Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan

The Characteristics of Chitosan Derived from Lobster Shells and its Effect on Fungi Activity and Water Stability of Lobster Pellets

2024-09-27T00:38:50+07:00

Graphical Abstract

Highlights of Research

The chitosan was successfully produced from lobster shells Panulirus homarus.
The characteristics and quality of chitosan from lobster shells Panulirus homarus were observed.
The anti-fungal activity of chitosan was assessed.
Chitosan enhances the water stability of lobster pellets.

Abstract

Tropical rock lobster aquaculture is a lucrative industry that is currently limited by the lack of appropriate formulated feed. Its nocturnal, benthic feeding behavior necessitates a water-stable feed that maintains integrity under tropical marine conditions without degrading. Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from lobster (Panulirus homarus) shells, has potential applications in aquaculture as an antifungal agent and feed binder. We report on the characteristics of chitosan extracted from the exoskeleton of spiny lobsters (Panulirus homarus), including its effect on fungal activity and water stability of pellets. Chitosan was produced through three main steps: deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylation. The resulting chitosan was characterized through crude composition (AOAC methods), FTIR spectra, and scanning electron microscope (SEM), while antifungal activity was assessed through in vitro assays. Chitosan was used to coat lobster feed pellets by immersion method at different concentrations (0%, 0,5%, 1%, 1,5%, and 2%), and its impact on pellet water stability was assessed. There were three replications in fungal activity and water stability test. The yield of chitosan was 5.9 ± 0.01% of the total shell mass, with 96.99% ± 0.01 degree of deacetylation (DD). The resulting product contained 5.94 ± 0.07% moisture, 36.72 ± 0.05% ash and 2.73 ± 0.08% nitrogen. Chitosan morphology was characterized as an irregular shape with dimensions ranging from 157 to 391 µm, with a combination of striated surface textures. Increasing concentration of chitosan increased water stability of pellets up to 1.5% inclusion, while 0.5% optimized Fusarium sp. inhibition. These findings suggest that chitosan from lobster shells can be sustainably utilized to enhance feed quality, reducing fungal contamination and nutrient leaching in aquaculture systems.

DNA Barcoding of Shark and Ray Species from Bawean and Masalembu Waters East Java

2024-12-17T11:04:27+07:00

Graphical Abstract

Highlight Research

DNA Barcoding and Species Analyzed: Tissue samples from 11 individuals across five shark species and two ray species were analyzed using DNA barcoding. The species include Sphyrna lewini, Carcharhinus sealei, Stegostoma fasciatum, Galeocerdo cuvier, Carcharhinus falciformis, Rhynchobatus australiae, and Rhina ancylostoma.
Genetic Similarity and Divergence: Results showed high genetic similarity within species, but some divergence was observed between different populations, indicating potential evolutionary or geographic separations.
Phylogenetic Relationships: The phylogenetic analysis revealed seven distinct clades, providing insight into the evolutionary relationships of these species.
Conservation Implications: Several species identified in the study are protected, such as lewini, G. cuvier, and C. falciformis. The study underscores the importance of incorporating genetic diversity data into conservation strategies to protect these ecologically vital species in Indonesia.

