Comparison of Institutional Aspects in Handling COVID-19 in Taiwan and Indonesia Perbandingan Aspek Kelembagaan dalam Penanganan COVID-19 di Taiwan dan Indonesia

World Health Organization(WHO) declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. It is important to consider government policies in handling COVID-19. Taiwan is a country that has succeeded in implementing policies to address COVID-19. Meanwhile, Indonesia still has to struggle in dealing with COVID-19, which until now is still increasing. Comparison between Taiwan and Indonesia in handling COVID-19 in institutional relations has similarities and differences. The policies taken by the governments of Taiwan and Indonesia are similar from an institutional perspective, namely by jointly forming a task team that involves several institutions and resources. While the difference is that in Taiwan, the command and coordination of inter-agency relations for handling the COVID-19 outbreak are under the control of the Minister of Health and Welfare. In contrast, in Indonesia, the Task Force for the Acceleration of Handling COVID-19 is led by the Head of the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB). There is still an asymmetry in authority, institutional relations, and regulations in handling the COVID outbreak in Indonesia, so new rules and disaster management institutions are needed.


Introduction
Plague Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) hit most countries, and WHO declared it a global pandemic. Based on WHO data on June 11, 2020, as many as 216 countries are currently affected by the COVID-19 outbreak, with 7,145,539 cases and 408,025 deaths (WHO, 2020). This moment of the COVID-19 outbreak proves how the governance performance of leaders and the bureaucracy of public institutions of each country is in handling the COVID-19 outbreak. Among these countries, Taiwan is one of the countries that is effective in dealing with the COVID-19 outbreak; conversely, America is a country that is bad at responding to and handling the COVID-19 outbreak (Dalgish, 2020).
Get to know Taiwan at a glance, which has the official name of the Republic of China. Its area is small, only 36,197 square kilometers, slightly larger than the area of West Java Province, which is 35,378 square kilometers. Taiwan has three autonomous regions: Keelung City, Hsinchu City, and Chiayi City. Taiwan also has six special municipalities and 13 counties, two small islands outside Formosa's large island. The population of Taiwan is 23.59 million, based on 2018 census data. In Taiwan, the predominant ethnicity is the Han Chinese, 95% of whom occupy the Formosa Islands, as many as 2% are indigenous Malays and Polynesians, and 2% are newcomers, especially from China and Southeast Asia, including students and migrant workers. In terms of governance, Taiwan operates a multi-party democracy that began in 1987. The current President of Taiwan is Tsai Ing-wen. The capital of Taiwan is Taipei City. The national currency in Taiwan is the New Taiwan Dollar. The language used in Taiwan is mostly Mandarin; currently, B. Indonesia is starting to be taught because there are a lot of workers from Indonesia. The main religions in Taiwan are Buddhism, Taoism, Chinese traditional religion, Christianity, and Islam.
Based on the 2018 census, the population structure of Taiwan is 14.56% for 65 years and over, 12.92% for 0-14 years, and 72.52% for 15-64 years. Very young age is JGAR. Volume 4 No 1 June 2023 / Comparison of Institutional Aspects in Handling COVID-19 in Taiwan and Indonesia 3 minimal and almost similar to the situation in Japan, where the population is reluctant to settle down and unwilling to have children at a productive period. Taiwan's birth rate and death rate are relatively balanced; namely, the birth rate is 7.66 (per 1,000 people), and the death rate is 7.32 (per 1,000 people), so the population is stagnant. This impacts the convenience of immigration policies, such as the ease of obtaining Taiwan citizenship while still having to meet several requirements, such as having lived in Taiwan for a long time and mastering Mandarin. Life expectancy in Taiwan averages 80.4 years, 83 years for women, and 77 years for men. High life expectancy illustrates how government policies regarding the quality of health services and the distribution of food and medicines are paid close attention to. Taiwan consists of five state institutions, namely: 1. Executive Yuan, tasked with formulating and implementing policies.
2. Legislative Yuan, tasked with reviewing and enacting legislation, holding hearings on policy matters, examining budget bills, and implementing government.
