf-a1ebec97edfb"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(16–18,20)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(16–18,20)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(17–19,21)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(16–18,20), working status ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ahinkorah","given":"Bright Opoku","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Contraception and Reproductive Medicine","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"1-12","title":"Predictors of Modern Contraceptive Use among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Mixed Effects Multilevel Analysis of Data from 29 Demographic and Health Surveys","type":"article-journal","volume":"5"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4c6eb16c-e629-4d7d-806f-a569fc0b25f3"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kafle","given":"Ramesh Babu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Nepal Population Journal","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"17","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"33–42","title":"Dynamics of Contraceptive Use among Young Women in Nepal","type":"article-journal","volume":"18"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7bd5a42e-2a20-4f87-95ab-802a7d531a3a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(6,16)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(6,16)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(6,17)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(6,16), the total number of living children ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ahinkorah","given":"Bright Opoku","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Contraception and Reproductive Medicine","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"1-12","title":"Predictors of Modern Contraceptive Use among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Mixed Effects Multilevel Analysis of Data from 29 Demographic and Health Surveys","type":"article-journal","volume":"5"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4c6eb16c-e629-4d7d-806f-a569fc0b25f3"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kafle","given":"Ramesh Babu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Nepal Population Journal","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"17","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"33–42","title":"Dynamics of Contraceptive Use among Young Women in Nepal","type":"article-journal","volume":"18"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7bd5a42e-2a20-4f87-95ab-802a7d531a3a"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Islam","given":"Ahmed Zohirul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Reproductive Health","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"1-9","title":"Factors Affecting Modern Contraceptive Use among Fecund Young Women in Bangladesh: Does Couples’ Joint Participation in Household Decision Making Matter?","type":"article-journal","volume":"15"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ddb31a7c-3e5b-421a-a2b2-fea9901f873d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(6,16,19)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(6,16,19)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(6,17,20)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(6,16,19), desire for children ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ahinkorah","given":"Bright Opoku","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Contraception and Reproductive Medicine","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"1-12","title":"Predictors of Modern Contraceptive Use among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Mixed Effects Multilevel Analysis of Data from 29 Demographic and Health Surveys","type":"article-journal","volume":"5"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4c6eb16c-e629-4d7d-806f-a569fc0b25f3"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Islam","given":"Ahmed Zohirul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Reproductive Health","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"1-9","title":"Factors Affecting Modern Contraceptive Use among Fecund Young Women in Bangladesh: Does Couples’ Joint Participation in Household Decision Making Matter?","type":"article-journal","volume":"15"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ddb31a7c-3e5b-421a-a2b2-fea9901f873d"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Asiimwe","given":"John Bosco","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ndugga","given":"Patricia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mushomi","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ntozi","given":"James Patrick Manyenye","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"BMC Public Health","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"1-11","title":"Factors Associated with Modern Contraceptive Use among Young and Older Women in Uganda; A Comparative Analysis","type":"article-journal","volume":"14"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4222b35b-ef25-4ded-9bdf-a1ebec97edfb"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(6,19,20)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(6,19,20)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(6,20,21)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(6,19,20), family planning discussion with a health professional, contraceptive methods’ knowledge, media exposure for family planning ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ahinkorah","given":"Bright Opoku","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Contraception and Reproductive Medicine","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"1-12","title":"Predictors of Modern Contraceptive Use among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Mixed Effects Multilevel Analysis of Data from 29 Demographic and Health Surveys","type":"article-journal","volume":"5"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4c6eb16c-e629-4d7d-806f-a569fc0b25f3"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kafle","given":"Ramesh Babu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Nepal Population Journal","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"17","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"33–42","title":"Dynamics of Contraceptive Use among Young Women in Nepal","type":"article-journal","volume":"18"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7bd5a42e-2a20-4f87-95ab-802a7d531a3a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(6,16)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(6,16)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(6,17)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(6,16), household wealth index ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ahinkorah","given":"Bright Opoku","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Contraception and Reproductive Medicine","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"1-12","title":"Predictors of Modern Contraceptive Use among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Mixed Effects Multilevel Analysis of Data from 29 Demographic and Health Surveys","type":"article-journal","volume":"5"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4c6eb16c-e629-4d7d-806f-a569fc0b25f3"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kafle","given":"Ramesh Babu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Nepal Population Journal","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"17","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"33–42","title":"Dynamics of Contraceptive Use among Young Women in Nepal","type":"article-journal","volume":"18"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7bd5a42e-2a20-4f87-95ab-802a7d531a3a"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Worku","given":"Abebaw Gebeyehu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tessema","given":"Gizachew Assefa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zeleke","given":"Atinkut Alamirrew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-37","title":"Trends and Determinants of Contraceptive Use among Young Married Women (Age 15-24) Based on the 2000, 2005, and 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys: A Multivariate Decomposition Analysis","type":"report"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=15734930-ff6d-436b-84d1-85794e87d0ff"]},{"id":"ITEM-4","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Asiimwe","given":"John Bosco","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ndugga","given":"Patricia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mushomi","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ntozi","given":"James Patrick Manyenye","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"BMC Public Health","id":"ITEM-4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"1-11","title":"Factors Associated with Modern Contraceptive Use among Young and Older Women in Uganda; A Comparative Analysis","type":"article-journal","volume":"14"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4222b35b-ef25-4ded-9bdf-a1ebec97edfb"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(6,16,17,20)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(6,16,17,20)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(6,17,18,21)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(6,16,17,20) and had been visited by a health worker in the past 12 months.This study begins with a descriptive analysis of dependent and independent variables to describe characteristics of women who were married aged 15 to 24 in both urban and rural areas. Bivariate logistic regression was utilized separately for both urban and rural residents to investigate the association between each independent variable and the use of modern contraceptives. All analyses were considered significant at a p-value of less than 0.05. The multivariate analysis estimated the association between selected social, economic, and demographic variables and the dependent variables using the binary logistic regression model. All the variables significant in bivariate analyses were simultaneously included in the model. Within the multivariate analysis, a p value lower than 0.05 and the Odds Ratio (OR) along with the Confidence Interval (CI) were employed to demonstrate a statistically significant connection between the independent variable and the usage of modern contraceptives.RESULTSSocial and Demographic Characteristics of Young Married WomenOut of all the young married women included in the study, the majority (63.5%) reside in rural areas, whereas 36.5% live in urban regions. Table 1 shows that most young women were in the older group (20-24 years old). About 74% of urban young women live in Java-Bali Islands. Regarding education, 55.2% of young women in urban areas had secondary or higher education, compared to only 37.3% of young women in rural areas who met this requirement. Young women residing in rural areas appear less educated than urban women. Most young women in the sample were unemployed during the survey.Regarding the total number of living children, between both groups, there was no significant difference; the percentages were similar and generally had 1-2 children. More than 80% of young women in both groups want more children. Discussion about family planning with health workers was slightly higher in rural young women. About 37.2% of young urban women had a good knowledge of contraceptive methods, while only 30.0% of rural young women had a good knowledge. Two-thirds (66.2%) of women in urban areas and 60.6% in rural areas had some exposure to any media. Young women in rural areas are more financially disadvantaged than those in urban areas; in this study, 37.9% of young women from urban areas and 14.1% of rural young women were from wealthy wealth index households. A more significant share of urban (85.1%) and rural (84.7%) young women were not visited by health workers a year before the survey.Modern contraceptives were more significant among young rural women (60%) than young urban women (55%). Figure 1 presents the proportion of married women aged 15 to 24 using modern contraceptive methods and place of residence in 2019. The most popular method among young women in urban and rural areas was three months of injectables. Figure 1 also demonstrates that pills were second to 3-month injections.Table 1. Percentage Distribution of Women by Place of Residence