Journal of Basic Medical Veterinary

Thorax Space Fluid Aspiration During Pleural Effusion in A Cat

Wudhia Windy Toliu — 2025-12-01

Pleural effusion is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity, which may result from infection, trauma, neoplasia or systemic disease. This condition often leads to acute respiratory distress in cats and requires immediate intervention. Thoracocentesis is the primary diagnostic and therapeutic method to evaluate the type of fluid and identify possible causative pathogens. This report to describe the management of pleural effusion in a four-year-old female Persian cat who presented with complaints of dyspnea, weakness, and decreased appetite. Physical examination and thoracic radiographs revealed fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity. Thoracocentesis was performed at the 7th or 8th intercostal space after the area was shaved and sterilized. The cat was placed in lateral recumbency and anesthetized before fluid aspiration with a syringe. Hematological examination revealed anemia, while radiographs showed radiopaque areas on the thorax. The aspirated fluid was clear pale yellow in color. Bacterial culture on NA medium revealed microbial growth, indicating infection as one of the causes of the effusion. In conclusion, thoracocentesis plays an important role in the diagnosis and therapy of pleural effusion, and helps speed up the patient's recovery. The cat recovered and was discharged after six days of intensive care.

Guidelines for Author, Back Cover

Salma Aisyafalah, S.Si — 2025-12-01

Erythrocyte, Hemoglobin, and Hematocrit Profiles in Indonesian Simental and Limousin in Highlands and Lowlands in Banyuwangi

Sharfina Habibah Trisnawati — 2025-12-01

This study aimed to evaluate the differences in blood profile of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and PCV in Indonesian simental and limousin beef cattle in highlands and lowlands. Banyuwangi is one of the beef cattle contributors in East Java with its highland and lowland topography. This research was conducted from July to August 2023. The research was conducted in 3 locations namely highlands (Kalibaru), lowlands (Rogojampi) and sample examination in Airlangga University Banyuwangi. Animals used in this study were Indonesian simental and limousin beef cattle with 1-2 years of age as many as 15 heads in the highlands and 15 heads in the lowlands. The research method used was purposive sampling. Blood samples used in this study used Indonesian simental and limousin beef cattle blood taken using venoject and inserted in EDTA tubes and examined using a Hematology Analyzer. The variables observed in this study were the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and PCV. The data obtained were processed with Independent T-test data analysis. The results showed no significant difference in erythrocytes and PCV, but there was a significant difference in hemoglobin levels. The conclusion of this study is that Indonesian simental and limousin beef cattle in the lowlands experience mild anemia.

Comparative Toxicity Analysis Ethanol and Decoction Extracts of Curry Leaf (Murraya koenigii) Using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test

Fauzul Husna — 2025-12-01

Curry leaves (Murraya koenigii) are used in traditional medicine; however, their toxicity and anticancer properties remain largely unexplored. This study assessed the toxicity of ethanol and decoction extracts of curry leaves using a Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Curry leaves were collected, dried, and extracted with 96% ethanol using the decoction method. Artemia salina larvae were exposed to extract concentrations (62.5, 125, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm) for 24 h. The lethal concentration 50 (LC₅₀) values were determined by probit analysis. The ethanol extract showed toxicity with an LC₅₀ of 263 ppm, whereas the decoction extract was non-toxic with an LC₅₀ of 6,174 ppm. The ethanol extract had a higher mortality rate (93.3%) than the decoction extract (26.6%). The differential toxicity was due to the solvents and extraction techniques used. Ethanol extracts bioactive compounds, including toxic elements. The high temperature in the decoction process may break down heat-sensitive toxic compounds. This study concluded that the ethanol extract of curry leaves exhibited a more potent toxic effect than the decoction extract, warranting further research to identify toxic compounds with anticancer properties.