Abstract

Sharks and rays, as apex predators or mesopredators, help maintain marine biodiversity and ecosystem balance. Their ecological and economic value underscores the need for conservation, as they face threats from overfishing, habitat loss, and climate change, with many classified as vulnerable or endangered by the IUCN. This study investigates the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of sharks and rays in Bawean and Masalembu Waters, East Java, using morphological identification and DNA barcoding. The specimens were obtained from fishermen operating in Bawean and Masalembu Waters . A total of 11 samples were analyzed from five shark species: Sphyrna lewini, Carcharhinus sealei, Stegostoma fasciatum, Galeocerdo cuvier, and Carcharhinus falciformis, and two ray species: Rhynchobatus australiae and Rhina ancylostoma. Results showed high genetic similarity within species, with some divergence observed between samples from the Bawean and Masalembu regions. For instance, populations of Sphyrna lewini from the two regions exhibited slight mitochondrial DNA sequence variations, indicating possible adaptations to local environmental conditions. Similarly, genetic differences in Rhynchobatus australiae suggest limited gene flow between populations, likely influenced by geographical barriers or habitat preferences. Phylogenetic analysis revealed seven distinct clades, highlighting evolutionary relationships such as the close grouping of S. lewini and G. cuvier, which suggests recent divergence. Several species identified, including S. lewini, G. cuvier, and C. falciformis, are protected, underscoring the need for stricter conservation and monitoring efforts to safeguard shark and ray populations. This study highlights the urgency of integrating genetic diversity into conservation strategies to ensure the long-term survival of these vital species.

Use of Fruit Waste as Natural Dyes in pH-Sensitive Colorimetric Sensors for Tilapia Fillets Quality Decline

2024-05-24T08:19:32+07:00

Graphical Abstract

Highlight Research

1. The use of dragon fruit peel, mangosteen peel and onion peel waste as natural dyes in colorimetric sensors was analyzed in this study.

2. Natural dyes are added to bioplastics with kappa carrageenan polymer, a mixture of corn starch and kappa carrageenan, and corn starch to determine the characteristics of the best bioplastic to be used as a colorimetry sensor.

3. The quality of the fish fillet compared to the color changes in colorimetry sensor was analysed in this study.

4. Mixture of kappa carrageenan and corn starch as bioplastic with casting method was analyzed in this study.

Abstract

Tilapia fillet aimed to prolonging shelf life, may still experience quality deterioration posing food safety risks. Colorimetric pH indicators offer a simple and affordable solution to the food industry to evaluating fish spoilage. Natural dyes reduce potential health risks associated with synthetic dyes. Anthocyanin sources which haven’t been explored like dragon fruit rind, mangosteen rind, and red onion skin serve as real time quality and safety assessment tools for consumers. This study explores the potential of anthocyanin extracted from dragon fruit rind, mangosteen rind, and red onion skin as colorimetric sensors for evaluating the quality and safety of tilapia fillets. The anthocyanin-based sensors developed using kappa carrageenan and corn starch polymers to achieve sustainability fisheries program and were characterized according to the Japanese Industrial Standard for bioplastics. The results show that anthocyanin from dragon fruit skin exhibited the best color change in response to pH changes in the tilapia fillet, indicating its potential as a reliable indicator of spoilage. This research highlights the feasibility of using natural dyes as colorimetric sensors, reducing the risk of health hazards associated with synthetic dyes. This study also shows that different polymers give different characteristic of bioplastic. Carrageenan bioplastic shows best thickness values of 0,118 mm; Carrageenan and corn starch bioplastics show best tensile strength values of 20,62 MPa; Carrageenan bioplastic shows best elongation values of 254%; and all polymers show the same biodegradation rate values of 14,29%. Further studies are needed to explore other natural dyes and optimize the polymers for optimal bioplastic characteristics.

Effects of the Combination of Honey and Euphorbia hirta on Controlling Aeromonas hydrophila in Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

2024-05-10T07:38:39+07:00

Graphical Abstract

Research Highlights

The combination of honey and hirta improved hematological parameters of C. gariepinus catfish infected with A. hydrophila bacteria.
The combination of honey and hirta positive affected the histopathology of liver, kidneys, and gills, which led to a restoration of organ function to normal levels.
The combination of honey and hirta also improved the morphology of C. gariepinus.
The most effective combination of honey and hirta was treatment C (1:2).