and Socio-Demographic Characteristics, Indonesia 2019Background characteristicsPlace of residencep valueUrbanRuralTotalNumber (%)Number (%)Number (%)Age0.00015-19150(10.5)366(14.7)516(13.1)20-241,284(89.5)2,127(85.3)3,411(86.9)Region0.000Java-Bali1,057(73.8)1,401(56.2)2,458(62.6)Other islands377(26.2)1,092(43.8)1,469(37.4) Education0.000None4(0.3)30(1.2)34(0.9)Primary639(44.6)1,532(61.5)2,171(55.3)Secondary669(46.7)848(34.0)1,517(38.6)Higher122(8.5)83(3.3)205(5.2)Working Status0.002Not working1,110(77.4)2,034(81.6)3,144(80.1)Working324(22.6)459(18.4)783(19.9)The Total Number of Living Children0.4910276(19.2)481(19.3)757(19.3)1-21,147(80.0)1,983(79.6)3,130(79.7)3+11(0.8)29(1.1)40(1.0)Desire to Have Children0.099No more children219(15.3)332(13.3)551(14.0)Wanted more1,215(84.7)2,161(86.7)3,376(86.0)Discussion with Health Worker about Family Planning0.100No1,058(73.8)1,777(71.3)2,835(72.2)Yes376(26.2)716(28.7)1,092(27.8)Contraceptive Methods’ Knowledge0.000Poor118(8.2)322(12.9)440(11.2)Fair782(54.6)1,424(57.1)2,206(56.2)Good533(37.2)748(30.0)1,281(32.6)FP Media Exposure0.001No485(33.8)982(39.4)1,467(37.4)Yes949(66.2)1,511(60.6)2,460(62.6)Wealth Index0.000Poor174(12.1)1,005(40.3)1,179(30.0)Middle717(50.0)1,136(45.6)1,853(47.2)Rich543(37.9)352(14.1)895(22.8)Health Worker’s Visit0.731No1,221(85.1)2,112(84.7)3,333(84.9)Yes213(14.9)381(15.3)594(15.1)Modern Contraceptive Use0.002Non users647(45.1)997(40.0)1,644(41.9)Users787(54.9)1,497(60.0)2,283(58.1) number of women (weighted)1,434(36.5)2,493(63.5)3,927Bivariate AnalysisRegarding the bivariate analysis, this study revealed predictors that could have a relationship with the utilization of modern contraceptive methods. The analysis uses the chi-square test to compare the use of modern contraceptives in both rural and urban areas, with significance for all analyses set at 5%. Table 2 displays the percentage of modern methods of contraceptive use among young women in rural and urban areas by selected socio-economy and demographic characteristics.The findings reveal that in each group, modern contraceptive use was significantly associated with age, region, education, the total number of children who live, a desire for children, discussed with a health worker about family planning, contraceptive methods knowledge, and family planning media exposure. The use of modern contraception is significantly associated with age. Comparing the two groups, older women living in urban areas are less likely than younger women living in urban to utilize modern contraceptive methods. In contrast, younger rural women are less likely to utilize modern contraception than their urban counterparts.Regarding the regional aspect, young married women living on the islands outside Java-Bali Islands are less likely to utilize modern contraceptives than those living in Java and Bali Islands. Rural young women who live in Java-Bali Islands are more significant in using modern contraception methods than urban young women. Surprisingly, the more schooling young women have, the less likely they are to use modern contraceptive methods. Over 60% of young women in each group with only a primary education used modern contraceptives, but fewer in those with higher education reported using modern contraceptives. When comparing the two groups, education has a slightly more substantial effect on women who live in rural than urban women.Figure 1. Percentage Distribution of Modern Contraceptive Use by Place of ResidenceThe research discovered that among all residential groups, the usage of contraceptive methods was highest among women who had 1-2 living children. Women who wanted a child had a lower percentage of utilizing modern contraceptive methods. It can be seen from Table 2 that, among young women who do not want any more children, significantly fewer young women living in urban areas appeared using modern methods of contraceptives compared with women living in rural areas. Results also show the highest number of women discussing family planning with health workers in urban and rural areas. Regarding the knowledge aspect, this study found that modern contraception is associated positively with knowledge of contraceptive methods. Among groups, the usage of contraception is most prevalent among young women who possess a good understanding of contraceptive methods. Rural young women are more likely to experience gaps in knowledge of contraceptive methods. Among women who live in urban areas, modern contraceptive use was highest in those women who had not been exposed to family planning in the media. On the contrary, among women who reside in rural areas, the utilization of modern contraceptives was highest for those who had exposure to family planning. The utilization of modern contraception by both groups does not seem to have any correlation with either their employment status or their household's wealth index.Table 2. Percentage Distribution of Young Married Women Currently Using Modern Contraception Method by Place of Residence and Socio-Economic Characteristics, Indonesia 2019Background CharacteristicsPlace of ResidenceUrbanRuralAge15-1966.449.520-2453.561.8p value0.0040.000RegionJava-Bali57.464.1Other islands47.654.8p value0.0010.000EducationNone75.050.0Primary61.762.5Secondary51.657.3Higher36.946.3p value0.0000.003Working StatusNot working55.959.9Working51.260.8p value0.1510.761Number of Living Children06.913.51-266.471.33+54.557.1p value0.0000.000Desire for ChildrenNo more children65.374.1Wanted more53.057.9p value0.0010.000Discussion with Health Worker about Family PlanningNo50.456.8Yes67.668.0p value0.0000.000Contraceptive Methods’ KnowledgePoor45.837.6Fair52.762.6Good60.064.7p value0.0040.000FP Media ExposureNo59.056.6Yes52.762.3p value0.0290.006Wealth IndexPoor55.259.4Middle55.360.6Rich54.160.2p value0.9150.842Health Worker’s VisitNo53.060.0Yes65.760.1p value0.0011.000number of women (weighted)1,4342,493Multivariate ResultsThe logistic regression findings of modern contraceptive use and socio-economic characteristics among young women can be found in Table 3. The factors of modern contraceptive methods used among women in this study are nearly identical in both groups.Factors Associated with the Use of Modern Contraception among Urban WomenTable 3 displays contraceptive use predictors among women living in urban areas. It is observed that women with 1-2 living children, having family planning discussions with a health worker, living in Java-Bali Islands, and having an older age have significantly higher odds of using modern contraception on multivariable logistic regression analysis.Compared to young women who did not have children, women with 1-2 children (OR=24.676; 95% CI:14.993-40.612) and women with three or more children (OR=23.777; 95% CI:6.308-89.626) were more likely to use modern methods of contraception. Young married women who discussed with a health professional about family planning were 1.5 times (OR=1.499; 95% CI:1.124-1.999) more likely to use modern methods of contraception than their counterparts. Compared to women living in Java-Bali Islands, the odds of using contraceptive methods were lower (OR=0.612; 95% CI:0.467-0.801) than among young women living in other islands. Regarding their age, young women of older age (20 to 24 years) were less likely (OR=0.530; 95% CI: 0.344-0.818) to utilize modern contraception compared with 15 to 19 years married women.Factors Associated with the Use of Modern Contraception among Rural WomenThe factors influencing modern contraceptive methods use among women who live in rural areas can be found in Table 3. The total number of living children, the knowledge of various contraceptive methods, the desire for more children, and region showed significant association with the use of modern methods of contraception among young rural women.Compared to nulliparous women, the odds of using modern contraception among young married women with 1-2 children were 15 times (OR=15.248; 95% CI:11.330-20.519). Women with three or more children were eight times (OR=7.899; 95% CI:3.460-18.033) more likely to utilize modern contraceptive methods than women without children. Compared to those young married women with poor contraceptive methods knowledge, the odds of contraceptive use were almost two times higher among young married women with fair knowledge of methods of contraception (OR=1.895; 95% CI:1.406-2.554) and among young women with a good knowledge of methods of contraception (OR=1.931; 95% CI: 1.381-2.699). Women who did not desire more children were more likely to utilize modern contraceptives than women who desired more children (OR=0.638; 95% CI:0.480-0.848). Regarding regions within the country, the odds of using modern contraceptives among young married women living on islands other than Java-Bali Islands were 0.6 times lower (OR=0.591; 95% CI:0.0489-0.715) compared to young women living on Java-Bali Islands.Table 3. Results from Logistic Regression of Modern Contraceptive Use and Socio-Demographic Factors among Young Married Women, Indonesia 2019.Background CharacteristicsUrbanRuralOR (95% CI)p valueOR (95% CI)p valueAge15-191 1 20-240.530 (0.344-0.818)0.0040.779 (0.587-1.035)0.085Region    Java-Bali1 1 Other islands0.612 (0.467-0.801)0.0000.591 (0.489-0.715)0.000Education    None1 1 Primary0.198 (0.009-4.192)0.2981.458 (0.626-3.394)0.382Secondary0.148 (0.007-3.126)0.2191.334 (0.567-3.138)0.509Higher0.099 (0.005-2.159)0.1410.852 (0.319-2.271)0.748Number of Living Children01 1 1-224.676 (14.993-40.612)0.00015.248 (11.330-20.519)0.0003+23.777 (6.308-89.626)0.0007.899 (3.460-18.033)0.000Desire to have ChildrenNo more children1 1 Wanted more1.043 (0.754-1.444)0.7990.638 (0.480-0.848)0.002Discussed FP with Health WorkerNo1 1 yes1.499 (1.124-1.999)0.0061.214 (0.984-1.497)0.070Knowledge of Contraceptive MethodsPoor1 1 Fair1.165 (0.717-1.895)0.5371.895 (1.406-2.554)0.000Good1.729 (1.034-2.889)0.0371.931 (1.381-2.699)0.000FP Media ExposureNo1 1 Yes0.785 (0.599-1.029)0.0791.009 (0.829-1.228)0.929Notes: 1, reference categoryDISCUSSIONThis study assesses the socio-economic and demographic determinants associated with modern contraceptive methods among married, non-pregnant women under 25 years old who lived in rural and urban areas of Indonesia. The data uses the 2019 Indonesia Accountability and Program Performance Survey of Family Planning, Population, and Family Development for young (age 15-24) married and non-pregnant women.Surprisingly, modern contraceptive utilization was higher (60%) among young women residing in rural areas than those in urban areas (55%). Similar to other studies in Indonesia ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"Background: The contraceptive prevalence in Indonesia was still dominated by short-acting method. Recently, the use of traditional contraceptives in Indonesia show an upward trend which is high risk of unintended pregnancy and sexual transmitted disease. This study aims to examine the determinants of contraceptive use in Indonesia and find the differences in characteristics of users. Material and Method: Data used were from the IDHS 2007, IDHS 2012 and IDHS 2017. Contraceptive method mix was used as dependent variables. Chi-square test and binary logistic regression were applied to find the significant factors. Findings: The findings indicated that contraception in Indonesia was mostly used for fertility limiting. About 90% of contraceptive method mix in Indonesia are contributed by modern contraceptive method. Modern contraceptive method are frequently used by women who live in rural areas. Compared to modern contraceptive users, traditional users in Indonesia were more likely have good education and occupation and live in urban areas. Conclusion: Women who used traditional method should be encouraged to switch into the more effective modern contraceptive method. Strategy to promote the use of Long-Acting Reversible and Permanent Method needs to be strengthened.