3. Examiner Yuan is in charge of managing the community service system. 4. Judicial Yuan is in charge of overseeing the national court system. 5. Superintendent of Yuan, tasked with doubting and criticizing officials and auditing government institutions.
Taiwan implements a democratic system, where there are related state institutions that check and balance each other to ensure that there is no absolute state institution that controls everything in government policy. Democracy in Taiwan runs, for example, direct presidential and regional head elections, which run democratically.
Next, Indonesia, including developing countries, is an archipelagic country consisting of 17,504 islands with an area of 1,904,569 square kilometers. The total population of Indonesia from the 2018 census was 270.05 million people. Indonesia has more than 700 ethnic groups. Islam is the religion of the majority of Indonesia's population. The language used as the national language is Indonesian. The currency is the rupiah with the capital city of Jakarta. Indonesia is a unitary state that adheres to a democratic system by adopting a multi-party approach and is led by a president. Indonesia has three institutions of power: the executive, legislative, and judiciary. The executive branch consists of a president, who ministers assist. The legislative body comprises the People's Consultative Assembly and the People's Representative Council, which act as the people's representative institutions. Institution The judiciary is carried out by Heryati / JGAR,4 ( The emergence of the news that COVID-19 first occurred in Wuhan, China, and began to spread globally made the Taiwan government very anticipatory. Why is Taiwan swift in dealing with COVID-19? This is due to the status of Taiwan so far, which is only part of China. China recognizes the special autonomy granted to Taiwan. Taiwan is aware from the start that its existence is not recognized, so the implication is that if Taiwan suffers from the COVID-19 pandemic, Taiwan as a state has been neglected by WHO. Taiwan autonomously works alone to overcome COVID-19. In addition, Taiwan has an aging society, so Taiwan has to seriously deal with it because the population is limited, and the elderly are more numerous and vulnerable. This raised Taiwan's alertness to the problem of the COVID-19 outbreak. Then, Taiwan also learned from the SARS case in 2003. At that time, many died in Taiwan. So that this lousy condition does not want to happen again. 95% of Taiwan's population comes from ancestors in China, so many Taiwanese people commute for various purposes to China, including to Wuhan. So Taiwan has a cultural closeness with China. Geographic proximity and high trading volume between Taiwan and China allow for an increased spread of the COVID-19 outbreak (Wang et al., 2020).
According to Wicaksana (2020), several policies were carried out by the ▪ On January 21, 2020, the first case of a patient with the novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP), officially named COVID-19, in Taiwan was identified (Cheng et al., 2020).
▪ On January 23, 2020, Taiwan upgraded its COVID-19 status to a level. ▪ 2. The CECC was taken over by the Minister of Health and Welfare (The Minister of Health and Welfare) so that the authority is transferred to be directly under the Minister of Health and Welfare as the commander to coordinate and mobilize resources from a cross-ministry perspective as well as the private sector to fight COVID-19. Every day the Minister of Health holds a press conference explaining the progress of the COVID-19 case, how many confirmed cases, and how to handle them so that distortion of information in society can be suppressed so that people are not restless. There is no impression that government policies are in a hurry and not slow. Information on COVID-19 is sourced directly from the CECC and then published on its official website via the Centers for Disease and Prevention website.
If there is news related to COVID-19, monitoring will be carried out. Monitoring is done by looking at the validation of the information. Is there misinformation or Heryati / JGAR, 4 (1) : 1-15 6 multiple interpretations that can mislead the public? If it is proven that the data is inappropriate, then it will be processed and resolved.
▪ On February 27, 2020, Taiwan upgraded its COVID-19 status to a level ▪ 1, be on full alert, and the number of sufferers of COVID-19 is increasing. At that time, the COVID-19 outbreak was not only in Wuhan, China but also the WHO had   Taiwan and Indonesia   7 and Welfare also directly supervises three sections. Everysectionsupervising one or more groups.

Intelligence Section includes:
▪ Epidemic Intelligence Group, to research and study the plague.

