Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health Research

Socioeconomic Profile of Lymphadenitis Tuberculosis Patients in The Outpatient Department of dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia

Adiarsya Ghifari — 2025-06-03

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most lethal infectious diseases worldwide, with a rising incidence of lymphadenitis TB, the most common form of extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) in recent years. Lymphadenitis TB can be transmitted through primary infection via the oropharyngeal mucosa, and various socioeconomic factors may influence the risk of infection. Understanding the socioeconomic profile and risk factors associated with lymphadenitis TB is crucial for effective control and prevention strategies. This descriptive cross-sectional study aims to investigate the socioeconomic profile of lymphadenitis TB patients and analyze potential risk factors. Sampling was conducted using a total sampling method, including medical records and interviews via Google Forms or WhatsApp. The sample comprised all lymphadenitis TB outpatients at the General Hospital dr. Soetomo, Surabaya, from January to December 2022, resulting in 180 eligible patients, 103 of whom agreed to the interview. Among the 180 patients, the majority were female (56%), aged 11-20 years (24%), and high school graduates (41%). Among 103 interview participants, most had a monthly income below the minimum wage (55%). Most respondents preferred to cook their meals (62%), with a significant proportion having an income below the average salary (62%). Most respondents (76%) showed good awareness of lymphadenitis TB signs, but nonspecific and mild symptoms led to delayed treatment-seeking in 39% of patients. These findings suggest a potential association between various socioeconomic profiles and lymphadenitis TB infection, although further research is needed to strengthen this association.

The Impact of Personal Hygiene Practices on the Incidence of Vaginal Discharge Among Adolescent Girls at Junior High School 29 Surabaya, 2023

Rani Siti Nur Aini — 2025-06-03

The teenage years are a period of rapid growth and development. Adolescence is a period of rapid growth and development, especially in the reproductive system. Many teenagers do not receive adequate knowledge about how to care for their reproductive organs because it is still considered taboo, so some teenagers may experience problems with their reproductive organs. A common issue faced by teenagers is leucorrhea. Leucorrhea is one of the problems that can arise due to the lack of knowledge among teenagers about maintaining reproductive health. Leucorrhea can develop into a serious problem if the care of the reproductive organs is not appropriately managed. This observational analytical study utilizes quantitative methods with a cross-sectional research design. The population was female Junior High School (SMPN) students 29 Surabaya. The sample was selected using purposive sampling. Data analysis employed univariate and bivariate methods, with the Chi-Square Test used for statistical analysis. The findings indicated that 78.8% of respondents experienced physiological vaginal discharge, 17.7% had pathological vaginal discharge, and 3.5% reported never having vaginal discharge. Statistical analysis revealed a significant relationship between personal hygiene and the incidence of vaginal discharge, with a p-value of 0.001. The research demonstrated a clear relationship between personal hygiene and the incidence of vaginal discharge. Educating adolescents about reproductive health and proper care for reproductive organs can help reduce the incidence of vaginal discharge among girls.

Risk Factors, Level of Knowledge, and Scabies Transmission Prevention Behavior Among Students at the Ar-Rahmah Islamic Boarding School, Golokan, Sidayu, Gresik, Indonesia

Rizaldy Ramadhan — 2025-06-03

Scabies is an infectious skin disease caused by the parasite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis and its products. Although the prevalence has decreased, scabies remains a public health problem in Indonesia. In the Sidayu District of Gresik, there has been an increase in scabies cases, particularly in densely populated communities such as Islamic boarding schools. Factors contributing to the high incidence of scabies are related to poverty, resulting in low levels of personal hygiene, limited access to water, and high population density. This study aims to determine the risk factors, level of knowledge, and scabies transmission prevention behavior among students at the Ar-Rahmah Islamic boarding school, Golokan Village, Sidayu District, Gresik, Indonesia in 2024. This research is a descriptive study, with data collected using a questionnaire. The sample comprises 88 respondents, selected through non-probability purposive sampling. Results showed that all respondents were male, 40.9% were 14 years old, 35.2% were in grade 8, and 34.1% had lived in an Islamic boarding school for 1-2 years. Additionally, all respondents had a level of housing density not meeting health standards, 79.5% had experienced scabies symptoms, and 56.8% had suffered from scabies. Furthermore, 55.7% of respondents demonstrated good knowledge about scabies, while 85.2% exhibited poor behavior in preventing scabies transmission, with 63.6% showing negative results when screened for scabies via questionnaire. Overall, most students exhibit high-risk factors for scabies, possess a good level of knowledge about the disease, yet demonstrate poor preventive behaviors against its transmission.