Abstract

Honey and Euphorbia hirta are natural ingredients that may serve as alternative treatments for Clarias gariepinus catfish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. Both honey and E. hirta contain bioactive compounds with known antibacterial properties. This study aims to investigate the effects of combining honey and E. hirta on various hematological parameters, including erythrocytes, leukocytes, MCH, MCV, as well as histopathological and morphological changes in C. gariepinus catfish infected with A. hydrophila. This study used an experimental design involving three treatment combinations of honey and E. hirta, which were A (2:1), B (1:1), C (1:2) and a control with three replications. The treatments were administered to the fish through immersion. Honey was diluted at a 50% concentration in distilled water. Meanwhile, E. hirta was prepared as a coarse powder and boiled at a 3% concentration. The results showed that the combination of honey and E. hirta affected the hematological, histopathological, and morphological parameters of C. gariepinus catfish within the normal ranges. The most effective treatment was found to be treatment C (1:2). Therefore, the combination of honey and E. hirta is potential as a therapeutic option for bacterial infections in fish.

Organochlorine Exposure Influences the Cellular Morphology of Red Algae Eucheuma denticulatum (N.L. Burman) Collins & Hervey, 1917

2024-05-26T18:46:01+07:00

Graphical Abstract

Highlight Research

1. The research demonstrates organochlorine influences the nanoparticle and the thickness of red algae cellulose.

2. SEM analysis with EDS visualization showed an accumulation of Chlorine (Cl) in the thallus of red alga.

3. This research is essential to prevent and reduce the disposal of organochlorines into the environment because they can accumulate in soil, water, and air.

4. The disposal of organochlorines can also remain for years in the environment, which in turn will accumulate in food chains and negatively affect ecosystems and marine animals.

Abstract

Organochlorine compounds not only pollute marine waters but also interfere with the survival of marine biota. Organochlorine compounds absorbed by organisms disrupt metabolism and inhibit cellular functions. The implication of this research is to prevent and reduce the disposal of organochlorines into the environment because they can accumulate in soil, water, and air, remaining for years in the environment. This accumulation can affect food chains and negatively affect ecosystems and marine animals.This research aimed to investigate the impact of organochlorine content on the surface morphology and biomineral characteristics of the red alga E. denticulatum cells. Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis was used to observe particle morphology surfaces down to 1 nm, while Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) was used to analyze the specimens' element composition and chemical characteristics. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed that red algae had the highest content of Chlorine (Cl) at 57.20%, followed by Sodium (Na) at 34.84%, Oxygen (O) at 5.21%, Calcium (Ca) at 1.64%, and the lowest element being Sulfur (S) at 1.11%. Overall, this research demonstrates the negative impact of organochlorine content on the morphological structure and biomineral composition of E. denticulatum, highlighting the need for effective measures to prevent and reduce organochlorine pollution in marine environments. Further research could focus on specific mechanisms of organochlorine toxicity and potential remediation strategies.

Nutritional Composition, Physicochemical, and Sensory Properties of Snack Bars Produced from Catfish Head Powder (Clarias gariepinus) and Purple Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas var Ayumurasaki) as Emergency Food