Operations Section includes:
▪ Border Quarantine Group, how do people get in and out of the border. What policies did the Taiwan government adopt regarding border areas and immigration agencies when there were first cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan Access to and from Wuhan was immediately closed in January 2020.
▪ Community Epidemic Control Group, such as social distancing.
▪ Healthcare Response Group, one of the essential keys regarding public health service quality is excellent and cheap health insurance.

Logistics Section includes:
▪ Resources Coordination Group, resource coordination. These institutions will influence the central government's policies toward regional governments and the existence of provincial/regency/city regional governments as executors.
According to Prasojo (2020) The problem between the central and regional governments is related to the division of authority in handling the COVID-19 outbreak. Law 23/2014 regarding Regional Government and Law 6/2014 concerning Villages regulates power distribution for implementing government affairs from the central and regional governments. The position of governors as regional heads and representatives of the central government, and regents/ mayors as heads of autonomous regions in handling the COVID-19 outbreak.
Several regions are taking different steps in handling COVID-19. For example, the Province of West Sumatra is conducting COVID-19 tests on many residents using the APBD as preventive measures, but several regions are not ready to handle COVID-19.
Furthermore, it is also related to how the budget allocation is linked to the 2020 APBN, 2020 APBD, and 2020 APBDesa and refocusing the budget.
Then, there is an asymmetry in regulations that have been set so that there is doubt in the government's decision-making. Which law is appropriate and effective to be used in handling COVID-19. Does it use the law on disaster management, which is called nonnatural disasters, or use the law on health sovereignty. Meanwhile, there is also a regional  Task Force for the Acceleration of Handling COVID-19, the prominent leader is PNBP following Presidential Decree 7/2020 and Presidential Decree 9/2020 and then determined by Presidential Decree 12/2020 regarding non-natural national disasters. However, Presidential Decree 12/2020 regarding the designation of non-natural disasters as national disasters does not include national emergency response as stipulated in Law 24/2007. There is no overlapping because it has been specified in the PSBB in PP 21/2020.
The Task Force for the Acceleration of Handling COVID-19 was formed and carried out tasks based on Presidential Decree 7/2020 and Presidential Decree 9/2020. However, the Presidential Decree does not stipulate the authority of the Task Force for the Acceleration of Handling COVID-19 to make administrative decisions and actions in handling the Covid 19 Outbreak. In fact, for effective implementation of tasks, there must be a Presidential Decree which regulates the authority to make administrative decisions and actions so that decisions can be taken the right decision. In addition, Presidential Decree 7/2020, Presidential Decree 9/2020, and Law 24/2007 do not contain the tasks assigned to each. Government agencies involved include transportation, trade, industry, religion, the state apparatus, etc. Handling the COVID-19 outbreak involves many levels of government, from the central government to matters that fall under the regional government's authority.
An example of a study conducted by Aulia (2020) regarding the effectiveness of PSBB implementation in handling the COVID-19 outbreak. According to Aulia, the PSBB carried out by the central and regional governments did not go well. There are overlapping policies and a lack of institutional coordination between the central government, the Ministry of Health and BNPB, and provincial and district/city regional governments. The PSBB arrangements in PP Number 21 of 2020 and Permenkes Number 9 of 2020 are not carried out thoroughly. There is no coordination between the central and local governments because they only include PSBB criteria and procedures for determining PSBB status from the Ministry of Health. This regulation does not yet contain the implementation of PSBB operations by the local government.
According to Prasojo (2020), it is necessary to issue a Presidential Regulation regarding managing public health emergencies for COVID-19 as a non-natural national Heryati / JGAR, 4 (1) : 1-15 14 disaster. This regulation combines several laws and regulations related to health, handling infectious disease outbreaks, and disaster management. This Presidential Regulation will later regulate the status of addressing the epidemic as a matter of general administration.
Also, it binds institutional relations between ministries/agencies, relations between the central government and provincial and district/city governments, and funding. As the head of government, the President has the role of the prominent leader who the Coordinating Ministers will assist as the chief executive officer. For disaster management, such as logistics distribution and social interaction in the community).
Governors/regents/mayors, following Law 23/2014, can also be appointed as representatives of the central government and as vertical agencies in the regions that will carry out assistance tasks according to the conditions, potential, regulations, and needs of each area which are different in handling COVID-19. Various problems related to institutions and rules and inputs provided to synchronize central/provincial/regency/city government relations and various existing legal regulations tend to be confusing in their implementation.
Understand further the institutional relationships in public administration by identifying their similarities and differences. Compared to Indonesia and Taiwan, there is a considerable difference in area and population, with no apple to apple. This means that this affects the handling or policy of COVID-19.
1. Taiwan's area and geographical conditions are minor, centered on one large island with several small islands. In contrast to Indonesia, which has many provinces and districts/cities, many actors and government institutions are involved. This is related to the reach of the government. The countries of Taiwan and West Java Province can be compared from the similarity in area and population. Indonesian government policies cover 34 provinces and 514 districts/cities.