The Influence of Family-Expressed Emotion on the Risk of Relapse in Patients with Schizophrenia: Outcomes from a Community Medicine Intervention

Muhammad Bagus Wira — 2025-06-03

Schizophrenia is a syndrome characterized by fundamental deviations in thinking, perception, and affect. Expressed emotion (EE) is a crucial risk factor in influencing the occurrence of relapse. In Indonesia, there is still no community therapy activity related to the family EE against the risk of relapse of schizophrenia patients. This is the underlying need for community psychiatry activities against families of patients with schizophrenia and related parties. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Puri, Mojokerto, Indonesia. The method was divided into three stages: field introduction, community diagnosis, and community therapy. In 36 schizophrenia patients, it was found that the level of EE experienced by the patients was relatively low, and the risk of recurrence within one year was around 43.27%. Based on these findings, the families of schizophrenia patients in Puri District can express good positive emotions towards their patients, which is in line with the relatively low risk of relapse. The author did an EE assessment by sharing a questionnaire as a short-term evaluation of the occurrence of relapse. As a continuation of the program, long-term evaluation will be returned to the community health centre and carried out by the program holder. Community medicine benefits community health centers, communities, and students by increasing family and community awareness of schizophrenia and improving the quality of community health centers and public health. Students also learn how to educate families with schizophrenia.

Influence of Husbands’ Attitudes Versus Knowledge on Maternal Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Following Caesarean Section

ARI DEWANTI ARI DEWANTI — 2025-06-03

Self-efficacy predicts a mother’s decision to breastfeed, the level of effort invested in breastfeeding, and the responses to challenges faced during the process. This study aims to determine the relationship between a husband’s knowledge and attitude towards exclusive breastfeeding and the self-efficacy of mothers who have undergone cesarean sections. The design of this research is correlational with a cross-sectional framework. The sample consisted of 38 mothers post-cesarean section and their husbands, obtained through a Non-Probability Sampling technique using sequential sampling in the Al Aqsha 4th room of Haji Hospital, East Java Province. The analysis in this study employs Spearman’s rho. The instrument assessed husbands’ knowledge and attitudes regarding exclusive breastfeeding and the short form of breastfeeding self-efficacy (BSE-SF). The study results indicated that the knowledge level of most husbands fell into a suitable category, at 89.5%. Most husbands exhibited positive attitudes, at 65.8%. Meanwhile, the majority of post-cesarean section mothers recorded high levels of breastfeeding self-efficacy, at 78.9%. The results of the Spearman rho test regarding the knowledge and self-efficacy of breastfeeding mothers following cesarean sections yielded p=0.141 (>0.05). In contrast, the relationship between husbands’ attitudes and the self-efficacy of breastfeeding mothers post-cesarean section was p=0.022 (<0.05). While the knowledge and attitudes of husbands regarding exclusive breastfeeding are categorized mainly as good, their knowledge does not influence the self-efficacy of mothers breastfeeding after cesarean delivery.

Association Between Birth Weight, Birth Length, and Stunting: A Case Analysis at Lempake Public Health Center, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Hanis Kusumawati Rahayu — 2025-06-03

Stunting remains a significant public health concern in Indonesia, as it affects early childhood growth and development, leading to long-term health and cognitive impairments. Birth length and birth weight are critical predictors of stunting, as inadequate growth parameters at birth may contribute to poor nutritional status and delayed development. Toddlers, particularly those in low-resource settings, are among the most vulnerable age groups to dietary deficiencies, making early identification of risk factors essential for prevention efforts. This study aimed to assess the association between birth weight, birth length, and the incidence of stunting among children at Lempake Community Health Center in Samarinda, Indonesia. A quantitative analytic observational study with a case-control design was conducted to evaluate the relationship between these perinatal factors and stunting risk. The findings revealed that stunting was more prevalent among male infants (51.1%) aged 0–11 months. A statistically significant association was observed between birth weight and stunting (p = 0.00), with an odds ratio of 0.414 (95% CI: 0.23–0.72), indicating that children born with a birth weight of <2500 grams had a higher likelihood of experiencing stunting. Similarly, birth length was significantly associated with stunting (p =0.02), with an odds ratio of 0.264 (95% CI: 0.13–0.50), suggesting that infants with a birth length of <48 cm were at an increased risk. These findings underscore the importance of monitoring birth weight and length as early indicators for stunting prevention strategies in Indonesia.