2024-06-24T06:17:46+07:00

Graphical Abstract

Highlight Research

1. The development of snack bars from catfish head powder (CHP).

2. The CHP was rich in nutritional composition and could be an additive ingredient in snack bars.

3. Adding CHP increased protein, lipid, and fibre content in the snack bars.

4. Snack bars with the addition of CHP were acceptable on all sensory attributes.

5. Snack bars produced from CHP could be used as an alternative emergency food.

Abstract

During natural disasters, emergency food is often needed to meet the victims’ nutritional intake such as protein, fat, carbohydrates, and energy. As an alternative, catfish heads, which are usually rich in nutritional content, can be developed into a snack bar product as emergency food. This research aimed to evaluate the chemical, physical and sensory properties of snack bars produced from catfish head powder (CHP) and purple sweet potato flour (PSPF). This research consisted of several stages, namely making CHP and PSPF, preparing snack bars, and analysing snack bars’ chemical, physical, and sensory properties. The ratios of CHP and PSPF in the preparation of snack bars stage were F0 (0:100), F1 (25:75), F2 (50:50), and F3 (75:25). The CHP contained 43.52% protein, 21.24% lipid, 4.6% fiber, and 384.38 Kcal/100 g total energy. The addition of CHP and PSPF affected the chemical (proximate and antioxidant activity), physical (redness and hardness values), and sensory (aroma and overall acceptance) properties of the produced snack bars. All snack bars had protein content that complied with Indonesian National Standards (INS) for cereal bar biscuits. The protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and total energy content of the snack bar were in accord with the standards of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ), and emergency food standards. It is also revealed that F2 was the best treatment based on its chemical, physical, and sensory properties. Indeed, snack bars from CHP and PSPF can be utilized as an emergency food alternative.

Front Meter Vol 17 No 2

2025-05-23T18:42:33+07:00

Harvesting Optimization, Biomass, and Lipid Content Analysis of Euglena sp. Culture with Ettlia texensis Bioflocculant and Commercial Chitosan

2024-06-27T21:11:28+07:00

Graphical Abstract

Highlight Research

Bioflocculation technique can improve the harvesting effectiveness of semimass culture of Euglena sp.
The addition of E. texensis can significantly increase the flocculation efficiency of Euglena sp.
The addition of commercial chitosan was able to increase the flocculation efficiency of Euglena sp.
The biomass and lipid content produced by Euglena sp. with E. texensis flocculant agent showed higher results than the biomass and lipid content produced by Euglena sp. with commercial chitosan flocculant agent.

Abstract

Euglena sp. has a high potential to be developed as biofuel. However, the high cost and energy required for the harvesting process are hindering the production. Flocculation using natural substances, such as microorganisms and biopolymers, offers a promising solution to minimize energy and production costs, so it is applicable on a mass scale. Ettlia texensis is one of the autoflocculating microalgae that can excrete extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Chitosan is a linear copolymer of D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine produced by the deacetylation of chitin, which is usually exploited by marine crustaceans, shrimp, and crabs. Chitosan has a very high cation load, so it is often used for coagulation or flocculation. This study explores the potential of E. texensis and chitosan as flocculant agents to harvest the mass culture of Euglena sp. by giving different doses E. texensis with 1:0.25 (E3), 1:0.5 (E4), 1:1 (E5), and 1:2 (E6), and chitosan with 1.25 mg (C1), 2.5 mg (C2), 3.75 mg (C3), and 5 mg (C4). This research began with the cultivation of Euglena sp. and E. texensis on a 50 L scale for 12 days. The effectiveness of flocculation was measured by the spectrophotometric method. Based on this research, the best treatment for harvesting Euglena sp. culture by bioflocculation was shown by the addition of chitosan (5 mg) with the recovery of 84.83%, 0.2213 mg/mL biomass, and 0.2117 mg/mL lipid content. Meanwhile, with E. texensis, the best was shown by the ratio of 1:2 with recovery 84.71%, 0.2053 mg/mL biomass, and 0.1753 mg/mL

Production of Water-Soluble Chitosan from Crab Shells (Portunus sp.) by Pressurized Hydrolysis Method as an Active Material for Hand Sanitizer

2024-12-11T09:18:40+07:00

Graphical Abstract

Highlight Research

Water-soluble chitosan from crab’s shell can be produced via the pressurized hydrolysis method in an acidic environment with a pressure cooker; the optimal treatment is a 3% HCl concentration.
Water-soluble chitosan from crab’s shell has the following properties: it is yellowish white in color, odorless, powder-like, with a yield of 83.37±0.73, an acidity degree of 5, 83±0.34, viscosity of 69.0±0.82, solubility of 93.57±0.33, and a degree of deacetylation of 78.4%.
The optimal concentration for water-soluble chitosan from crab’s shell inhibition is 160 mg/ml, with an inhibition zone of 7.47 mm for S. aureus and 6.70 mm for E. coli, falling in the medium category.
Physical features of organoleptic water-soluble chitosan from crab’s shell hand sanitizer: neutral appearance (5), somewhat similar fragrance (6), neutral texture (5), similar (6), not homogenous, dispersion 3.59-4.03 cm, pH 6.05-6.28.
The most effective hand sanitizer formulation from crab’s shell water soluble chitosan is HS3 (including 200 mg/ml of water-soluble chitosan), which has a weak inhibition zone of 5.35±0.57 mm for S. aureus bacteria and 4.70±0.07 mm for E. coli.