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gayatri","given":"Maria","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Utomo","given":"Budi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"JournalIndian Journal of Public Health Research and Development","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"12","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"1818-1823","title":"Contraceptive Method Use in Indonesia: Trends and Determinants between 2007, 2012 and 2017","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d8f547d6-d427-41fc-9980-bc0b40b3c534"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kistiana","given":"Sari","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gayatri","given":"Maria","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sari","given":"Diah Puspita","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Global Journal of Health Science","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"13","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"37-48","title":"Determinants of Modern Contraceptive Use among Young Married Women (Age 15-24) in Indonesia","type":"article-journal","volume":"12"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=22f80b30-9568-48ff-8fb0-07f1de0476dc"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(10,11)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(10,11)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(11,12)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(10,11) and Sub-Saharan Africa ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ahinkorah","given":"Bright Opoku","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Contraception and Reproductive Medicine","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"1-12","title":"Predictors of Modern Contraceptive Use among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Mixed Effects Multilevel Analysis of Data from 29 Demographic and Health Surveys","type":"article-journal","volume":"5"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4c6eb16c-e629-4d7d-806f-a569fc0b25f3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(6)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(6)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(6)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(6), women in rural areas tended to utilize modern methods of contraception than in urban areas women. This situation partially could be explained by the fact that urban women are exposed to information about the possibility of undesirable side effects and the risk of subfecundity of hormonal contraception, thus raising awareness to consider using modern contraceptive methods and choosing traditional methods ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Namasivayam","given":"Vasanthakumar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dehury","given":"Bidyadhar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Prakash","given":"Ravi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Becker","given":"Marissa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Anand","given":"Preeti","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mishra","given":"Ashish","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Singhal","given":"Shreya","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Halli","given":"Shivalingappa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blanchard","given":"James","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Spears","given":"Dean","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Isac","given":"Shajy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Reproductive Health","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2023"]]},"page":"1-14","title":"Understanding the Rise in Traditional Contraceptive Methods Use in Uttar Pradesh, India","type":"article-journal","volume":"20"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ea108d78-d11e-44e7-aeb2-f8f6dd1a88cf"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Almalik","given":"Mona","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mosleh","given":"Sultan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Almasarweh","given":"Issa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"377-384","title":"Are Users of Modern and Traditional Contraceptive Methods in Jordan Different?","type":"article-journal","volume":"24"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=bb7d7b13-b32b-4c3c-ae19-61aaa5afafe2"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thulaseedharan","given":"Jissa Vinoda","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Open Access Journal of Contraception","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"1-10","title":"Contraceptive Use and Preferences of Young Married Women in Kerala, India","type":"article-journal","volume":"9"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=946dac0b-84e2-498b-8660-4263dbb5c4c3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(21–23)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(21–23)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(22–24)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(21–23). In contrast, studies in Nepal ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kafle","given":"Ramesh Babu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Nepal Population Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"17","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"33–42","title":"Dynamics of Contraceptive Use among Young Women in Nepal","type":"article-journal","volume":"18"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7bd5a42e-2a20-4f87-95ab-802a7d531a3a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(16)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(16)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(17)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(16), Nigeria ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ankomah","given":"Augustine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Anyanti","given":"Jennifer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Oladosu","given":"Muyiwa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Open Access Journal of Contraception","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"95—105","title":"Myths, Misinformation, and Communication about Family Planning and Contraceptive Use in Nigeria","type":"article-journal","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9f710303-0592-4ced-a869-2262a9d8ba22"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(24)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(24)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(25)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(24) and Bangladesh ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Islam","given":"Ahmed Zohirul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Reproductive Health","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"1-9","title":"Factors Affecting Modern Contraceptive Use among Fecund Young Women in Bangladesh: Does Couples’ Joint Participation in Household Decision Making Matter?","type":"article-journal","volume":"15"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ddb31a7c-3e5b-421a-a2b2-fea9901f873d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(19)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(19)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(20)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(19) discovered that the proportion of current use of modern contraception was higher among urban young women.Results indicated that the total number of living children and region were associated significantly with modern contraception among urban and rural women. Other factors like discussing family planning with health professionals and age are also significant predictors in explaining modern contraceptive use among young urban women. In addition, among rural young women, the predictors were contraceptive knowledge methods and desire to have children.As expected, the total number of living children was one of the significant factors in describing the use of modern contraceptives among the two groups, urban and rural young married women. Compared to women with no children, women with 1 to 2 living children were more likely to utilize modern contraceptive methods in rural and urban areas. This finding is similar with studies in Nepal ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kafle","given":"Ramesh Babu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Nepal Population Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"17","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"33–42","title":"Dynamics of Contraceptive Use among Young Women in Nepal","type":"article-journal","volume":"18"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7bd5a42e-2a20-4f87-95ab-802a7d531a3a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(16)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(16)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(17)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(16), Jordan ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Almalik","given":"Mona","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mosleh","given":"Sultan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Almasarweh","given":"Issa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"377-384","title":"Are Users of Modern and Traditional Contraceptive Methods in Jordan Different?","type":"article-journal","volume":"24"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=bb7d7b13-b32b-4c3c-ae19-61aaa5afafe2"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(22)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(22)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(23)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(22), Ethiopia ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ahmed","given":"Mohammed","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Seid","given":"Abdu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Journal of Women's Health","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"719—729","title":"Association between Exposure to Mass Media Family Planning Messages and Utilization of Modern Contraceptive among Urban and Rural Youth Women in Ethiopia.","type":"article-journal","volume":"12"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=08b13abe-d054-4449-abaf-36e7c38bf416"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gebre","given":"Mamo Nigatu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Edossa","given":"Zerihun Kura","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"BMC Women's Health","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"1-14","title":"Modern Contraceptive Utilization and Associated Factors among Reproductive-Age Women in Ethiopia: Evidence from 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey","type":"article-journal","volume":"20"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=74c011cd-8525-4dde-99b0-1a9b55af378d"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shagaro","given":"Sewunet Sako","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gebabo","given":"Teshale Fikadu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mulugeta","given":"Be’emnet Tekabe","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"PLoS ONE","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2022"]]},"page":"1-16","title":"Four Out of Ten Married Women Utilized modern Contraceptive Method in Ethiopia: A Multilevel Analysis of the 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey","type":"article-journal","volume":"17"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dbce2ba3-2302-4c09-839f-d646279540ec"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(25–27)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(25–27)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(26–28)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(25–27), Ghana ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Appiah","given":"Francis","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Seidu","given":"Abdul-Aziz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ahinkorah","given":"Bright Opoku","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Baatiema","given":"Linus","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ameyaw","given":"Edward Kwabena","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"SSM - Population Health","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"1-6","title":"Trends and Determinants of Contraceptive Use among Female Adolescents in Ghana: Analysis of 2003–2014 Demographic and Health Surveys","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=73896b10-84c4-4eb1-8ee9-c2446def65cc"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(28)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(28)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(29)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(28) Senegal ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zegeye","given":"Betregiorgis","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ahinkorah","given":"Bright Opoku","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Idriss-Wheeler","given":"Dina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Olorunsaiye","given":"Comfort Z.