Assessment of Readiness for Electronic Medical Record Implementation in the Inpatient Unit of Port Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia

Ivonia Kenahin Bahi — 2025-06-03

This study aims to assess Port Hospital Jakarta’s readiness to implement Electronic Medical Records (EMR) in inpatient units using the Doctor’s Office Quality Information Technology (DOQ-IT) method. EMR systems are essential in modern healthcare, enhancing efficiency, accuracy, and data security while ensuring compliance with government regulations, such as the Ministry of Health Regulation No. 24 of 2022. Port Hospital Jakarta has implemented EMR only in outpatient services, while inpatient services rely on conventional medical records. This study employed a descriptive quantitative approach, collecting primary data from 127 respondents using a non-probability purposive sampling technique. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel to assess organizational readiness in two key aspects: organizational alignment and capacity. The findings indicate that the hospital’s inpatient units fall within Range II regarding organizational alignment, with a score of 17.19, categorized as "Moderately Ready”. Similarly, the organizational capacity aspect also falls within Range II, scoring 33.72, which is also categorized as "Moderately Ready." Overall, the hospital’s readiness level for EMR implementation in inpatient services, considering both organizational alignment and capacity, is in Range II with a total score of 50.91, indicating a "Moderately Ready" status. These findings suggest that while Port Hospital Jakarta has made progress toward EMR adoption in inpatient units, further organizational alignment and capacity improvements are needed to ensure a seamless and effective implementation.

The Relationship Between Fast Food Consumption and Obesity Among Adults at Pekan Labuhan Health Center, Medan, Indonesia

Fauzan Azmi Hasti Habibi Samosir — 2025-06-03

Obesity is defined as an excessive accumulation of body fat resulting from a prolonged imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, which may lead to various physical and psychosocial health complications. In Indonesia, the prevalence of adult obesity has reached approximately 22%, affecting around 625,000 individuals. One primary contributing factor to weight gain is the frequent consumption of high-calorie foods, such as sugary beverages, fast food, and items with a high glycemic index. This study investigated the association between fast food consumption and obesity among adults. An analytical cross-sectional study involved adult participants at the Pekan Labuhan Community Health Center in Medan who met specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were obtained through structured interviews to assess the frequency of fast food consumption, alongside anthropometric measurements, including body weight, height, and calculation of Body Mass Index (BMI). The results indicated that 63% of the adult population in this community health center were classified as obese, and 72% reported frequent fast food consumption. Statistical analysis using the Pearson correlation test demonstrated a significant relationship between fast food consumption and obesity (p=0.001). The findings suggest that a higher frequency of fast food intake is significantly associated with increased obesity risk. These results underscore the importance of dietary education and public health strategies aimed at reducing fast food consumption to combat the rising prevalence of obesity.

Epidemiological, Clinical, Bacteriological, and Therapeutic Aspects of Sur-gical Site Infections in the Maternity Ward of the Batna Region, Algeria: A Prospective Study

Hayat DJAARA — 2025-06-03

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are nosocomial infections occurring after surgery. SSIs contribute to the increase in maternal morbidity associated with cesarean section (CS). This research aimed to study SSIs' clinical, epidemiological, bacteriological, and therapeutic aspects for cesarean and hysterectomy surgeries performed at the Maternity Hospital of Batna Region in Algeria. We carried out a prospective and descriptive study for four months (from 1 January 2018 to 30 April 2018), with real-time data collection, in the gynecology and obstetrics department of Batna’s Maternity Hospital. We included a total of 24 women who had a surgical intervention and were hospitalized with post-surgical infection. The data collection using a questionnaire allowed us to obtain information concerning the patient and the surgical procedure. Our results show that most surgeries performed were CS (95.83%) compared to hysterectomies (4.16%), among which 54.16% were planned CS. All classes of contamination were clean-contaminated. The physical status score for American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 1 and ASA 2 classes was found in 83.33% and 16.66% of the patients, respectively. The SSIs in this study were concerned mainly with the surface plane (95.83%). Concerning infection, pus samples were taken from ten patients, and five germs were identified in eight patients. Escherichia coli was isolated in three patients, and Proteus mirabilis in two patients. Serratia marcescens, Acinetobacter baumanni, and Burkholderia cepacia were identified once in the three remaining patients. The most commonly prescribed antibiotherapy was Metronidazole (95.83%). We established a clinical, epidemiological, bacteriological, and therapeutic profile for SSIs at the Maternity Hospital of Batna.

