Jurnal Biometrika dan Kependudukan

FACTORS AFFECTING MATERNAL COMPLIANCE IN GIVING MULTIPLE IMMUNIZATION INJECTIONS TO TODDLERS AT MEDOKAN AYU HEALTH CENTER IN SURABAYA

Kristoforus Samson, Dominicus Husada, Muthmainnah Muthmainnah — Sun, 06 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Maternal compliance as determining factor in increasing the coverage of double immunization injections for children <2-years-old at the Medokan Ayu Health Center in Surabaya. Based on local monitoring data, the average immunized child is still below the target of 90% which is certainly at high risk of exposure to hepatitis-B, tuberculosis, whooping cough, and diphtheria in children. This study aimed to analyze the factors that affect maternal compliance in administering double immunization injections to children <2-years-old at the Medokan Ayu Surabaya Health Center. This was observational research with a cross-sectional study design. Data was collected using questionnaires distributed directly to respondents. The population in this study was mothers who have children <2-years-old at the Medokan Ayu Health Center in Surabaya. Sample selected using the Multistage Random Sampling technique. There was no influence between demographic factors on maternal compliance in administering double immunization injections to children <2-years-old at the Medokan Ayu Health Center in Surabaya (p=0.855). There were effects of perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived obstacles, belief in success (self-efficacy), and signals to action on maternal compliance in administering double immunization injections to children <2-years-old at the Medokan Ayu Surabaya Health Center (p< 0.05). Mothers who have perceived obstacles, as well as disbelief in the success of double immunization injections tend to disobey in providing immunization injections to their children. The latest program from the Health Center which is home immunization visits is a to increase the coverage of double immunization injections for children <2-years-old.

ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF PERSONAL SAFETY PRACTICES, ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSES PERCEIVED BY HEALTH WORKERS ON HOW TO MANAGE THE RISK OF COVID-19

Inge Dhamanti, Rosediani Muhamad, Luckyta Ayu Puspita Sari — Fri, 11 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0700

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers were required to implement safety practices to protect themselves from high transmission risks. The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of personal safety practices, organizational practices, and perceived responses by healthcare workers on how they manage COVID-19 risks. This study is an analytical research using a cross-sectional method. The research instrument used was an online questionnaire distributed in June 2022. The inclusion criteria were healthcare workers serving as frontliners at Community Health Centers (Puskesmas) and Government or Teaching Hospitals in Surabaya City, with a minimum of three months of work experience during the pandemic (2020–2021). A total of 221 respondents participated in the study. The data were analyzed using multiple regression tests to examine the effect of independent variables (perceptions of personal safety practices, organizational practices, and perceived responses related to COVID-19) on the dependent variable (ways of managing COVID-19 risks). The majority of respondents were female (85.5%); 76.5% were married; 88.7% worked at Puskesmas, with 48.4% of them being accredited with full status, and 11.3% worked at hospitals, with 8.1% of those hospitals also fully accredited. This study found that personal safety practices (p = 0.000) and perceived responses (p = 0.025) had a significant effect on how healthcare workers managed COVID-19 risks. Meanwhile, organizational safety practices did not significantly affect risk management. Healthcare facilities need to provide safety training and psychosocial support to enhance healthcare workers’ preparedness and resilience during crises.

DETERMINANTS OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT: COMPARISON BETWEEN PERCEPTION AND RECORDS USING THE INDONESIAN DEMOGRAPHIC HEALTH SURVEY DATA

Ahmad Ridoi Yuda Prayogi, Susy Katikana Sebayang, Mu Li — Fri, 11 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Measuring birth weight in low resource settings is problematic. Mothers' perception of newborn's size is often used as a proxy. This study examines the correlation between weight measured at birth and the mother's perception of her child's size and compare the determinants of low birth weight (LBW) and small birth size using both measures. This study analyzed the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey data and examined the list of determinants associated with birth weight. There was a strong correlation between newborn's weight measured at birth and mother's perception of birth size and a high agreement between LBW and perceived small birth size. Both measures, birth order was a significant child factor, and the number of antenatal care (ANC) visits was an important ANC factor. Maternal education was a significant socioeconomic determinant of LBW, while household wealth and improved household latrine were significant determinants of perceived birth size. Mother's perception of birth size can be used as a proxy measurement for a child's birth weight for programmatic purposes in low resource settings where birth weight was difficult to measure.

RURAL-URBAN DISPARITIES IN DETERMINANTS OF BCG IMMUNIZATION COVERAGE FOR CHILDREN AGED 0-3 MONTHS IN INDONESIA

Nur Mutiara Husnah Hidayatullah BW, Erni Astutik, Arief Hargono — Sun, 06 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) immunization plays a crucial role in preventing tuberculosis, especially in developing countries like Indonesia. Its coverage is influenced by various factors that differ between urban and rural areas. This study aimed to identify factors associated with BCG immunization among infants aged 0–3 months in urban and rural Indonesia. This study used data from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS), including 562 rural and 476 urban respondents. Variables analyzed included maternal age, education, household wealth, contraceptive use, and ANC visits. Chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression were conducted separately for urban and rural areas. The findings showed that 64.2% of urban and 48.7% of rural children received BCG immunization. In rural areas, children from the richest households were more likely to be immunized compared to those from the poorest households (OR = 2.29; 95%CI = 1.1–4.6). Children of mothers with higher education in urban areas were more likely to receive BCG compared to those with lower education (OR = 3.43; 95%CI = 1.3–9.0), as were those with secondary education (OR = 2.28; 95%CI = 1.1–4.4). Mothers who used contraception were also more likely to immunize their children compared to those who did not (OR = 2.71; 95%CI = 1.5–4.8). BCG coverage remains lower in rural communities. Improving coverage requires expanding access to health services in rural areas and strengthening education and contraceptive programs in urban settings.

SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF ANTENATAL CARE AND LABOUR OF PREGNANT WOMAN IN PRIMARY CARE CENTERS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN BLITAR CITY

Shrimarti Rukmini Devy, Ernawaty Ernawaty, Yuly Sulistyorini — Thu, 17 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted pregnant women's access to health services, including antenatal care (ANC) visits and the choice of delivery place. This study aims to analyse the factors influencing pregnant women's behavior regarding ANC visits and delivery place selection in Blitar City during the pandemic. This research employed a quantitative method with a cross-sectional design. Data were collected using questionnaires administered to pregnant women in Blitar City who met the inclusion criteria. Data analysis involved statistical tests to identify the relationships between independent variables (maternal knowledge, maternal attitudes, perceptions of healthcare workers, family perceptions, and information availability) and dependent variables (ANC visit behaviour and delivery place selection). The results showed that maternal knowledge and perceptions of healthcare workers significantly influenced ANC visit behaviour, whereas maternal attitudes, family perceptions, and information availability did not show significant effects. Conversely, in delivery place selection behaviour, maternal attitudes, family perceptions, and information availability were significant factors, while maternal knowledge and healthcare workers' perceptions were not. It is concluded that individual and social factors play important roles in determining pregnant women's behaviour during a health crisis. Interventions aimed at improving health education, family support, and access to accurate information are essential to strengthen maternal health services during the pandemic.

BUILDING KINSHIP NEGOTIATIONS: DEFINITION OF SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR CHILDREN OF INDONESIAN MIGRANT WORKERS

Anita Kristina, Muhamad Abdul Jumali — Sun, 06 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This study examines how children of Indonesian migrant workers construct their own social protection and navigate relationships within extended families. This study explores how social protection emerges through kinship negotiations based on children’s perceptions. When parents migrate for work, children face challenges and rely on extended family members for care. Using a qualitative phenomenological approach, this study identifies patterns of kinship negotiations that shape social protection. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with children aged 7–15 in East Katol Village, Madura, Indonesia, who live with extended families due to parental migration. Findings reveal that children perceive social protection as central to familial relationships, engaging in negotiations embedded in kinship traditions. They extend protection beyond biological relatives, including non-relatives considered "like family." Protective interactions involve both family and non-family members, addressing care management and economic needs. This study provides insights into institutional social protection for children of migrant workers from social, psychological, and economic perspectives. These findings collectively offer valuable theoritical insight into the dynamics of family kindship and negotiation in shaping social protection, while also providing practical implications for the development of more effective and inclusive social welfare policies. This study emphasizes that the existing pattern of social protection through family kinship negotiation is not fully provided by the government.

UNDERREPORTING IN INFECTIOUS DISEASE CASES: A TIME SERIES REGRESSION-SIR APPROACH

Fri, 11 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Failure to account for the underreporting of infectious disease cases distorts the understanding of infectious disease dynamics. Underreporting creates a false sense of security, allowing the disease to persist or resurge and undermining the effectiveness of public health interventions. This study aims to address underreporting and identify the underlying distribution that best describes the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in Nigeria. A Time Series Regression Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (TSIR) model, incorporating Poisson, Gaussian, and Quasi-Poisson distributions with various link functions, was applied to weekly cumulative COVID-19 case data. This dataset spans from February 28, 2020, to July 3, 2022, and includes 110 weekly records. It was sourced from the Nigerian Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) through publicly available weekly epidemiological reports. Microsoft Office Excel 2016 was utilized to collate the database, and the NCDC’s online platform served as the primary data source. The data were divided into two sets: training data from February 28, 2020, to March 20, 2022, comprising 100 cases for modeling TSIR, and testing data from March 27, 2022, to July 3, 2022, encompassing 10 weekly cases for model performance evaluation. These research findings revealed that the reporting rate of COVID-19 data under study is about 35%, indicating underreporting. When accounting for underreporting, the transmission rate was reduced by approximately 0.15. The quasi-Poisson distribution with the log function was the best at describing the distribution of the incidence cases. The study established that the COVID-19 incidence cases in Nigeria are underreported and follow a quasi-Poisson distribution.

CLUSTERING OF DRUG, COSMETIC, TRADITIONAL MEDICINE, AND FOOD CRIME VULNERABILITY IN EAST JAVA USING THE K-MEDOIDS ALGORITHM

Sun, 06 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Drug and Food crime vulnerability mapping is the process of identifying potential crimes based on investigation, news, and study analysis, including the results of supervision, intelligence, cyber, and information analysis. The purpose of this study is to classify the vulnerability of drug, cosmetic, traditional medicine, and food crime in East Java using the K-Medoids algorithm, as well as to see the development of the vulnerability of drug, cosmetic, traditional medicine, and food crime in East Java Province for 5 years from 2019 to 2023. The method used is the K-Medoids algorithm with the determination of the number of clusters using the Average Silhouette Width (ASW) method. The highest ASW value between 0.28447-0.61210 was obtained in clusters with 5 groups, namely very high, high, medium, low, and very low clusters. The results of the study show that from 2019 to 2023, as many as 12 regencies/cities have an increasingly vulnerable status, while 26 other regencies/cities have an increasingly safe status. The 12 regencies/cities that are increasingly vulnerable are Bangkalan Regency, Gresik Regency, Lamongan Regency, Nganjuk Regency, Pamekasan Regency, Pasuruan Regency, Ponorogo Regency, Sidoarjo Regency, Tuban Regency, Malang City, Probolinggo City, and Surabaya City. It is necessary to empower the community and intensify communication, provide education and disseminate information massively regarding the use of legal and safe Drugs and Food products, especially in areas with very high vulnerability.