Potential of Andrographis paniculata and Morinda citrifolia as Natural Anticoccidial Agents in Broiler Chickens: An In Vitro Study

Reza Yesica — 2025-12-01

Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease that commonly affects broiler chickens, caused by protozoa of the genus Eimeria. This disease significantly reduces productivity, impairs feed efficiency, and increases mortality rates. The continuous use of synthetic anticoccidial drugs has raised concerns over resistance and drug residues accumulation in poultry products. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the in vitro anticoccidial efficacy of herbal powders from Andrographis paniculata (sambiloto) and Morinda citrifolia (noni leaves) as potential natural alternatives. A total of 150 fecal samples were collected from five poultry farms using a simple random sampling method. Eight treatment groups were established: a negative control (without coccidiostat), a positive control (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), and six herbal treatments (0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75% of both A. paniculata and M. citrifolia powders). Each treatment group comprised five biological replicates. Oocyst per gram (OPG) counts were determined using McMaster technique. Both herbal powders significantly reduced OPG compared to the negative control (p < 0.05). The most effective treatment was M. citrifolia at 0.75%, showing the lowest OPG value and comparable efficacy to the synthetic anticoccidial. M. citrifolia 0.75% reduced mean OPG to 4,098 ± 250 (p < 0.001) compared to the negative control. This study provides the direct comparative evidence of A. paniculata and M. citrifolia anticoccidial activity using standardized OPG quantification, suggesting their promise as sustainable herbal alternatives for coccidiosis control.

Nephroprotective Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Papaya (Carica papaya) Seeds on Blood Urea Nitrogen and Creatinine Levels in Albino Rats Induced by Paracetamol

Muhammad Syahrul Mubarok — 2025-12-01

Kidney damage caused by high-dose paracetamol leads to elevated Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels as indicators of impaired renal function. This study aimed to evaluate the dose-dependent nephroprotective effects of ethanolic Carica papaya seed extract on BUN and creatinine levels in paracetamol-induced albino rats. A posttest-only control group design was applied using 25 male Wistar rats divided into five groups: negative control (1% CMC-Na), positive control (paracetamol 1000 mg/kgBW), and three treatment groups receiving Carica papaya seed extract at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kgBW. The extract was administered orally for seven consecutive days before paracetamol induction on day 8 and continued until day 11. Blood samples were collected on day 11, and serum was stored at -20 °C before BUN and creatinine concentrations were analyzed spectrophotometrically. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a significance level of p < 0.05. The results showed a significant and dose-dependent reduction in both parameters in all treated groups compared to the positive control, with the 400 mg/kgBW dose showing the strongest effect and restoring values close to physiological levels. The nephroprotective activity was associated with the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the bioactive compounds that counteract oxidative stress and preserve renal cellular integrity. In conclusion, the ethanolic extract of Carica papaya seeds demonstrates significant dose-dependent nephroprotection against paracetamol-induced kidney injury in rats.

Identification, Prevalence Estimation, and Mapping of Coccidiosis in Broiler Chickens (Gallus domesticus) Across Varying Elevations in Malang Regency and Batu City

Heri Irawan — 2025-12-01

Broiler chickens are chickens that have been specifically bred for high meat production. The increase in chicken meat consumption has become both an opportunity and a challenge for farmers, one of which is coccidiosis. Coccidiosis is caused by the Eimeria protozoa, which commonly infect chickens and target their digestive tract. This study aims to calculate the proportion and identify Eimeria species that often cause coccidiosis in broiler chickens in Malang Regency and Batu City. A total of 180 fecal samples from 6 different farms were used. The examination was conducted using the McMaster method and sporulation for 2-7 days on positive samples by immersing feces in a 2% potassium dichromate solution. Identification of Eimeria species was based on morphology and morphometry and was then were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The relationship between risk factors and coccidiosis occurrence was analyzed using Chi-square. The distribution of coccidiosis infections in Malang was depicted on an epidemiological map. The results showed that there were 4 Eimeria species infecting the six subdistricts in Malang Regency and Batu City, namely E. necatrix, E. acervulina, E. praecox, and E. maxima. The proportion of coccidiosis incidence in Malang Regency and Batu City was 18.89%. The highest proportion was in Dau District (43.33%), followed by Pagelaran District (36.67%), Kromengan District (23.33%), Wagir District (6.67%), Junrejo District (3.33%), and lastly Batu District (0%). Chi-square analysis showed that altitude and temperature had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the coccidiosis incidence rate in Malang Regency and Batu City.