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Adjei","given":"Nicholas Kofi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yaya","given":"Sanni","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"BMC Public Health","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"1-13","title":"Modern Contraceptive Utilization and Its Associated Factors among Married Women in Senegal: A Multilevel Analysis","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ea381e72-eb89-47fc-9cc0-5924001d8004"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(29)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(29)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(30)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(29), and Sub-Saharan Africa ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ahinkorah","given":"Bright Opoku","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Contraception and Reproductive Medicine","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"1-12","title":"Predictors of Modern Contraceptive Use among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Mixed Effects Multilevel Analysis of Data from 29 Demographic and Health Surveys","type":"article-journal","volume":"5"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4c6eb16c-e629-4d7d-806f-a569fc0b25f3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(6)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(6)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(6)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(6). This finding could be attributed to the growing need for spacing or limiting pregnancy after having one or two children, while for most young women, having one or two children was considered as the ideal value ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shagaro","given":"Sewunet Sako","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gebabo","given":"Teshale Fikadu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mulugeta","given":"Be’emnet Tekabe","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"PLoS ONE","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2022"]]},"page":"1-16","title":"Four Out of Ten Married Women Utilized modern Contraceptive Method in Ethiopia: A Multilevel Analysis of the 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey","type":"article-journal","volume":"17"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dbce2ba3-2302-4c09-839f-d646279540ec"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(27)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(27)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(28)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(27). Another possible explanation is that when women reached their desired number of children, they started using contraception in order to avoid pregnancy ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gebre","given":"Mamo Nigatu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Edossa","given":"Zerihun Kura","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"BMC Women's Health","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"1-14","title":"Modern Contraceptive Utilization and Associated Factors among Reproductive-Age Women in Ethiopia: Evidence from 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey","type":"article-journal","volume":"20"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=74c011cd-8525-4dde-99b0-1a9b55af378d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(26)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(26)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(27)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(26).The region was found to have significant effects on the use of modern contraceptives. Similarly, other studies in Indonesia found that women who live in Java-Bali Islands were higher in modern contraceptive use compared with other major islands in Indonesia ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"Background: The contraceptive prevalence in Indonesia was still dominated by short-acting method. Recently, the use of traditional contraceptives in Indonesia show an upward trend which is high risk of unintended pregnancy and sexual transmitted disease. This study aims to examine the determinants of contraceptive use in Indonesia and find the differences in characteristics of users. Material and Method: Data used were from the IDHS 2007, IDHS 2012 and IDHS 2017. Contraceptive method mix was used as dependent variables. Chi-square test and binary logistic regression were applied to find the significant factors. Findings: The findings indicated that contraception in Indonesia was mostly used for fertility limiting. About 90% of contraceptive method mix in Indonesia are contributed by modern contraceptive method. Modern contraceptive method are frequently used by women who live in rural areas. Compared to modern contraceptive users, traditional users in Indonesia were more likely have good education and occupation and live in urban areas. Conclusion: Women who used traditional method should be encouraged to switch into the more effective modern contraceptive method. Strategy to promote the use of Long-Acting Reversible and Permanent Method needs to be strengthened.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gayatri","given":"Maria","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Utomo","given":"Budi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"JournalIndian Journal of Public Health Research and Development","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"12","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"1818-1823","title":"Contraceptive Method Use in Indonesia: Trends and Determinants between 2007, 2012 and 2017","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d8f547d6-d427-41fc-9980-bc0b40b3c534"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kistiana","given":"Sari","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gayatri","given":"Maria","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sari","given":"Diah Puspita","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Global Journal of Health Science","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"13","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"37-48","title":"Determinants of Modern Contraceptive Use among Young Married Women (Age 15-24) in Indonesia","type":"article-journal","volume":"12"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=22f80b30-9568-48ff-8fb0-07f1de0476dc"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(10,11)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(10,11)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(11,12)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(10,11). This finding might explain the situation related to the access and knowledge about family planning being more difficult for women in other islands ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"URL":"https://www.indonesia-investments.com/id/news/news-columns/reducing-indonesia-s-java-centric-development-by-moving-the-capital-away-from-jakarta/item9195","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020","10","10"]]},"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Investments","given":"Indonesia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"title":"Reducing Indonesia’s Java-Centric Development by Moving the Capital Away from Jakarta, But Where Will All the Demonstrations Go?","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=138b7ad9-f974-466b-aa7b-55f80010bf06"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(30)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(30)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(31)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(30). The same time, Java Island is home to more than half of Indonesia's population despite being the country's center of economics and politics. Consequently, regarding industry, education, and other aspects, Java Island is becoming the most developed area ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"URL":"https://www.indonesia-investments.com/id/news/news-columns/reducing-indonesia-s-java-centric-development-by-moving-the-capital-away-from-jakarta/item9195","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020","10","10"]]},"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Investments","given":"Indonesia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"title":"Reducing Indonesia’s Java-Centric Development by Moving the Capital Away from Jakarta, But Where Will All the Demonstrations Go?","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=138b7ad9-f974-466b-aa7b-55f80010bf06"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(30)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(30)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(31)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(30). The economic contribution analysis shows that Java Island contributes the most, with an average contribution of 57.96% ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Julio","given":"Julio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Marwoto","given":"Pan Budi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Manullang","given":"Rizal Ruben","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Jurnal Ilmiah Progresif Manajemen Bisnis","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"1-11","title":"Analisis Disparitas Perekonomian Antar Pulau Besar di Indonesia Tahun 2013-2017","type":"article-journal","volume":"6"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=759a336a-959a-4317-99aa-f5db9f1b7cd0"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(31)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(31)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(32)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(31). Women in Java and Bali Islands had better and easier access to information about health care and greater capacity to use high-quality medical services. Studies about modern contraception emphasizing spatial distribution revealed that a low percentage of contraceptive prevalence may be linked to low urbanization and areas under development ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Asiimwe","given":"John Bosco","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ndugga","given":"Patricia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mushomi","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ntozi","given":"James Patrick Manyenye","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"BMC Public Health","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"1-11","title":"Factors Associated with Modern Contraceptive Use among Young and Older Women in Uganda; A Comparative Analysis","type":"article-journal","volume":"14"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4222b35b-ef25-4ded-9bdf-a1ebec97edfb"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zegeye","given":"Betregiorgis","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ahinkorah","given":"Bright Opoku","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Idriss-Wheeler","given":"Dina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Olorunsaiye","given":"Comfort Z.