Total population, population demographics, and heterogeneity. Even though Taiwan
consists of several tribes, Indonesia is more heterogeneous, making it difficult and handle and may even be less good.
3. The small area and population make it relatively more manageable for the Taiwan government to provide services and control to the maximum level of its people, not as complex as in Indonesia.
The size of the area needs to be considered in comparing public administration because this is important in the government's reach to overcome the dynamics and problems that occur in a region. The intervention of the governments of Indonesia and Taiwan from the side of the area alone is not a perfect comparison fair.
However, there are several similarities between Indonesia and Taiwan, including politically. Taiwan and Indonesia are fellow countries that adhere to a democratic system.
So that the process of producing government policies is the same, namely through the approval of government agencies, legislative, judicial, and executive decisions. Taiwan adheres to a multi-party democratic system, similar to Indonesia and only ten years different from Indonesia, which began in 1998 with multi-party democratization.
Economically Taiwan is also not like the economies of developed countries. Another problem is the invalid population data in Indonesia. Data in various ministries and agencies sometimes differ. Existing data has not been synergistically integrated and coordinated between ministries and agencies.

Conclusion
Along with globalization, accelerating the speed and frequency of the spread of infectious diseases, the COVID-19 epidemic anywhere can easily and quickly become a global problem in every country. It is essential to consider various policies in controlling the spread of COVID-19. The COVID-19 outbreak shows the state of the governance of a country in handling the COVID-19 outbreak (Hardjosoekarto, 2020). Taiwan is a country that has succeeded in implementing policies to reduce the spread of the impact of COVID-19. The policies pursued include inter-agency coordination, information management strategies, and using valid data. Meanwhile, Indonesia still struggles to handle the COVID-19 outbreak, which continues to increase in transmission and its victims.
There are similarities in the policies taken by the governments of Taiwan and Indonesia in handling COVID-19 from an institutional perspective, that is, together form a task team that involves several institutions and human resources. However, there are differences between Taiwan and Indonesia from this institutional perspective. In Taiwan, the command for handling the COVID-19 outbreak is under the control of the Minister of Health and Welfare.
Coordination and inter-agency relations are going well according to their duties.
Clear regulations serve as a reference in handling the COVID-19 outbreak in Taiwan.
Meanwhile, in Indonesia, the Task  Ministry of Health, with its network of hospitals and health workers, and The Ministry of Home Affairs, with the provincial government heads, governors, and regents/mayors down to the village and sub-district levels, will facilitate handling this outbreak. When viewed from the existing regulations regarding handling this outbreak, there is a lack of synchrony regarding who is in charge and who is at the helm. Is it the Minister of Health, the Minister of Home Affairs, or BNPB, BNPB decides it. There are still overlapping authorities, institutional relationships, and regulations that are still an obstacle in handling the COVID outbreak in Indonesia. In addition, Indonesia still has problems with the availability of valid data. There are out-of-sync data on COVID-19 sufferers between the center and the regions. Several agencies released information related to COVID-19, which should have been the same information from the BNPB Task Force, confusing information.