Bioactivity-Guided Evaluation of Tabernaemontana divaricata Leaf Fractions Reveals Promising Anti-Inflammatory, Antipyretic, and Analgesic Effects in Mice

Chaerul Fadly Mochtar — 2025-12-01

Inflammation, pain, and fever are major physiological responses to tissue injury or infection that often require pharmacological intervention. However, prolonged use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may cause gastrointestinal and hepatic toxicity, encouraging the search for safer natural alternatives. Tabernaemontana divaricata has been traditionally used to treat inflammatory and febrile conditions, yet limited studies have evaluated the pharmacological properties of its solvent fractions. This study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities of the hexane (HeFrTD) and butanol (BuFrTD) fractions derived from the ethyl acetate extract of T. divaricata leaves in male mice. The fractions were obtained through liquid–liquid partitioning and administered orally at doses of 62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg body weight. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects were evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema, peptone-induced pyrexia, and hot plate assays, respectively. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test. Both fractions significantly (p < 0.05) reduced inflammation, pyrexia, and pain in a dose-dependent manner. The 250 mg/kg dose produced strong anti-inflammatory and antipyretic responses, with no statistically significant difference from diclofenac and paracetamol within the experimental model. Analgesic activity suggested possible involvement of central pathways commonly associated with opioid receptor modulation. In conclusion, the fractions of T. divaricata exhibit notable multi-target pharmacological effects, supporting their traditional use and potential for development as natural anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic agents.

Leukocyte Profile Analysis in Cats with Otitis Caused by Otodectes cynotis Infestation Following Ivermectin Treatment

Kadek Rahmawati — 2025-12-01

Otitis in domestic cats is an inflammation of the ear caused by bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections, especially ear mites (Otodectes cynotis). It is common in cats and can cause itching, discomfort, and more severe secondary infections if left untreated. Ivermectin is an antiparasitic agent that is effective in controlling various parasitic infections, including ear mites in cats. The mechanism of action of ivermectin is by inhibiting the nerve activity of the parasite, causing paralysis and death of the parasite. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ivermectin therapy on leukocyte profile in cats with otitis due to ear mite Otodectes cynotis parasite infestation. This study used a Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design involving two groups of domestic cats: a treatment group (K+) receiving ivermectin therapy and a control group (K-) receiving no treatment. Leukocyte profiles were analyzed using a hematology analyzer. The results showed that ivermectin was effective in reducing the total leukocyte count. A decrease in the number of leukocytes, especially eosinophils and neutrophils, indicates an improvement in the inflammation and healing stage of the cat's body. Thus, ivermectin was shown to be effective in suppressing Otodectes cynotis parasite invasion and improving the immunological status of domestic cats through its effect on leukocyte profile.

Effects of Nicotine-Containing E-Cigarette Smoke on Testicular Histopathology in Albino Rats

Nina Amalia — 2025-12-01

This study aims to assess the level of damage from histopathology of seminiferous tubules of testicular organs of albino rats affected by exposure to e-cigarette vapor. The 20 albino rats used were divided into 5 groups, which are the control group (C) not given exposure to e-cigarette vapor and the treatment group given exposure to e-cigarette vapor at different doses. Treatment groups T1 (0.3 mg/ml), T2 (3 mg/ml), T3 (12 mg/ml), T4 (36 mg/ml). All treatment groups were given perinhaled and the treatment was carried out for 14 days. At the end of treatment, albino rats were euthanized and then necropsied and testicular organs were preserved to make histopathological preparations using Hematoxilin-Eosin staining. The results of the histopathological picture of the seminiferous tubules of the testes were observed at 400x magnification and the thickness of the epithelium and the diameter of the seminiferous tubules. The results showed a significant change in the thickness of the seminiferous tubule epithelium in each treatment which decreased, but there was no significant change in the diameter of the seminiferous tubules. This study states that exposure to e-cigarette vapor in rats can cause a decrease in spermatogenesis.