Abstract

There has been no research on the application of water-soluble chitosan (WSC) derived from crab shells as a hand sanitizer. using a pressurized hydrolysis method. The limited solubility of chitosan at neutral pH restricts its usability. The aim of this study was to produce WSC from crab shells using pressurized hydrolysis methods as an active ingredient for hand sanitizer. Chitosan was depolymerized into WSC by utilizing hydrochloric acid (2, 3, and 4%) and was hydrolyzed using a pressure cooker at a temperature of approximately 110˚C for 1 hour. Isopropyl alcohol was then added to the filtrate at a ratio of 2:1. The selected WSC was treated with 3% HCl and made into 3 different concentrations of 140, 150, and 160 mg/ml, then tested for its antibacterial activity. The WSC hand sanitizer antibacterial test has concentrations of 180, 190 and 200 mg/ml, and for positive control using commercial hand sanitizer, and negative control in the form of basic gel without chitosan. By depolymerizing chitosan using 3% HCl, a high solubility (93.57±0.33) of WSC was achieved, with a degree of deacetylation (DD) value of 78.4%. The results indicated that the concentration of WSC is160 mg/ml and exhibited the strongest inhibition against S. aureus and E. coli, with clear area values of 7.47 mm and 6.70 mm, respectively. The best hand sanitizer formulation is HS3 (in addition of WSC 200 mg/ml) and the ability to inhibit S. aureus bacteria with a clear area value of 5.35 ± 0.57 mm and E. coli is 4.70 ± 0.07 mm. This study shows the potential of WSC from crab shells as a sustainable and effective antibacterial active ingredient in hand sanitizers, which requires further research on scalability and wider applications.

The Genetic Diversity of Bali Sardinella (Sardinella lemuru) Caught at Bali Strait and Its Possible Relation to The Ocean Circulation

2024-06-20T09:48:28+07:00

Graphical Abstract

Highlight Research

A low sequence divergence of lemuru between Bali Strait and the northern latitude.
S. lemuru migration route through ITF will maintain its nucleotide variation.
The high haplotype diversity of lemuru is a testament to its adaptability.
S. lemuru's high haplotype diversity supports their stock recovery in the Bali Strait.
Two sardine species are morphologically and genetically highly distinct, even though they prefer overlapping water mass conditions from each other.

Abstract

Sardinella lemuru is known as the native pelagic fish of the Bali Strait. However, its presence has recently become challenging to find. This study aimed to validate S. lemuru using molecular taxonomy and link it to water circulations for sustainable management. It is the first study of relatively complete sequence data on S. lemuru in the Bali Strait. A total of 47 sequences were amplified using the control region gene of mitochondrial DNA. Other S. lemuru (n = 4) and Amblygaster sirm (n = 12) sequences were retrieved from GenBank. Low sequence divergence is observed in clade-1 of S. lemuru across the Bali Strait, Manado-Sulawesi, and Kudat-Malaysia. This is probably due to its migration using the main Indonesian ThroughFlow (ITF). There is an evolutionary divergence between two groups of S. lemurs, measuring 35.3%±4.1. The first signs of these cryptic groups were found at Canggu and Prigi, with 87 base-pair differences between the two groups. This study also presents strong evidence that A. sirm prefers overlapping water mass conditions with S. lemuru in the Bali Strait but is morphologically and genetically distinct. Notably, three samples of A. sirm in Kedonganan-Bali are clustered with other A. sirm locations passed by the primary and secondary South China Sea throughflow. The high genetic diversity of S. lemuru among Bali Strait sites demonstrates its adaptive ability, with scattered single-frequency haplotypes. The adaptive ability traits of S. lemuru support its stock recovery. The stock recovery recommendation is based on finding S. lemuru’s adaptive traits within their populations in suitable habitats and climatic conditions

