Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health Research

Back Matter

admin JCMPHR — 2024-11-12

Back Matter JCMPHR

Environmental Factors to Malaria Incidence : A Literature Review

Nani Sri Untari nani — 2024-11-12

Malaria remains a major public health concern in Indonesia, particularly due to its high mortality rate among children under five, accounting for approximately two-thirds of all cases. The disease is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes, which carry the Plasmodium parasite. In 2019, malaria caused 409,000 deaths globally, with 229 million cases reported, particularly in remote areas with poor access to healthcare, commonly in low-income countries. This literature review highlighted the environmental risk factors contributing to malaria incidence, based on studies from 24 scientific journals using data from the Sinta and Scopus databases. The study identified key environmental factors, including physical, chemical, biological, and socio-cultural elements, with the most significant risk linked to vector breeding sites. Among the reviewed articles, 62.5% (15 out of 24) found a statistically significant association between the presence of mosquito breeding sites and malaria incidence. Additional risk factors included the use of mosquito nets, housing conditions (specifically wall density), and nighttime outdoor activities. Effective malaria control measures require addressing these environmental factors, as they play a crucial role in the disease’s transmission. Strategies to disrupt the transmission cycle include eliminating mosquito breeding sites, applying larvicides to stagnant water, cleaning vector resting areas, promoting the use of insecticide-treated nets, and implementing Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS). A community-based, integrated approach to environmental management is essential to reducing malaria transmission and controlling its spread in affected regions.

Maternal Reason for Choosing Caesarean Section at Won Request and Without Medical Indication : A Literature Review

Gusna Pricilia Cipta Wardhani — 2024-11-12

New research from the World Health Organization (WHO) shows that the incidence of caesarean sections in childbirth continues to increase globally, accounting for more than 1 in 5 (21%) of all births. Although there is a considerable amount of literature on complications following caesarean section, the demand for caesarean section without medical indication and at maternal request is increasing. This study aimed to identify the reasons why mothers choose to have a caesarean section without a medical indication. Mothers may choose to have a caesarean section due to fear of vaginal delivery, concerns about perceived health risks, previous traumatic childbirth experiences, worries about future sexual life, positive attitudes towards the caesarean section, and the decision-making process. It can be concluded that many expectant mothers are not adequately prepared for this process. Tackling this problem requires collaboration between different stakeholders. WHO has recommended guidelines for non-clinical interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean sections, targeting women, health professionals and health organizations, facilities, or systems.

Determinants of Child Marriage in Indonesia : A Systematic Review

Zulfa Zuhriyyah Ayudiputri — 2024-11-12

Early marriage is an ongoing phenomenon and is becoming more prevalent. The lack of public knowledge and lack of awareness of early child marriage leaves children deeply traumatized. More than 1 million (1.2 million) women aged 20-24 were married for the first time before the age of 18. The purpose of this study was to provide an overview of the causal characteristics of child marriage in Indonesia. The method used in this study was a systematic review conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) rules. The literature search was performed across multiple journal sites or online articles such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct by entering the keywords 'Determinants of child marriage AND Indonesia'. There is a prevalent belief among parents and youth is that marrying off young girls preserves family honor. Additionally, poverty and economic instability make child marriage more socially acceptable. Other contributing factors include limited access to education and societal norms that promote marriage after puberty and within the same ethnic group. Despite existing laws regulating the minimum age for marriage, enforcement remains problematic. The review of nine articles indicated that child marriage in Indonesia is influenced by beliefs, limited access to education, culture, environmental factors, and gaps in legal enforcement.