Front Cover, Editorial Board, Peer Reviewers, Acknowledgments

Salma Aisyafalah, S.Si — 2025-12-01

Biofilm-Mediated Survival of Leptospira spp.: A Comprehensive Review on Molecular Basis and Control Strategies

Robby Wijayanto — 2025-12-01

Leptospirosis is a significant tropical zoonosis, with a considerable burden on morbidity and mortality in humans as well as animals. One of the possible explanations is biofilm formation, which is the accumulation of EPS, eDNA, and c-di-GMP signals that respond to various environmental, antibiotic, or host-immune challenges. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying biofilm formation, ecological significance, connection to antimicrobial resistance, and the public health implications. Elucidation of the c-di-GMP regulatory networks, adhesin gene and protein expression, and other metabolic shifts account for the survival of Leptospira biofilms in autochthonous populations of aquatic habitats and kidney colonization of reservoir hosts. In addition, biofilms have been associated with long-term bacterial colonization, chronic urine stream associated with persistent bacterial shedding, and failed antibiotics. This scenario, from an epidemiological perspective, facilitates the emergence of anthropogenic infections, and perpetuates the endemic nature of the disease. From a disease-control perspective, biofilms increase the burden associated with persistent infections. This review emphasizes that, as a survival strategy, biofilms represent several potential avenues for the implementation of novel control strategies, including the use of antibiofilm agents, quorum-sensing inhibitors, and multi-epitope vaccines. The functional and integrated dissection of biofilms positioned Leptospira spp. to novel One Health-based control strategies for the disease.

Environmental and Management Risk Factors for Goat Mastitis in Banyuwangi

Dewi Sri Lestari — 2025-12-04

Mastitis is a persistent and economically significant health problem in dairy goats in Banyuwangi, East Java, where smallholder production systems dominate. This review synthesises current evidence on the primary risk factors contributing to the high prevalence of subclinical mastitis in the region. Local studies consistently report Staphylococcus aureus as the leading etiological agent, frequently exhibiting antimicrobial resistance linked to unsupervised antibiotic use. Host-related factors such as advanced parity, udder lesions, and teat-end damage increase susceptibility to intramammary infection. Management practices—including inadequate milking hygiene, use of shared towels, absence of pre- and post-dipping, and irregular equipment sanitation—facilitate the transmission of contagious pathogens. Environmental conditions, particularly high humidity and poor housing sanitation, further elevate infection pressure. Socio-economic constraints and limited farmer knowledge about subclinical mastitis and antibiotic stewardship exacerbate disease persistence. The multifactorial nature of mastitis in Banyuwangi underscores the need for context-appropriate interventions combining improved hygiene practices, better housing management, routine screening, and responsible antimicrobial use. Strengthened farmer education and targeted surveillance are essential to reduce mastitis prevalence and enhance the sustainability of goat dairy production in the region.

Application of Forward Chaining Method Expert System in Diagnosing Rabies in Pets

Rifki Adrian Syach — 2025-11-29

Rabies is an animal-borne disease posing a significant risk to pet owners. Due to pet owners' inadequate understanding of disease types and treatment options, coupled with the financial burden of frequent veterinary visits, the developed expert system aims to assist pet owners in diagnosing diseases afflicting Persian cats, specifically Rabies, Renal Failure, Panleukopenia, Feline Infectious Peritonitis, and Feline Calici Virus. This study seeks to evaluate the application of an expert system forward chaining approach to diagnose rabies in pets. The research approach used was a literature review that utilized books and previous research publications as data sources. The results of the study show that using the forward chaining method in an expert system for pet disease diagnosis is highly effective for identifying rabies and significantly improves the understanding and treatment of pet diseases through an information technology framework.