Oceanographic Characteristics in the Three International Indonesian Archipelago Sea Lanes (IASLs) Region: Implications for Underwater Acoustics System

2024-04-07T09:48:04+07:00

Graphical Abstract

Highlight Research

The IASL-1 entry portal in the southern and northern regions shows the emergent SOFAR channels.
The shadow zone and the existence of a SOFAR deep sound channel in the IASL-2 and IASL-3 routes can be triggered by the emergent “saddle” SVP pattern.
The variability seasonally and interannually due to variations in seawater properties stratification plays an important role in SOFAR channel appearances in IASLs.
The diverse oceanographic characteristics of IASLs necessitate the implementation of sustainable marine geospatial data.

Abstract

Indonesian Maritime Continent (IMC) is responsible for the three international sea lanes, known as Indonesian Archipelago Sea Lanes (IASLs), which allowed ships to navigate across territorial waters between Pacific and Indian Oceans and vice versa. Gaining knowledge about the distinct oceanographic characteristics of the three IASLs can offer valuable insight into maritime safety and sustainable marine resource management. Therefore, this research aims to review oceanographic characteristics in IASLs regions from available previous research to provide a comprehensive insight into the processes and dynamical oceanography in IASLs region as well as determine the implications for underwater acoustic patterns. The results showed that IASL-1 route is characterized by a shallow shelf passage with homogeneous sound velocity profile (SVP), which has a deep and narrow entry portal in the southern and northern Sound Fixing and Ranging Channel (SOFAR) channels. Seasonal reversal monsoonal wind-driven current dominates the circulation. IASL-2 and IASL-3 routes transported a deep and narrow passage with complexity of seaair interactions that vary on seasonal and interannual time scales. These IASLs were established with the saddle SVP, which trigger the shadow zone and the existence of SOFAR deep sound channel with seasonal and interannual variations in seawater properties stratification. The diverse oceanographic characteristics discussed significantly influence the underwater object detection equipment, the planning time, and the strategies for underwater defense systems. Due to the implications, it is necessary to use marine geospatial database, which may be adopted to facilitate policy-making, providing approximations for marine activities and management along IASLs.

Water Mass and Indirect Estimation of Turbulent Mixing Based on Observational CTD Yoyo Data in Flores Sea Waters, Indonesia

2025-03-24T11:43:37+07:00

Graphical Abstract

Highlight Research

Three distinct water layers were identified: surface (0-50 m), thermocline (50-180 m), and deep (>180 m).
The thermocline layer is the most stable, with high Brunt-Väisälä frequency and low Thorpe displacement values.
The highest energy dissipation rates were observed in the thermocline layer.
Vertical diffusivity values were highest in the thermocline layer and decreased with depth.

Abstract

The Flores Sea is on the western ITF trajectory connecting the Pacific and Indian oceans. Identification and quantification of turbulent mixing of water masses in the Flores Sea are essential for analyzing large-scale ocean circulation processes, including the circulation of the Indonesian ocean interior. However, direct estimations of turbulent mixing in the Flores Sea as a part of the ITF are underestimated. This research aims to determine water conditions, stratification, and water mass structures. This research used data obtained from the CTD instrument applying a Yoyo casting method deployed in March − April 2023. On the other hand, the Thorpe method was used to estimate turbulent vertical mixing based on the values of energy dissipation and vertical diffusivity. The waters are stratified into three layers, mixed layer (1−50 m), thermocline layer (50−180 m), and deep layer (180−500 m). The CTD data showed the presence of a stable thermocline layer dominated by ITF water masses carrying water masses from the Pacific Ocean (North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) and North Pacific Subtropical Water (NPSW)) from the western ITF path. The energy dissipation value obtained at the study site was about 3.36E-07 W Kg^-1 and the vertical diffusivity value was approximately 5.25E-05 m²s^-1. The thermocline layer showed a large energy dissipation value which was strongly associated with the friction of the ITF, suggesting that turbulent mixing in this region is primarily driven by the interaction of ITF water masses with the surrounding environment.