Front Matter

admin JCMPHR — 2024-11-12

Front Matter Vol 5 No 2 December 2024

Characteristics and Management of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux in The Elderly : A Case Report

Wahyu Ikhsan — 2024-11-12

Laryngopharyngeal reflux is a condition resulting from the retrograde flow of stomach acid through the distal esophagus into the laryngopharyngeal area. The prevalence of laryngo-pharyngeal reflux in the elderly population remains uncertain. Therefore, the symptoms, findings, and therapy for laryngopharyngeal reflux in the elderly require further investigation. To analyze the characteristics and management of laryngopharyngeal reflux in the elderly. A case of laryngopharyngeal reflux in a 70-year-old woman who frequently experiences sudden choking sensations is presented in this report. Other symptoms include hoarseness, a sensation of throat obstruction, and chest burning. We explored literature on laryngopharyngeal reflux in the elderly through PubMed, PMC, and Google Scholar databases to discuss the case. Laryngopharyngeal reflux in the elderly has a lower reflux symptoms index but a higher reflux finding score. Mental health factors significantly influence laryngopharyngeal reflux incidence in the elderly. Therefore, besides pharmaco-logical therapy, additional non-pharmacological therapies need to be considered to ensure effective laryngopharyngeal reflux treatment. Elderly patients diagnosed with laryngopharyngeal reflux have different presentations and management of the disease compared with younger patients.

Delayed Admission in Neonatal Cholestasis

Bagus Setyoboedi — 2024-11-12

Delayed diagnosis of cholestasis in neonates remains a problem. Cholestatic jaundice is a pathological condition that requires immediate treatment, such as biliary atresia. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of infants with cholestasis who seek treatment at a tertiary hospital. This study was a cross-sectional study to determine the characteristics of infants with cholestasis treated at the tertiary hospital at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. Subjects were collected using medical records using the consecutive method from 2019 to 2021. The inclusion criteria in this study were infants aged >2 weeks who suffered from cholestasis. The age of the 111 infants with cholestasis involved was 4.8 ± 2.9 months old. A total of 27 (24.3%) infants visited the hospital at the age of <2 months, 36 (32.4%) at the age of 2-4 months, but most of them, consisting of 48 (43.2%) infants, came to the hospital at the age of >4 months. Jaundice was present at birth in 23 infants (20.7%), and most infants had jaundice at 1 month of age in 75 infants (67.6%). Most of the infants (75 infants) had jaundice at the age of 1 month but visited the hospital at the age of >4 months. This showed that the late diagnosis of cholestasis in infants was still quite high. This study supports education for early detection of cholestasis in primary healthcare medical personnel, community health workers, and parents.

Retention of Cardiorespiratory Anatomy Knowledge Among Universitas Ailangga Medical Students With History of COVID-19

Arista Widya Andhika Akbar — 2024-11-12

Cardiorespiratory anatomy is fundamental knowledge for doctors. However, knowledge retention in medical students decreases over time. Retention is a reflection of memory ability and is affected by many factors, such as COVID-19 infection. COVID-19 is a disease caused by Sars-CoV-2 and has been declared as a pandemic since March 11^th 2020. During the pandemic, cardiorespiratory anatomy tests were held in the 1^st semester and 4^th semester. The objective of this research was to measure the retention difference between students who had suffered from COVID-19 in that period and the ones without a history of COVID-19. This research was a cross-sectional descriptive analytics observational study involving 59 medical students at Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia. It was known that 19 students had suffered from COVID-19, while the other 40 had not. The average score of overall students experienced a significant decrease from 1^st semester to 4^th semester (p=0.000), both for students who had (p=0.023) and had not suffered from COVID-19 (p=0.001). However, the 1^st semester and 4^th semester cardiorespiratory anatomy scores of students with a history of COVID-19 were lower than students without a history of COVID-19. Besides scores, the cardiorespiratory anatomy knowledge retention of students who had suffered from COVID-19 (M=86.72%) was also lower than students who had not (M=86.95%). Nevertheless, the retention difference between those two groups of students was not significant (p=0.703).