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Adjei","given":"Nicholas Kofi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yaya","given":"Sanni","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"BMC Public Health","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"1-13","title":"Modern Contraceptive Utilization and Its Associated Factors among Married Women in Senegal: A Multilevel Analysis","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ea381e72-eb89-47fc-9cc0-5924001d8004"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wondie","given":"Kindu Yinges","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Badi","given":"Marta Berta","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tamiru","given":"Animut Tagele","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Open Access Journal of Contraception","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"77—89","title":"Rural–Urban Differentials of Long-Acting Contraceptive Method Utilization among Reproductive-Age Women in Amhara Region, Ethiopia: Further Analysis of the 2016 EDHS","type":"article-journal","volume":"11"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=30048e34-280f-4ce6-a4f4-a0065e780de8"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(20,29,32)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(20,29,32)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(21,30,33)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(20,29,32). This result suggests that more effort should be put into reducing barriers to using modern contraception in these areas.Our results indicate that family planning discussion with a health professional was associated significantly with modern contraceptives among women living in urban areas. The result is supported by findings from Nigeria ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ankomah","given":"Augustine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Anyanti","given":"Jennifer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Oladosu","given":"Muyiwa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Open Access Journal of Contraception","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"95—105","title":"Myths, Misinformation, and Communication about Family Planning and Contraceptive Use in Nigeria","type":"article-journal","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9f710303-0592-4ced-a869-2262a9d8ba22"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(24)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(24)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(25)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(24), Ethiopia ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wondie","given":"Kindu Yinges","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Badi","given":"Marta Berta","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tamiru","given":"Animut Tagele","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Open Access Journal of Contraception","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"77—89","title":"Rural–Urban Differentials of Long-Acting Contraceptive Method Utilization among Reproductive-Age Women in Amhara Region, Ethiopia: Further Analysis of the 2016 EDHS","type":"article-journal","volume":"11"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=30048e34-280f-4ce6-a4f4-a0065e780de8"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(32)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(32)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(33)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(32), and Rwanda ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mazzei","given":"Amelia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ingabire","given":"Rosine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mukamuyango","given":"Jeannine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nyombayire","given":"Julien","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sinabamenye","given":"Robertine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bayingana","given":"Roger","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Parker","given":"Rachel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tichacek","given":"Amanda","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Easter","given":"Sarah Rae","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Karita","given":"Etienne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Allen","given":"Susan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wall","given":"Kristin M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Reproductive Health","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"1-11","title":"Community Health Worker Promotions Increase Uptake of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception in Rwanda","type":"article-journal","volume":"16"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b3f2ed7d-8525-469b-8747-4d0b1908f96b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(33)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(33)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(34)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(33). One possible explanation is that communication with health professionals could have improved knowledge among young women about family planning and contraception ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ankomah","given":"Augustine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Anyanti","given":"Jennifer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Oladosu","given":"Muyiwa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Open Access Journal of Contraception","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"95—105","title":"Myths, Misinformation, and Communication about Family Planning and Contraceptive Use in Nigeria","type":"article-journal","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9f710303-0592-4ced-a869-2262a9d8ba22"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(24)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(24)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(25)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(24). Better understanding of family planning, including false myths, the potential for side effects, and misconceptions regarding contraceptive methods might have generated demand for modern contraceptive methods ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ankomah","given":"Augustine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Anyanti","given":"Jennifer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Oladosu","given":"Muyiwa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Open Access Journal of Contraception","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"95—105","title":"Myths, Misinformation, and Communication about Family Planning and Contraceptive Use in Nigeria","type":"article-journal","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9f710303-0592-4ced-a869-2262a9d8ba22"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kumar","given":"Abhishek","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jain","given":"Anrudh K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ram","given":"Faujdar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Acharya","given":"Rajib","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shukla","given":"Ankita","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mozumdar","given":"Arupendra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Saggurti","given":"Niranjan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"BMC Public Health","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"1-9","title":"Health Workers’ Outreach and Intention to Use Contraceptives among Married Women in India","type":"article-journal","volume":"20"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2dcb65fe-90ce-4ea6-8612-7597b1f2ac57"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ochako","given":"Rhoune","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Temmerman","given":"Marleen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mbondo","given":"Mwende","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Askew","given":"Ian","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Reproductive Health","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"1-15","title":"Determinants of Modern Contraceptive Use among Sexually Active Men in Kenya","type":"article-journal","volume":"14"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5fe3aa5c-b02a-4d1c-8b80-9aac1c8330b3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(24,34,35)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(24,34,35)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(25,35,36)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(24,34,35). A study in India suggests that women who communicate with health professionals have a positively significant association with the intention of using contraceptive methods ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kumar","given":"Abhishek","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jain","given":"Anrudh K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ram","given":"Faujdar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Acharya","given":"Rajib","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shukla","given":"Ankita","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mozumdar","given":"Arupendra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Saggurti","given":"Niranjan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"BMC Public Health","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"1-9","title":"Health Workers’ Outreach and Intention to Use Contraceptives among Married Women in India","type":"article-journal","volume":"20"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2dcb65fe-90ce-4ea6-8612-7597b1f2ac57"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(34)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(34)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(35)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(34).A higher proportion of urban young women in younger age groups of 15-19 years use modern contraceptives. This finding echoes similar findings from studies in Nigeria ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ankomah","given":"Augustine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Anyanti","given":"Jennifer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Oladosu","given":"Muyiwa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Open Access Journal of Contraception","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"95—105","title":"Myths, Misinformation, and Communication about Family Planning and Contraceptive Use in Nigeria","type":"article-journal","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9f710303-0592-4ced-a869-2262a9d8ba22"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(24)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(24)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(25)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(24), Senegal ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zegeye","given":"Betregiorgis","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ahinkorah","given":"Bright Opoku","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Idriss-Wheeler","given":"Dina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Olorunsaiye","given":"Comfort Z.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Adjei","given":"Nicholas Kofi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yaya","given":"Sanni","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"BMC Public Health","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"1-13","title":"Modern Contraceptive Utilization and Its Associated Factors among Married Women in Senegal: A Multilevel Analysis","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ea381e72-eb89-47fc-9cc0-5924001d8004"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(29)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(29)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(30)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(29), Ethiopia ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gebre","given":"Mamo Nigatu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Edossa","given":"Zerihun Kura","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"BMC Women's Health","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"1-14","title":"Modern Contraceptive Utilization and Associated Factors among Reproductive-Age Women in Ethiopia: Evidence from 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey","type":"article-journal","volume":"20"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=74c011cd-8525-4dde-99b0-1a9b55af378d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(26)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(26)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(27)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(26), and Jordan ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Almalik","given":"Mona","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mosleh","given":"Sultan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Almasarweh","given":"Issa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"377-384","title":"Are Users of Modern and Traditional Contraceptive Methods in Jordan Different?","type":"article-journal","volume":"24"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=bb7d7b13-b32b-4c3c-ae19-61aaa5afafe2"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(22)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(22)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(23)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(22). This finding could be related to the fact that women at younger ages are usually more open to adopting modern technology and often less bound to cultural beliefs; thus, they are more prone to accept and use modern contraception ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Almalik","given":"Mona","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mosleh","given":"Sultan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Almasarweh","given":"Issa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"377-384","title":"Are Users of Modern and Traditional Contraceptive Methods in Jordan Different?","type":"article-journal","volume":"24"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=bb7d7b13-b32b-4c3c-ae19-61aaa5afafe2"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(22)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(22)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(23)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(22).This study shows that knowledge of contraceptive methods affects modern contraceptive utilization. The finding of this study is similar to the previous studies conducted in Senegal ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zegeye","given":"Betregiorgis","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ahinkorah","given":"Bright Opoku","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Idriss-Wheeler","given":"Dina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Olorunsaiye","given":"Comfort Z.