Back Matter

jcmphr — 2025-06-03

Back Matter

The Effect of Comprehensive Sexual Education on Adolescent Behavior in Using Contraception : A Systematic Review

Nurul Dzakiyyah — 2025-06-03

Adolescence is a transition period from childhood to adulthood. This period is crucial because there are many physical and psychological changes. One issue that is quite rife in Indonesia is teenage pregnancy, which will ultimately lead teenagers to have abortions. The case above proves that it is essential to equip adolescents with the knowledge and skills to make responsible choices. Comprehensive Sexual Education (CSE) is believed to help solve this problem and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030, when CSE also conveys the importance of contraception and its benefits. The lack of systematic reviews of studies that highlight the effect of implementing Comprehensive Sexual Education on current contraceptive use makes researchers interested in conducting this systematic literature review. This research uses a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) using PICO (Population, Intervention/Issue, Comparison/Context, Outcome), and Boolean operators are used to facilitate searching studies. PRISMA flowcharts were used in this research until two studies were included in the analysis. Literature quality assessment was conducted using the quality assessment tool for quantitative studies from EPHPP (Effective Public Health Practice Project). Two cross-sectional studies were based in the United States. The sample sizes in studies range from 5000 to 7000. The results of this study show that comprehensive sexual education influences the use of contraceptives today, although it is not very significant. However, there are still many biases in this research. There is a need to conduct randomized controlled trials or multicenter cohort studies that use the same evaluation parameters to strengthen future systematic review research.

Affecttive Development of Children Due to Anxiety During Pregnancy : A Literature Review

Nina Qurniati — 2025-06-03

Given its potential to affect the growing fetus, maternal mental health during pregnancy is essential. Anxiety during pregnancy is associated with the socio-emotional development of the child, potentially resulting in behavioral and emotional issues in the future. Children of mothers who experience anxiety during pregnancy are predicted to experience poorer growth and development in infancy and preschool age. This study aims to determine the effects of anxiety during pregnancy. This study used a literature review approach from 8 relevant articles from the online databases Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Garuda. The inclusion criteria of this study were original research in Indonesian or English, respondents measured anxiety during pregnancy, and measurement of infant/child affective patterns, which were fully accessible. The findings indicated that a child’s affective development and anxiety during pregnancy are significantly correlated. It can be characterised by decreased attention to facial expressions in infants crying, sleeping, and feeding. In addition, the child may experience impaired socio-individual neurodevelopment, fine motor and emotional development, and poorer language. This can lead to negative behavioral development, such as hyperactivity and emotional disturbances, from preschool to adulthood. The more often and longer the mother experiences anxiety, the more likely the child is to have emotional and behavioral disorders.

Diet and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): Advances and Management Strtegies : A Comprehensive Review

Syeda Farha S — 2025-06-03

Global public health is at risk from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, or NAFLD. Fat accumulation in the liver is associated with chronic liver disease (NAFLD), even in the absence of significant alcohol consumption. It could have anything to do with liver inflammation and fibrosis. Because non-communicable diseases have become more common over the past few years, changing one’s lifestyle has drastically altered the priorities for health. Between 1990 and 2017, the number of people worldwide with NAFLD grew from 19.34 million to 29.49 million. An estimated 35.4% of Indians are believed to have NAFLD. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the term used when there is no alcohol intake, and ectopic fat deposition exceeds 5% of the weight of the liver (NAFLD). It encompasses a broad range of morphologically diverse liver abnormalities, from basic steatosis to severe forms like non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a progressive form of the disease marked by fibrosis, hepatocyte ballooning degeneration, and lobule inflammation. Obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and the so-called insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome are linked to primary NAFLD/NASH. Rarely, secondary NAFLD/NASH can be linked to a variety of illnesses, including pancreatic duodenal resection, endocrine disorders, polycystic ovary syndrome, and sleep apnea. Today's kids face an unparalleled dietary challenge. Food is abundant, yet a growing proportion of kids are overweight or obese due to inadequate nutrition. Hyperinsulinemia with insulin resistance seems to be crucial in pediatric NAFLD. Understanding pediatric NAFLD's pathophysiology is anticipated to enhance our understanding of the condition. Additionally, finding prevention treatments for pediatric NAFLD is imperative for the well-being of children.

Front Matter

jcmphr — 2025-06-03

Front Matter