Perceptions of COVID-19 Online Learning Students Based on Dreem in Class 2020 Students of the Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia

Mirza Nur Mazidah — 2024-11-12

A learning environment is anything that can influence changes in attitudes in teaching and learning activities which will further influence the achievement of learning outcomes and student development. A researcher wants to carry out research on student perceptions regarding changes in the online learning environment due to Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) in the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. The study aimed to describe the perceptions of the students toward five aspects of an online learning environment. This study was a descriptive research using a quantitive approach and the sampling technique used simple random sampling with 167 medical faculty student class 2020. One hundred sixty-seven respondents' data were collected using the specific measurement tool Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) to measure the learning environment with univariate analysis. The results obtained from this research showed that the perception of students at the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga towards the online learning environment is quite good with a score of 139.48. The result of this study indicated that the mean DREEM score was 139.48/200 (SD 22.76) is in the good category. Although the learning environment is in a good category, several points need to be improved so the faculty can increase the quality of the medical education.

The Relationship Between Picky Eater and The Nutrional Status of Preschool Children at Gotong Royong Kindergarden in Surabaya, Indonesia

Deby Artika Pangastutik — 2024-11-12

One of the eating behavior disorders in preschool children is picky eater, a behavior that is picky about food so that children experience limited consumption of a variety of foods. This impacts the nutritional status of children, which can affect their health. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between children's eating behavior disorders (picky eaters) and the nutritional status of preschool children at Kindergarten Gotong Royong Surabaya, Indonesia. This was an observational analytical research with a cross-sectional research design. The sampling method used purposive sampling technique. Data were collected by filling out the CEBQ (Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire) questionnaire and anthropometric measurements of body weight and height, as well as measuring nutritional status using the indicators BB/TB (0-6 months) and BMI/U (>60 months). All data were processed using IBM SPSS v25.0 software with the Spearman rank correlation test. The results of the study showed that 53.6% of preschool children at KB-TK Gotong Royong Surabaya had eating behavior disorders (picky eaters), 46.4% of the children were non-picky eaters, 41.0% had poor nutritional status, and 43.6% had normal nutrition who were mostly non-picky eaters. The bivariate analysis results of the correlation test obtained a p-value of 0.001 (α>0.05). These data showed a relationship between picky eating disorders and the nutritional status of preschool children at Kindergarten Gotong Royong Surabaya.

Community Knowledge on Child Gastrointestinal Disease, Growth, and Development : A Cross Sectional Study in Mandangin Islan, Sampang, Indonesia

ALPHA FARDAH ATHIYYAH — 2024-11-12

The prevalence of diarrhea in Madura is higher than in East Java. Mandangin island, an isolated island in Sampang, Madura has limited access to healthcare and knowledge. It will lead to disruptions in the children’s growth and development. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of health education on community knowledge about gastrointestinal disorders and children’s development. This cross-sectional study involved 48 subjects from Mandangin Island, Sampang by total sampling. The subjects received some presentations related to gastrointestinal disease, growth, and development in children using a handbook and audio-visual media. The subjects were required to complete pretest and posttest questionnaires. The pretest and post-test results were processed and analyzed using the statistical software “SPSS” and the Wilcoxon test. Most of the subjects were housewives with a mean age of 28.73 ± 6.22 years old. There was a significant difference between pre-and post-test in gastrointestinal disease, growth, and development in children (46.04 ± 21.71 vs 62.29 ± 13.25, p<0.001). This study found that health education through face-to-face, handbooks, and audiovisual media can enhance community knowledge.

Study of Bacteriological Content and Risk Factors of Drinking Water Consumption Patterns in Cases of Stunting Toddler