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Adjei","given":"Nicholas Kofi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yaya","given":"Sanni","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"BMC Public Health","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"1-13","title":"Modern Contraceptive Utilization and Its Associated Factors among Married Women in Senegal: A Multilevel Analysis","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ea381e72-eb89-47fc-9cc0-5924001d8004"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(29)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(29)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(30)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(29) and Myanmar ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lun","given":"Ciin Ngaih","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Aung","given":"Thida","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mya","given":"Kyaw Swa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"PLoS ONE","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"10","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"1-19","title":"Utilization of Modern Contraceptive Methods and Its Determinants among Youth in Myanmar: Analysis of Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey (2015-2016)","type":"article-journal","volume":"16"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=191a887a-042c-45b5-aa99-f05b105a2117"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(36)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(36)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(37)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(36). Knowledge can empower women by improving their independence and involvement in decision-making ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zegeye","given":"Betregiorgis","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ahinkorah","given":"Bright Opoku","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Idriss-Wheeler","given":"Dina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Olorunsaiye","given":"Comfort Z.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Adjei","given":"Nicholas Kofi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yaya","given":"Sanni","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"BMC Public Health","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"1-13","title":"Modern Contraceptive Utilization and Its Associated Factors among Married Women in Senegal: A Multilevel Analysis","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ea381e72-eb89-47fc-9cc0-5924001d8004"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(29)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(29)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(30)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(29). Also, high knowledge of contraception might lead to a better choice of modern contraception and more likely to have a positive attitude toward using modern contraception ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lun","given":"Ciin Ngaih","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Aung","given":"Thida","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mya","given":"Kyaw Swa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"PLoS ONE","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"10","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"1-19","title":"Utilization of Modern Contraceptive Methods and Its Determinants among Youth in Myanmar: Analysis of Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey (2015-2016)","type":"article-journal","volume":"16"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=191a887a-042c-45b5-aa99-f05b105a2117"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(36)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(36)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(37)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(36).This study also found an association between young rural women's desire to have children and modern contraceptive use. Consistently, other studies done in Bangladesh ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Islam","given":"Ahmed Zohirul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Reproductive Health","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"1-9","title":"Factors Affecting Modern Contraceptive Use among Fecund Young Women in Bangladesh: Does Couples’ Joint Participation in Household Decision Making Matter?","type":"article-journal","volume":"15"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ddb31a7c-3e5b-421a-a2b2-fea9901f873d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(19)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(19)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(20)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(19) and Nigeria ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ankomah","given":"Augustine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Anyanti","given":"Jennifer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Oladosu","given":"Muyiwa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Open Access Journal of Contraception","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"95—105","title":"Myths, Misinformation, and Communication about Family Planning and Contraceptive Use in Nigeria","type":"article-journal","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9f710303-0592-4ced-a869-2262a9d8ba22"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(24)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(24)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(25)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(24) showed that women who desired another child were less likely to use modern contraceptive methods. Women who desired no (more) children, as stated in other studies, had several reasons for postponing or limiting children, such as financial circumstances, career planning, education, participation in the labor market, and health conditions ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Islam","given":"Ahmed Zohirul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Reproductive Health","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"1-9","title":"Factors Affecting Modern Contraceptive Use among Fecund Young Women in Bangladesh: Does Couples’ Joint Participation in Household Decision Making Matter?","type":"article-journal","volume":"15"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ddb31a7c-3e5b-421a-a2b2-fea9901f873d"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Asiimwe","given":"John Bosco","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ndugga","given":"Patricia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mushomi","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ntozi","given":"James Patrick Manyenye","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"BMC Public Health","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"1-11","title":"Factors Associated with Modern Contraceptive Use among Young and Older Women in Uganda; A Comparative Analysis","type":"article-journal","volume":"14"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4222b35b-ef25-4ded-9bdf-a1ebec97edfb"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(19,20)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(19,20)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(20,21)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(19,20).Although findings offer important insights, they need to be interpreted cautiously considering a few limitations. First, this study could only show an association, not a causal effect, between the determinants of social and demography and the utilization of modern contraceptives because of the cross-sectional nature. Second, the study's reliance on self-reporting by the women, which is subject to recall bias, was another drawback. Finally, the dataset employed in this study may have missed significant unmeasured factors contributing to the observed associations.CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONSConclusionThe utilization of modern contraceptive methods was higher among young married women living in rural areas than in urban areas. Overall, two key predictors of using modern contraceptive methods among young urban and rural women in Indonesia have been highlighted by this study. The key predictors are women with 1-2 children and those living in Java-Bali Islands. These results suggest that more concerted efforts must be made to target modern contraception, specifically among these subgroups, urban and rural areas.SuggestionThe results of the study are important for policies and scientific research related to Indonesia's efforts to promote family planning. Policy-makers should establish and implement practical approaches for rural and urban areas to increase women’s awareness of the importance of modern contraceptive methods. Efforts shall be toward enhancing family planning knowledge and services for young women in urban and rural areas, particularly those with more than three children who reside in other major islands than Java and Bali Islands. It will be necessary to increase contraceptive use among these subgroups of young women with messages through effective communication channels. It is also essential to reduce obstacles such as access to family planning services and the availability of a range of modern contraceptive methods through more effective program efforts.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe author would like to thank Indonesia's National Population and Family Planning Board for the data support. The author also would like to thank her colleague, Maria Gayatri (Coordinator at National Population and Family Planning Board), for sharing her wisdom and guidance during this study.REFERENCESADDIN Mendeley Bibliography CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.Timofeev J, Reddy UM, Huang CC, Driggers RW, Landy HJ, Laughon SK. Obstetric Complications, Neonatal Morbidity, and Indications for Cesarean Delivery by Maternal Age. Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2013;122(6):1184–1195. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.00000000000000172.Ahmed S, Li Q, Liu L, Tsui AO. Maternal Deaths Averted By Contraceptive Use: An Analysis of 172 Countries. Lancet [Internet]. 2012;380(9837):111–125. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60478-43.Sarkar A, Chandra-Mouli V, Jain K, Behera J, Mishra SK, Mehra S. Community Based Reproductive Health Interventions for Young Married Couples in Resource-constrained Settings: A Systematic Review. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2015;15:1–19. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2352-74.Subramanian L, Simon C, Daniel EE. Increasing Contraceptive Use among Young Married Couples in Bihar, India: Evidence from a Decade of Implementation of the PRACHAR Project. Glob Heal Sci Pract [Internet]. 2018;6(2):330–344. Available from: https://doi.org/10.9745%2FGHSP-D-17-004405.Brown W, Ahmed S, Roche N, Sonneveldt E, Darmstadt GL. Impact of Family Planning Programs in Reducing High-Risk Births Due to Younger and Older Maternal Age, Short Birth Intervals, and High Parity. Semin Perinatol [Internet]. 2015;39(5):338–344. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2015.06.0066.Ahinkorah BO. Predictors of Modern Contraceptive Use among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Mixed Effects Multilevel Analysis of Data from 29 Demographic and Health Surveys. Contracept Reprod Med [Internet]. 2020;5:1–12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40834-020-00138-17.Smith E, Daley AM. A Clinical Guideline for Intrauterine Device Use in Adolescents. J Am Acad Nurse Pract [Internet]. 2012;24(8):453–462. Available from: HYPERLINK "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7599.2012.00753.x"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7599.2012.00753.x8.Chandra-Mouli V, McCarraher DR, Phillips SJ, Williamson NE, Hainsworth G. Contraception for Adolescents in Low and Middle Income Countries: Needs, Barriers, and Access. Reprod Health [Internet]. 2014;11(1):1–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1742-4755-11-19.National Population and Family Planning Board, Central Bureau of Statistics, The Ministry of Health U. National Population and Family Planning Board. 2018. p. 1–446 Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia 2017. 10.Gayatri M, Utomo B. Contraceptive Method Use in Indonesia: Trends and Determinants between 2007, 2012 and 2017. JournalIndian J Public Heal Res Dev [Internet]. 2019;10(12):1818–1823. Available from: https://doi.org/10.37506/v10/i12/2019/ijphrd/19213011.Kistiana S, Gayatri M, Sari DP. Determinants of Modern Contraceptive Use among Young Married Women (Age 15-24) in Indonesia. Glob J Health Sci [Internet]. 2020;12(13):37–48. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v12n13p3712.Gafar A, Suza DE, Efendi F, Has EMM, Pramono AP, Susanti IA. Determinants of Contraceptive Use among Married Women in Indonesia. F1000Research [Internet]. 2020;9:1–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.22482.113.Mas’udah AF, Pristya TY, Andarmoyo S. Parity and Marital Status as Factors Influencing Contraceptive Use among Adolescents in Indonesia. Kesmas J Kesehat Masy Nas [Internet]. 2021;16(1):33–38. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v16i1.327614.Wijayanti N, Thaweesit S, Sunpuwan M. Contraceptive Use among Married Adolescent Women in Indonesia. J Heal Res [Internet]. 2017;29(5):323–331. Available from: https://doi.org/10.14456/jhr.2015.2215.Rahayu R, Utomo I, McDonald P. Contraceptive Use Pattern among Married Women in Indonesia. In: International Conference on Family Planning: Research and Best Practices [Internet]. Kampala; 2009. p. 1–36. Available from: http://fpconference.org/2009/media/DIR_169701/15f1ae857ca97193ffff83a6ffffd524.pdf16.Kafle RB. Dynamics of Contraceptive Use among Young Women in Nepal. Nepal Popul J [Internet]. 2018;18(17):33–42. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3126/npj.v18i17.2637517.Worku AG, Tessema GA, Zeleke AA. Trends and Determinants of Contraceptive Use among Young Married Women (Age 15-24) Based on the 2000, 2005, and 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys: A Multivariate Decomposition Analysis [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/WP103/WP103.pdf18.Casey SE, Gallagher MC, Kakesa J, Kalyanpur A, Muselemu JB, Rafanoharana RV, et al. Contraceptive Use among Adolescent and Young Women in North and South Kivu, Democratic Republic of The Congo: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Survey. PLOS Med [Internet]. 2020;17(3):1–16. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100308619.Islam AZ. Factors Affecting Modern Contraceptive Use among Fecund Young Women in Bangladesh: Does Couples’ Joint Participation in Household Decision Making Matter? Reprod Health [Internet]. 2018;15:1–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12978-018-0558-820.Asiimwe JB, Ndugga P, Mushomi J, Ntozi JPM. Factors Associated with Modern Contraceptive Use among Young and Older Women in Uganda; A Comparative Analysis. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2014;14:1–11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-92621.Namasivayam V, Dehury B, Prakash R, Becker M, Anand P, Mishra A, et al. Understanding the Rise in Traditional Contraceptive Methods Use in Uttar Pradesh, India. Reprod Health [Internet]. 2023;20:1–14. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-022-01547-y22.Almalik M, Mosleh S, Almasarweh I. Are Users of Modern and Traditional Contraceptive Methods in Jordan Different? East Mediterr Heal J [Internet]. 2018;24(4):377–384. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26719/2018.24.4.37723.Thulaseedharan JV. Contraceptive Use and Preferences of Young Married Women in Kerala, India. Open Access J Contracept [Internet]. 2018;9:1–10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJC.S15217824.Ankomah A, Anyanti J, Oladosu M. Myths, Misinformation, and Communication about Family Planning and Contraceptive Use in Nigeria. Open Access J Contracept [Internet]. 2011;2:95—105. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJC.S2092125.Ahmed M, Seid A. Association between Exposure to Mass Media Family Planning Messages and Utilization of Modern Contraceptive among Urban and Rural Youth Women in Ethiopia. Int J Womens Health [Internet]. 2020;12:719—729. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S26675526.Gebre MN, Edossa ZK. Modern Contraceptive Utilization and Associated Factors among Reproductive-Age Women in Ethiopia: Evidence from 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey. BMC Womens Health [Internet]. 2020;20:1–14. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-00923-927.Shagaro SS, Gebabo TF, Mulugeta BT. Four Out of Ten Married Women Utilized modern Contraceptive Method in Ethiopia: A Multilevel Analysis of the 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey. PLoS One [Internet]. 2022;17(1):1–16. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.026243128.Appiah F, Seidu AA, Ahinkorah BO, Baatiema L, Ameyaw EK. Trends and Determinants of Contraceptive Use among Female Adolescents in Ghana: Analysis of 2003–2014 Demographic and Health Surveys. SSM - Popul Heal [Internet]. 2020;10:1–6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.10055429.Zegeye B, Ahinkorah BO, Idriss-Wheeler D, Olorunsaiye CZ, Adjei NK, Yaya S. Modern Contraceptive Utilization and Its Associated Factors among Married Women in Senegal: A Multilevel Analysis. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2021;21:1–13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10252-730.Investments I. Reducing Indonesia’s Java-Centric Development by Moving the Capital Away from Jakarta, But Where Will All the Demonstrations Go? [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Oct 10]. Available from: https://www.indonesia-investments.com/id/news/news-columns/reducing-indonesia-s-java-centric-development-by-moving-the-capital-away-from-jakarta/item919531.Julio J, Marwoto PB, Manullang RR. Analisis Disparitas Perekonomian Antar Pulau Besar di Indonesia Tahun 2013-2017. J Ilm Progresif Manaj Bisnis [Internet]. 2019;6(2):1–11. Available from: https://e-jurnal.stie-ibek.ac.id/index.php/JIPMB/article/view/11532.Wondie KY, Badi MB, Tamiru AT. Rural–Urban Differentials of Long-Acting Contraceptive Method Utilization among Reproductive-Age Women in Amhara Region, Ethiopia: Further Analysis of the 2016 EDHS. Open Access J Contracept [Internet]. 2020;11:77—89. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJC.S25555133.Mazzei A, Ingabire R, Mukamuyango J, Nyombayire J, Sinabamenye R, Bayingana R, et al. Community Health Worker Promotions Increase Uptake of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception in Rwanda. Reprod Health [Internet]. 2019;16:1–11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-019-0739-034.Kumar A, Jain AK, Ram F, Acharya R, Shukla A, Mozumdar A, et al. Health Workers’ Outreach and Intention to Use Contraceptives among Married Women in India. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:1–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09061-135.Ochako R, Temmerman M, Mbondo M, Askew I. Determinants of Modern Contraceptive Use among Sexually Active Men in Kenya. Reprod Health [Internet]. 2017;14:1–15. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-017-0316-336.Lun CN, Aung T, Mya KS. Utilization of Modern Contraceptive Methods and Its Determinants among Youth in Myanmar: Analysis of Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey (2015-2016). PLoS One [Internet]. 2021;16(10):1–19. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258142131762550165JURNAL BIOMETRIKA DAN KEPENDUDUKAN (Journal of Biometrics and Population)00JURNAL BIOMETRIKA DAN KEPENDUDUKAN (Journal of Biometrics and Population)1479559207500-60325507900-4635559689900 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 187 Jurnal Biometrika dan Kependudukan, Volume 12, Issue 2 December 2023: 186–198Kistiana and Baskoro, Modern Contraceptive Use among Urban and Rural... PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 198 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 186Sheet1!$C$62UrbanSheet1!$B$64:$B$72Female sterilizationImplantsIUD1-months injectables3-months injectablesPillMale condomLAMAny modern methodSheet1!$D$64:$D$72General0.46.710.110.951.311.91.50.154.9Sheet1!$E$62RuralSheet1!$B$64:$B$72Female sterilizationImplantsIUD1-months injectables3-months injectablesPillMale condomLAMAny modern methodSheet1!$F$64:$F$72General09.63.98.561.312.51.20.160iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAP0AAACSCAYAAAH5kPzlAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACx jwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAAIdUAACHVAQSctJ0AACgcSURBVHhe7Z0LnB1FmehPApOZOacfM5NJMglZ XhsQEAEdRESWuUlm5vRjXnmMggGDwB0gyeT048wrCQygvOSlLqhwdwXFxxUR9e76QpRdXNBdXVHM 4l3RhQsiCCiuDyAo5NZX/X091T19zpwzzzOT+v9+3+mqr76qftSprqru6qqUpOKo68jvJ0HV7FHq TjXLuQGdM0/8oMhPV4kk1bp9FTeYKorhDKOT09DhPYPOWWExbjl0dis37vodqlKK7X0adOn2HSdS OAk3aO6rgo1u+6+TbpxNMQoZlRR5GlkEP0lHrZvO+2GbYVsK04zcT8mWdLDNGL4r+sldMhNFKjvB UoknzP2nurWhezbAHS1q2jh0RqCZI/QO78+whQOatbMXoZ3Gt3PKnF0JEHaDmfsrIJHMKPRvn5Oi FifpIAod2JQPWLf8v6CzaGIQBpLOuntEf7E4JbGiZ+gm2E5LYpOhoWvoc+jkFDuzQNdXRWGiLQk3 ZBRyJ6Izg2WdgyO65b2OqrlF7/SPoKOObwFwp43ceeyA9+mm+5pquKeCLi6q5f0OtixKpNE7IUkH MCeIO5+1A6EdNWzp17iCM8ovIbT5uXc2iZy50V+NrtkDDoAOQjHdP3HlbDBreV4M1fReFK+ARCKR zDyjo/cfXOyuA2F79+5V0LuwSDpxug1rlssfVhDFLhJBNpQGuTOGezbpVNt9QgyD7ZxxxJkjK9AZ IenAlm0YfC86Fw7xEwU/CGvz7kNVyES5xf4xBmxFu5o25x3cccLZmeq2HUdwN3DY1hrYgK1m5Xcv MbcfzZ9a44Nf1c5/SzO9XeCGcNgCNa07D6X0FdMb5Lr2/tNEm7LhCR7XuwS9nKXdQzcUOuGlnf6/ JobBweMJaNiRVM3cZ3F7j247feBOvf2i5alTxJZvEA7bjOV9HFrCS9b1H0dpiaTXe29WLedu9HLU rHcbazN+Cr1To65j4FfiyWVM9zrwk6A6ZGX3nh50Ym66TyfZFWNJ686jqtpyJ6E3JJ4O64XN6nuM EDr54ICaI7kiHiT1XQJdy8Ga7d5IfhDdcF4DP6Cb3kOkB7/YxQQ/+3vfJPrJTX7N9p6K+C1v8kUg jsb6vOhkf0n/N+LOaYdAXP/i44/XYdD8RzxREdTzdzuFKBR3vrKIcjh+YqRjXbh74mEL8ul6ne29 gE4OXQASVC9cFMMt+QHNgr4gcHIrund9EL0iRfsUEolEIpFIJHPKip7hu6npKsq7r7j9LjRZmMBJ sj54ODxABN5TQzh6FxalnlipL2LLuVBzflHrO7wH0BkCBxU/MM30xj0ATQLiKab7YXKLUmt6PUo2 t1EMA/ecoJrR5/lEoQPT7fyD6EwE4uiG/5dUi9dIaVA6fHtc7xL4B0XCEh5ozgp0YHHCA4tRyH5e En8KAyendIzlGqpDSi3384JPf/3BY9DJUe1gwE6RHJ7wuR7FVS3nHNhmsvlW2KasfBO8yNBMh7+4 UAzv4pTwwoLImE6O69btxLdPLQcH24BMu7t2LE7vQcF2ksR3LnLIpj0PQ3hcMHgcEAZvhhTL3Ua2 mpV/BcJ02/0k6UgoDmyp7MfD6R5BYbTVbe/Poh1tyyYpIk/Y9p9DbwQIO3HrVeHj7xDx7Y6Z/xDX tYyynAPd6GLV9G5RLe+2IDx47q8Y7s2pUzfXqkZ/J/jTtrOV3vRAWqrpfCFjwBsf5K3bmiBNzfI+ wcLuYjXL/wS1Bv+kycJPNrgIi5MuRhx28Pvo/dyCYEWbn4mfOF0UENbaG/dEF50cslMNr6xxWax1 Oe5fxHL0OnSGqLZ/NTpnhvgJsbbA71HHn+sH2mTo5EU3CfuL/ldcF7cr5gc3KzYeuBUz/yOuOyHI LAqfMvGEKPFSdgLhcIPSbJffjECnmf4fKAykqt3l3zCxu7YDevGGBm96yU6x3T+CivzgZrXRx8hP OtE9ZeIJTXVHYM9uar9Fb2WT1PARBdWp1ZsuvVrUH7JxZPzdfz6im2Oj35OAk23o8H+DXk59xyAv j50Df/tTVM1PIPfZnfVZ9EaAE0RnIlCGV27YPb8fgLCTeA5OdHnP0KWomvDEiVLtKh7WjeXDWfgJ NY+N3KAvT8GddLL1dv4xdM5/VDPPqywRuihJJ5+km7ewBkbiCZLUWO7ZqOYsqJO/+a77I0NX04bT zk+6LXcGXQDWGrwVg2EQ0cI5eaDU3GzoGHgYnQuHVRv3fKq+Y+AH6C3IgvrLi8CnW4VOLtJOX8jA ScYl1bKA+vcSiUQikUgkEolEIlngrH7P+w/RrfxL8Khf7N2Cv7Fr6KXmoVt1NJUsBOiZDWXyIRuH NmFQhOVdI674pwD3XXfdNbWRNJI5IfzyENyBqjxWbBgNX8Kjano4bUDNdNIQLsm0srJn97enkunj OHVzLaTXYPnno2ZKiH8ozfYeITe8cg/1pv+savlPcn/b2Zm04V4KbsX0vkE2gGYGn8zXtrungB/c YvgBRc/wVUtLPXm6UCQZy12LQYlgupP+Q0F81XSuof2BTrW8c8kt6mGrWd7T4AbiYarhfU4x3cj4 qbjdAQevszvzfOxkKcQvXjH0Dv+XurWAhjYvNCATl3cmT8gDQONPtd1wEvFyMn/Zxl1hKZVUILVt zl90a/x4WSDd7hqU0TWt/S30VheE3WLHRk8XgNt2DtyP3rKhfYki6rnRNJE2cyY6I9S2bl9F+6s1 vF7YqrZX/piFlq11M3HcUwYOiGXmj9E7Kfpu/UHVyg27vgejWNjtnp8ka2ztP+zMSx770FcfWIZm ZQET9dMFA6HRMuQnN2t77CSdknUuIneSKFnvE7BNremv5tuW3Fim2BfXK5b/OPlBlmRzXWE47k81 fT5eWjU9PkyRtUs+olruU5rhP092BLsGd4Cuqm3n8bDl4VlnpW65r7F97SF7ChOFJzAblLvD+t4h XTxQkIbuoc9q7W4DrDFQ39qng01Dx/A19GcgOffqj/PvMSaC7DOmtx2qH3CLenJDmDjWBLaa5X8n bgfC2iB8OiWW5r9CvEiY7f1ZsXIbwa1kc9dDGEDh5NZs92XSabb/n+RW2B8AtrXm2BcFGdP5MujS bb5JdiQZw+ErS7BjicxFJbpnk7Cvz04qsaG2cvOoA+HQUERV2VBGNnYMfhNVkkpiec+uUfojkECG QylGkykD6UG66JVUKjzjC9wNAPFPorDegegHQbNxKKbzR91ODoePvylusJ3iR5glAPuBKQDRWxDW /vhCsfPSsrkshLPzuwRV85diJwpAOAnMqA+fLZI/nc2di2aJgA06I8QbfKFdax//kpeE1dNPwjdd FC6GiUJhrHfzXdXwzovo7OCjfHBT5ovhILXZ7bzxB08HWdvhynh4ITdIJutsBx3AGqg8btyO3LDc AbgrBjq4QtAJgCiG+82M4W0RdbVG/2o0HQeEozMCxdU7gq+ayZ9q7kuz9PvBrdl5/iGfavgvcVtr 7G4BsLvHn8CfbnMHVDP3dzyO6e6D7i13W96/sDvKEnCrra4fhHtfgbjgZne7V2ELAjp4UgjuTHZH K9edyhq4K87mX0nSOH7Win+StZleATc0ImGS0sDtv6qZ/nfBXdvazycYpf2AqO3utYFdsDRVxUAH Wgg6AX4S7JYY12VMfwc3TADC0SmpRFZsHBkslklp1ndNQTcPJm1mkrbyTVwXo87KPyb+KSYSaGs8 +uijSzG6ZK5Y1r3rJJ4pdv5eVJVI70GUmQ1d+b2oLAndHq6nuI1dg/I9wVzD6stwsEeqt3gLHEou t5sGWH0ZvsKVzDV9fVWUuYVEN5JncYvbqZbzpGqNNa5A4BEomo/RO8obZ+iTVCJrzr3y3RNlkpjR NABkojjA8u7hm0uxk8wR8FKnwR54Er2JUGbHJWO6j6NJQcAOnZJKY1lPfu9EGSRmOPhZFRK2JbiO T9w1nhXCsoySCgUyaNXm4bejN4KYySDimIJ4GKpDAvt80aeGkgqAZ6CVfxG9U4ZnvOk9hF5JpaNb Dn+UKpbucljWPbSJ/4mYoEoy31i1YQ9/tk4Ci0w3dHgPw9NAmFyzue/WqkM2XHKZ+BwBRKuURagl 00hzX1qz/Udgwfc61tiDcfi67T5T1zHSghYSiUQikUgkEolEIpFIJBKJRCKRSCQSiURyoHHYuy67 U7Oi4+XovfnJF14bLHwpWTjodnSARDGBgZQYTTJfaewe4iNohUx9KtUyOm5FmAZjVGNh/y3abtp9 608wWDKfoK9oYJtq7St5YuSlHSPHCHFl6Z9P0MK1quX9HlVlQyVfN/1pXREUpjSDiZrQK5ku3nDO 5Xx+uLrOqa9pp+FS0Zk2fzmqpoQ4WxWqpg1KV7X8+1B1YAEnr9nTt4IjTZuG3imDmfNiZt3OFZRZ GdP9e74PWA6/3eWze9X8jfdX+GHmIpW1PyiuZno3gTvTvrON+w1vH/gB8Cumswu9Bw719sDt/AJO gGbAaNjgopNgUCIQrtmDfEbqqQJpsYzk392F+24J5uqBLbsr8KWKoX0B20w2mExRtdyPwpbbMVQz WIEf/Epb7gxy65aXB/cBBb8wnQMT1skZy+clTBQMSoQmF0Rv2bBM4lUGuGHLMv6H5OZ6VtL5lmU8 a5f8mGwBxRo8NgjbpugdXrjoPmxV0+XLtGcMbz3pDtiMR+eEgC0JqoowenA5acdJm+57kvYn6kCo lIMohvsE2Kimcx/4a7NOjsJT7ec3oH3YZtDM3I2wpWrhgOG40fImJaALVmqcctKWzCLerXcfIzP+ AGTwts+/sWjmrN8erJTB6lPwUqaXmqGl2klmGVi0v1jmxDM67p+IUu0kc0CxzBEzGh7IiH40KUxv MOMk+spGNYKpRyP7XGNUK5bzc+5u23EEmk4ZxegvOFd/uO+Yu1ymEndGgINp6Bj4OXrjhFOji1LK 41PWeubTgqJ3UoT7M/o12KYt1+ABLbk69kNTqRykmN4g24YLLNUa/Xyefc3K74ZtVXbbG6vXO0eC G2D9+7NTp19cD26avlSz/D3MC2ksYl1XF7qCMK8v2NRkc3zWj/B4GKy7masy3TeBG6hud9fWms7J 6I0Ax1G77sJDKC6wpDV3LOuFbEAvsLi21Tm5yth5QnX7tjWomznq7MEPiAc0WY4/932emnX3weoX eCH311nea0dtuexaNCkbutAkoFMNhz9IYhd6Deu28UUOMqb7j0F4C+9CFhJKM3XaeSpsFdP9lG65 /8Z1dvBHINu4iGFqu/te0gFiuGb4D3IlEsYxvI+JdmIYPXASBcJnHNgRK6Hl7yyYF6+k9/aQ/hfu e+gtGLMkKG6SGzI+roOZOOI6xQgmQg50YzNzgmiG+8/suB4MwgIoDL1Qsn9Bfgobb+P+hHTsjx8u twaAjmX6t2FFEIrD0oxMGkF23I3LsIBuxlnZOfIO2Bms2YKqCakTZoYGgYxt2jR68sqWvkZYjfK4 3tEly6z8STAThmjHbq0lnxTFyax3+GzTIDSbdMZwv046JetdEISNLiYdxWclOjKDNblhyRNW0m5l GfVx8POHOOvOD98FgC3A2hR8Hn9wC2HiSqBcD1WHqCNIx/b3Amxrcf2cWiN3PYWJdlVrnaCn9faL puUl14SwfyFO1R3M/14MyGQ6UKGunYhF4p8AdcWBKdGgK8m7kzjdam/vQaqZuyd1wtkZ7l+77TDN 9K/jboZuuldrwUuXRdwOJmRmt3HN9O4ILFKpjJH/aKpl7LgVwxlm+0iDG+azZ1XAZ3gAo9p01vF0 GGrWu5zJbTwA4mM3t6rdPTHVuvOo1Om8HbEYdCKq5dwNW1YlBTOAs7iK6VwA144mieb7OJ01Mpv7 dJw9fFw6Mwa7OHx+WZBVPaNHozoCvXlr6h7mqzuVy8qNI3x2zJIzXzI7sBboFyljQPRO72XNyP91 EBY03NIbxk9lXib8Vgl3DvRLKgVaIJhkaddA4O4c6kaTqfHWc/hTwYau4feiRlJJsC5ZP9XphUoo /TmSBPqraDYOdnfhS5KgN4JqBwsH8fBTgxZxIdvpgtWt95e6D91wnmftgefQOw7W7eRr1aF3nrJ/ P781o28cSru3mzIGhDWOrhP9aJYIhDcY/Rp6I1B8lt6HdXNs1MxMUcrxEmCnmn7B2TzLSatiOWTT yP+e6CToRMku7i8EhLM7CV+wKI6YRtrMhStrV7Xl+Aobmu0+ClWSmnW/JdqCgB1r7b+kG0GVpbEW NYWx/fFnD1rW/R7YkZ4Eegzk1sz8T2GrWt7diundRHquYxnPekF8wIli5fjgDxAxTXKzhjPvGYCb unTkB2HnwZc+JX1FwPrer9d3DjyD3kTooOnA4/5CLO8auqWQjZgGt2nZ1pSoRx08wGH95cvBvWRt 7g2iDYhmB11WMQ0VH/CIuiQ3ZPw4HZZ4cEPG63aePzMgnSig47RuX8X+hMF4QQarEjq5G0cURWzn Gqjbm7qHfPQmQgcdF1guDE0Sado8chzYoTcCpcGckQczVGLBzTKOjwwGP8yYqZh+OKV6oAvm1VWy TlhaKQyE2hJMNe6hjOieKOPThncen7FTCAdR7NwTsIVjrsbBnmEcyx3KtDt8KbaKzHg4mOWbRy5E byJ00HTgop90Sax61+jRSeGKkfugGDed9fh697SuW5j5wl2AdLAIMOhSp2zhL3co88HN48TcLB4+ vPJfBwGdYrnbgvDg+T8NwQa3lg1uy6oVrN1P8ZT24D0CU4l/1MX0KPng1u0nB/H8F2GbNpw8haUN vw+2ICxO+MJpTmEnBd25r6E3ETpoPHCWcW5LXJfEkWdewpcUR++kUFn9OdF+JJNAtwdfgsxHbwLB u3fx4rPM+GZclwQ8uy/n+b1kFhn9u8+sKpZ5YgYnCf8ESmDzDTfU1uE68kkCf4Qz+m8aQnPJXAIZ Ut+Z/xF6o6zbuYK/bGjZWsNfijT3pbk/9uElvLGDO0c8o4vJYb2XPoDRJXNBXUfwQQVzTqrhUWfn w/HsIE0bhnsxaByH2sP11EIGKV7NSGYcygj0lgytKsnj4qvMUtFwpenJ7FcyjZSbCWp78NCkvsPn XZ9J0eaHT9JQI5kLKBOW2oP/gapEVm9mjThmpxtu0ad+pQJpyR7AHEOZzzPWdPclvWjhYdakZshI bEcs6xw2IE3mnL3RKZLxaB35H4l/AFHo/T2aRoDv0eP2oE/SxYGGHowCQq9kLlnaOXIx3ILFTOMZ VOS2LNqqlvstUVfb5mzmRkn0BiNl0SepNCBzGnuGE8ftAbrh7KOMXmJ6R1P3rXptPx/mVYwg44uv dS+ZI4LMKYxijo13FwWDiwKjdZd3D34AvZJKYqJM1Cz/n+KZToImBWFVyOsZ03sMvZJKYqIMLFTi SdAsEch4Jo+iV1JJTJh5VjBaBUSzvL1MFQ5EIAksxwONRtUe6EKvpJKAzGH1cMGPLpIyWTXca5P0 cQrpJRXA8edezr8VQ2+EJdnx4+H4Wz0G6xbyR7yhPvYwp6Fz8Cuol1QqkEGNXUPnoXdagDTrLe/f 0SupRDTL+eN0lk4an4ZeSSUDGQX1PXonjWbn+Z+orsvnM1JKKp6xb9bV9duXorIs6AvdOjv/LKok 8wKcCAkE+uConRC9w3skjGd6L6BaMt+ATKeM5GK5MEfOhXxUDhO9e+jwejv/WMSGi9uCSUjmK009 e46FOn985o4XzXR/htEkC4mmjUOb6kzvtzDHPNwNNNPbF7yiLXl6FYlEIpFIJBKJRCKRSCQSiUQi kUgkEolEIpFIJBKJRCKRSCQSiUQikUgkEolEIpFI5gFG/4equ73r/+rGLzywuWvP7QNvvvCmK4dv /9pF7//0P/b+7We+tGr09vtr9u/fXxnrNEkkklIZXdy0ceRSzSpvkZpCAum8bdsHzmU3AznJrURS KSztHvofmuEUXHoMBCZOCCT/Ctv+Ru8YeEa3B56ss/LPqlb+RaZ7FcKT4oqimt7+7Tfe+RbctUQi mTWa+6pYLfyHpIJZzwpxfadroOWUaLAHd2gd3p+T9nPUWZe8uHfvXj6BpkQimUH02IKiMHPd8g3D WzB4RmnsGvgILG0g7l+z3JcxWCKRTCf1HQORtUUbOgd+gkFzQO9Bmjm2dCXI8p7hD2NgpbCIJu0V RbfnwU2qpa9RNZ0f6ri0qGr7P8QQyQHCYrF2ZzX7U6ivBBazQhQ2/3XTqbgCRccGwgrPf6O6oqm1 chvF49Zs90YMkhwIiA/Y1J7hSU1eHWdJ2w5TybrfZzXJsyCq6X+nNpub9BI1dVa+n45RN72/oLoi oOPi18/2HwddOuu8RdSDgF5cyo/rWrbWpE3nC6IOhOVJOKWwann/IoaBwIPRuC51ev8y2EfGdP+N 21jevtTbL1oesREQ9cw2j2rJQgeelvNMZwUfVZMm03bR8eIfqZikWvpXY7SSWXmW10g3KN1wX0P1 7NLcp8P+Fcv9OWoihUfryIddIlZYzxXDuLK5L7KWFxR6tP0x6TTLe5rrTPf+jOX1g1trd9dE421T QK8LD0FVy78ZdEB1244jNNO7k+kiqwdmDG89mshCfyCyvHs3r0GgINUag2UXwmKIfyhRqoydJ6DJ pFi9afd2Smtp1/CsL26nGWPPGZSsc0GqZfRg8gc67yY0hdreFsOYanGNte2wiO6081Sw1S3n1xF9 DLUt97ZIOBV64ZmCYnnfr15/8ZHk16z8S2BDfm5j+l8HHSDqZaE/QKAmJMtwXrNMJ+IfShQMnhKs 9uJpqZb7R1TNKrCqtm57PxfPq7bduxODI2Qs5xNkA4USHlCSn3V5XswY7pnprHcB6Ug0y/01JsGJ vz7NGLkrlKwf6ZfDDSDV0nIw61aNCLr/C018yms16w5AeqrhfZtsSFJGv8Z3JlmYDH30s4dTU3lV 766TUD1txP9QJBg8JZZ2D7wf0oLjR5VEIpkIVmA2U0FUOrxGVE8blHZcMHhKrOzdfdZ0pieRHBCs 2XLNaqrpl28YPBXVpWH0V1NzkYT5X8VQjhgmCgZPiWXdQzdAWrKml0jKJCy4pl/WGrGamf+QWJBJ 4GMcNJnRQk8f+7C+/R9QNWvUGu4G6F+za/crtt3Ltt/XbPc/4P086z+/oNn+g9BvR/OAtouWq2bu s6rlXomaBYViehewa/HdVOv2VagKaOlVWNigYviXomZ2aPMzNYa/VbMdlheSCO/ou/5RKDxQY8JS sqguCRbnFbEwlyIs2pQ/q129efellN6y7l1ZVM8qiuUNx8+r1nDC7hJIreVv47amcx/pMqZ/O+gq DXYz+jwdI6pKo7kvTfF0y/8L3NxATToS1fYe5vYzTu9Buun+TNw3BkhElGyOv/KB8fXMG9bUJRPU Yr8OWw2CaLb3csZ0342Wk2P//kW9d911ELwaO3Tz7iPqO/P764PjnbOReZkO713ieYJOacudQX7+ FB3RYgNrqtvdNRgE7+EfEMNIMtncWRCeNpx2Uc/SvUo1vP8n6pa07zhGsfwXRV1ttr+b74Chmd64 fahmMGowrheF9f801mrhlUKoYzV5xG+8d5no5zpE1Kl2/ltxHUh1y4VhRaMa7hOg0+3ox1csqGhF oVvuC6J9XNAspRjeKPjhfyr+VxVjIFgfve3sDOnCMMv7RsRv+pU2DHxyPP7443VQ09OJNfQMHotB s0NzX9WxW6+8qi5hDHs5olre6ydfcN23/9eXv7wCU54xNMv9YGTftv84u4a/EXUwdBjNI3/2oNCP LhZ1aBaxYwV8X1zHCve9cR19jCTqQOI6eMXIbjL/Ffqt4BkMO+4HRTvQiYhhmTZnHbPnLTzVDAYh sWN6UrThkRiiLi5pw3szmhGLarPuhYFzdDHrKnyHbGmgUhJimorp/hZ0Sktfo6jnhowa0/eD5dFH F6dN30yyyRju7+P6GsNtiesWDLoRfHjBxfZfQPWM0LRx14fFG00xgS/uwFaUJLskOem8q5784sP3 1+Fupw1Wa/xC3A/14VXb/aOoVwynD/Sijhf61p2HirqM5X4R7DRz7F28anp/isdlN5JPxnXsWMbZ gcR11Wvzfw06JKw92fUsXOibm6OjB48bHfeZMyts4Y2E2yCiDp53wM1J1Gm2+wyaRmxT63auYDen cFgyO+fIeAURMZ6SdZ4A3ZJs7g2iHnQZY+cHyJ8xvTtggFjcBhB1pK+13UPiugVFfedg2P8EgYkw MGjKHPrOS7ckFVhekK3888u6RjYzs0n3+VdsGn5bvZV/TLej6dM+Tjzvyq9Ox7f57E8YGZSTJLrp vZZp23l8YD++21Nr9K9OW9ua4BuCeBhrUr9Su+7CQyAuDD6KhyuW+6m4rmZtdJQf11nbDmNJLGK1 5vPxMFaofg9hsI/UqW5tPFzp8HitGdfzMNv/Go/HYDXjFfFw1p14Num44Zyr1ve/Oa5n5/sIa6JH RiOym+fvRH9V1nkj7nIcquVEbONx2c3l5Roz9x5Rx/Ik8t2CZvj/oBi53aIOJNUCeRT9zJylF7bg FhTQ9BNPFArN0s6ByzC4LOo7hz4ppgXC/ogvLd84fCSazAxtfqbBzj8e3/fRWy7jQ1MlEsl4FrNm /nPxQoPN7Vcbu4Z3iq/o4hyx+Yo3wc1CjLeiy38bBs8qMPiozorWuE0bRlwMlkgkcfRs7vCkZrMo Qt/79YbOgcgTWNZ8eismNbfAoCLhuFi3oqI+0ZVIKpa6jsF36wXmtWPdgNDNbB7BKBWF2pW/io5R s5yF2UeTSGaDpV35cLBPfdfIMKonRLNykQc55Uqm3WvDpErmsLNGj6HuB0zLheoJqY69OwepMdwz xddw0NrRbe9l1XC2YrR5BRy/eH6q4ZY3TDsBLdZVhC8MMahEeg8ad1y2fzUGSuaCFd2jh1NmNG3c /RCqy0LMUFHU9duPhvAl7d4xSeEgPIEyOeJdl/wNxa+3fVZwS0OxvU+L+1YML3zym1q/vfDMQ6e6 DYrpPE22quX8ED6FxdAUzHyjmt49EAYDfKqzTuuYrfdPaBWSbvduoXAYF5Bud0/EoFS6ZVuTZnhf gjB2U7sz1Tz2/pr5f4lmIRnTfSgMt5x/IDcIFvpFGdP7mKiHeNXtO9s00wsLdNp0doEegEFCpFdM 7yXN8n5Ffir0LM1wfoRA7x0Ng4DY+T5COnYej/IEGTFbD3S6MfYWRLf833BDpKotd5Jm+eF+2bk/ CxOhYDCwKJ11LlAsj78uBQVLN5x4JN2WM7mVZDxKu8svPNSeqCobutBx0Tv9I9CkoA0Gl434pgJV E6KbDv+0t5AcnPAMg2op3XJfg2cLS1p3HkX2qpm7J2M4t4s1GbhTJ26tA3vSgUCNp9j+vaEfbjIs vahN9DrB5JcwfRe8+xf1YKfaYzcOrltjVMfjhzX96WMTdIBwHUPUscJ6d1yntee+AjoWFo5OFGt6 0VaxcnxwWMLIPI6oiwuahLCbzKswdgK9kbiognEGXxf17Brdwm5QN0V07f2noblEBAo7XKD6joFP oKpsxAstima4P0tb3u74O1OQjJG7FqNPigZ7MBwzj6oJidf0rBnfCWPPRR0cK5qnlrTmjhXDFMs/ Q5RgpFh0cA6kBzpWUCJTbtW29K8W/Zms/85oekGhEW100+MtLzhOUQ86zXTDOftoFCAg2onNe1GP qqgtK/QwjFjUwQ0O7Ni+bgztJiz0+chrY27IEHVJIra0WIsl7DbG8wxNUqwVsSWib+6rAr2oqzWd i7ixJApdoMaeYT4KbTKIF7pcYc3EyzGZsli9eTScew5VRalpc94h7heERpfVxEbakcDUVkrWC2fQ iQvVrmKhTxLFwqGqp/RrSeEgrODfW7suOooMxkVAtPhsOTCdF7QcRF0hYdH5YJ6ksLikWvt01lz+ SlKYKIrhjJaapmY6l6SNXPixVaDjoxEXs27SuMFAacs5R/TDoCLRD5I64ewMq+n/XdRVrXXemDr1 /AZRp1p8MJMkDtX0qzfunvRnlOKFFkVs3quGP26aJxL2R+Mz0ZbD6s173kTxUTUnsBou/GAHBPr0 GCSRVCasHxT0R1lfDFVlI/7pRWH9znACTNbUOjnJBkS1cgXHaReivnOATxcNgqq5o7kvXZN13snO 9xrVdH2oMTFEIqk8PnL318Mvo5afOVL2l26saftTih8XeKjF+oM7MrZTcNw7f0BWBiddeN1xh20a vZf1QeFLruA1G+tHw4Ad5n5Vyeb2sS7DC+bwLfcY/X/P55OXSCQxNHpCDU/wW0bHXkVNAGuWh69n yhEoqGq2+Ey+n3vooQY+q01C/MkK6yPvP+qcy554+P6Hp/0LPolkXrF//10HQa1JhWNF5+6wLz6b LN+86wK48YgFVRQIg/fabPur+q7B+w5/9/vOWdY72nRk3zX66s1uQzq7a+WxZ192fmPnwP/RjPwv WSsEav/EtEBYU3z/57/xnUk9SJRIFgSsJhwbOWUNPo/qmaW5r0o3vciSUSBQWJd2DcLnoOXPClQA vXu0rr4j/4uk1sOaLZf84Qc/eDqNphLJgQPrK4fLNKGEK6tMN+wmE5mvDz4OWtoxPGsf+SzrGRqI twQ0K1+R3x1IJDPKijY/o8XXumfN6mU9kVlcJs3RW0ZvE9OGSTQwaG5oaTlYt4TBLuxGsMya/oVE JJKKR2t3G3QLX+kJwmtHy/sGTEqIpiWjCTOkwI0E1ZUB/4RXqPk7B/jQVInkgKSuY3B3sSfpUFjY zYB/pVZvD/x4WffwXUs7RwYbO4bcpo17/CPfefnNmjCfX2PP4Dcx6QlRst4lMBYbBr5E9mm5r+lm /vnUcb3BdFqtfTq7kTwTH/dOx5W2xz5sKcbSrnw4c219pz/ugxmJ5MADCpflR6Z0nkgauwdDd0PX 4K2Y0oSkW3daYjpJUms77wNb1fR+lBROohrBJIyloFr5cN7B+q7Bkr/kk0gOOJp69mzU7YGv1tkD v1Yt/xXddF+BD0LogRkr/N9D07KgAhiX9NodQe0tLOBAkjply5RWc9WMoJ+v2d7cj/qTSOYTTRuG +BsBKPioKhtVWF9eFNXyxq3Yw7oCz2G0KQHjFehmle7MG6iWSCQToZg48MfORyZKKAfN8sMJEkqR 8md4SQaeB0B6Daa/F1USiWQiYJw8FBxWgIoOvS2GUsK89UmimO4dmMSkoEKfMb25fa0okcwnNNPl M79M5RUdSyOy0oooGcPpT9KLUtWOff9yOK53CTXvGzsHbkatRCKZiI27P3IxFb4Vwjf25UDx4wJL VaFJqsYcP1GGKDD9VPh6rwQau/LXU9xy4kkkEgbVmLBFVUmkE5ZUShKYTQWjwFRKkVVbk4SZTTim n465zhqcdLdEIjlgWbNlNJwjTrOCxRtLxuivzhg71yuWM6xb/hUk6WzuXFhrDa3iLILpp5Jk4lp7 bNpm+B4AlRKJpFwydj6cGhoKFVNNeuHLmSLTOfhG4RjLml9AIpEkoHfnYF39sfH8dv4/MWiuWaQb bjiTK96UJBLJdKFZ+ehgG8ufm1dip52nwgM+8VhU2/1nDJVIJNNKy2iNbrqRr/igSd3YNfAlFjpz Tf+WrTV1lheuWEOiGp5cDlsimS10230qXghB4CbQYOd/uLpnpAVNy6O5r6qhZ+i8ett/ISl9EM30 v4zWEolkttHt4XrF8l6MfNdegsDNIUmfJGj7A3hKj7uVSCSVwooNo8vrO/J3TGVWXHgop5jeYGqz W4vJSiQSiUQikUgkEolEIpFIJBKJRCKRSCQSiUQikUgWFKnU/wc+6tvBmdIzLwAAAABJRU5ErkJg gg==01322745129648Microsoft Office Word01080304falseTitle1false152089falsefalse15.000012023-11-22T04:27:00Z2023-11-22T04:27:00ZTruehttp://www.zotero.org/styles/american-medical-associationAmerican Medical Association 11th editionhttp://www.zotero.org/styles/american-political-science-associationAmerican Political Science Associationhttp://www.zotero.org/styles/apaAmerican Psychological Association 7th editionhttp://www.zotero.org/styles/american-sociological-associationAmerican Sociological Association 6th editionhttp://www.zotero.org/styles/harvard-anglia-ruskin-universityAnglia Ruskin University - Harvardhttp://www.zotero.org/styles/cardiff-university-vancouverCardiff University - Vancouverhttp://www.zotero.org/styles/chicago-author-dateChicago Manual of Style 17th edition (author-date)http://www.zotero.org/styles/harvard-cite-them-rightCite Them Right 10th edition - Harvardhttp://www.zotero.org/styles/ieeeIEEEhttp://www.zotero.org/styles/vancouverVancouverhttp://www.zotero.org/styles/vancouver6333ff65-8a93-39d6-bdd5-b475166317d5a7d4ff3d957ad14afdeb364ff833263e61e9055fa49c742547cca9c51e56c120