Ahmad Zaerozi — 2024-11-12

Stunting is one of global nutrition problems, especially in developing countries including Indonesia. The prevalence of stunting in Demak Regency, Indonesia, in 2021 was 4.34%, and in 2022 it was 2.99%. However, stunting problem remains a priority because the impact of stunting can hinder efforts to enhance the health of the society and the development of the quality of human resources. Risk factors for stunting are influenced by behavioral aspects of the environment, like sanitation and drinking water. This study aimed to determine the content of bacteriological factors that contribute to the risk pattern of drinking water consumption in cases of stunting toddlers in Temuroso Village, Working Area of Guntur I Health Center, Demak Regency, Indonesia. This study was a quantitative observational case study. The population included families and toddlers in Temuroso Village, totaling as many as 854 people. The sampling technique was purposive sampling, so the sample size was 182 people for cases and controls. Data analysis used Chi-Square test and linear regression test. The bacteriological content was predominantly negative (66.5%), with the majority of subjects showing no infections (67%). Most participants fell into the high drinking water consumption category (62.1%). Stunting incidence was significantly associated with bacteriological content (p <0.0001) and drinking water consumption patterns (p <0.0001). Among these, bacteriological content was the most dominant factor influencing stunting (exp B =0.199). In summary, the primary risk factors for stunting among toddlers in Temuroso Village, within the Guntur I Health Center working area, Demak Regency, were bacteriological content (p <0.000) and drinking water consumption patterns (p <0.000).

Characteristics of Hearing Impairment in Patients with Suspected Congenital Rubella Syndrome at the ENT Clinic of Prof. Dr. I.G.N.G Ngoerah Hospital Denpasar, Indonesia

I Gede Wahyu Adi Raditya — 2024-11-12

Asymptomatic rubella virus infection can cause delays in the diagnosis of rubella in pregnant women, leading to the development of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The clinical manifestations of congenital rubella syndrome are called the rubella triad, which includes heart problems, eye problems, and hearing disorders. Sensorineural hearing loss is the most common type of hearing loss in children with rubella infection. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of hearing loss in CRS patients. This study used a retrospective descriptive research design, utilizing secondary data from the medical records of patients with CRS who underwent hearing examinations at the Ear, Nose, Throat (ENT) Polyclinic of Prof. dr. I.G.N.G. Ngoerah Hospital Denpasar, Indonesia. The study found that the most common age group among suspected CRS patients was 6 - 12 months (51.42%), the majority of these patients were male (62.86%), the most frequent clinical signs and symptoms in suspected CRS patients were congenital heart disease (CHD) as a major criterion (60%), and microcephaly as a minor criterion (77.14%). Based on the CRS case criteria, none of the suspected CRS patients were diagnosed with confirmed CRS, with most cases being classified as clinical CRS (65.71%). The hearing loss in suspected CRS patients was entirely sensorineural type with the majority of cases being bilaterally and to a very severe degree (53.57%)

Contributory Factors to the Inability of the Poor to Access National Health Protection: A Case Study in Waingapu, Sumba Timur District, Indonesia

Yohanes Kambaru Windi — 2024-11-12

Millions of poor Indonesians still need access to Indonesia's National Health Protection (NHP). The study investigated barriers making NHP inaccessible for the poor in Waingapu, Sumba Timur, Indonesia. We used a qualitative approach to identify the contributing factors to why NHP was inaccessible for some populations. A total of 30 residents of Waingapu who attended healthcare in two hospitals and five Community Health Centers were recruited using convenience technic. Twenty residents participated in the semi-structured interview, while ten engaged in casual conversations. We also interviewed three heads of community groups and three health cadres for comparative information. Questions have been developed to guide the interviews and casual conversation. The interviews were audio-taped and transcribed while intensive note-taking was performed during the informal discussion or the conversation was narrated immediately after the talks ended. The information was inductive, analyzed, and coded to produce common information among the participants. The data analysis revealed the factors that contributed to the failure of the resident to enroll in the NHP, such as lack of information about the registration, poor socialization of the program, the ignorance of village officers, unaffordability, and confusion about the parties responsible for the registration. The study concluded that poor people were still vulnerable to access free coverage and healthcare from the NHP. The stakeholders of the NHP, especially the local management of NHP and local government, need to urgently and effectively educate the commoners about the mechanism, benefits, and contribution to the NHP to ensure equity and equality in accessing quality healthcare.