Effect of Different Papain Concentrations on Yield and Quality of Tuna Eye Oil

2024-10-08T22:05:51+07:00

Graphical Abstract

Highlight Research

Innovative Use of By-Products: The study explores the use of tuna eye by-products, a rich source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), to reduce reliance on imported fish oil and promote sustainable utilization of fishery waste.
Enhanced Extraction Methodology: Enzymatic extraction using papain at optimal concentrations significantly improves the yield and quality of tuna eye oil, achieving up to six times higher yield compared to other methods.
Nutritional and Quality Benefits: The extracted oil demonstrated low Index of Atherogenicity (IA) and Index of Thrombogenicity (IT), indicating its potential as a heart-healthy dietary supplement, with DHA and EPA concentrations well preserved.
Environmental and Safety Advantages: The enzymatic process is solvent-free, minimizing environmental impact and ensuring consumer safety, while also addressing challenges posed by extended sample storage during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a crucial omega-3 fatty acid, plays a vital role in neurodevelopment and cardiovascular health. Indonesia relies heavily on imported fish oil, despite its significant potential in underutilized by-products
like tuna eyes. This study investigates the optimization of papain enzyme concentration for enzymatic extraction of DHA-rich oil from tuna eyes, aiming to enhance yield and maintain quality. Using 1% papain at 55°C for 1 hour,
the optimized process achieved an oil yield of 8.59 ± 0.69%, six times higher than cold extraction without enzymes. The extracted oil exhibited high oxidative stability with low Index of Atherogenicity (IA: 0.38–0.40) and Index of Thrombogenicity (IT: 0.20–0.21), while DHA content remained well-preserved at 27.82%. This method also demonstrated the capability to maintain oil quality even after prolonged storage during the COVID-19 pandemic. Compared to conventional methods, enzymatic extraction provides a sustainable and efficient alternative by reducing chemical solvent use, minimizing environmental impact, and maximizing the utilization of fishery by-products. These findings offer a scalable solution for producing high-value omega-3 oils, contributing to global dietary needs and promoting sustainability in the fishery industry.

Bio-Monitoring of Aquatic Environment: Hematological and Biochemical Changes in Grass Carp due to Toxicity of Emamectin Benzoate, Acetochlor, and Topsin-m

2025-03-20T08:58:10+07:00

Graphical Abstract

Highlight Research

The grass carp was the species used in this study due to its ecological significance and sensitivity to pollutants.
The study examined both acute and chronic toxicity effects of pesticides on grass carp to understand their immediate and long-term impact.
Harmful effects on hematological profile of Grass carp fish were observed and hence are deleterious to aquatic life and environment.
Biochemical changes observed, Emamectin Benzoate found more toxic than Acetochlor and Acetochlor is more toxic than Topsin-M.

Abstract

This study investigates the novel combined effects of Emamectin Benzoate (pesticide), Acetochlor (herbicide), and Topsin-M (fungicide) on hematological and biochemical profiles in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), to fill critical gaps in understanding their ecotoxicological impacts on aquatic health and sustainable fisheries. Fishes from farm in Gujranwala were acclimatized in a freshwater aquarium laboratory for a week, then divided into four groups (E1, E2, E3, and E4) exposed to pesticide, herbicide, and fungicide concentrations for 5 and 14 days. Blood samples were collected for hematological and biochemical parameters. Exposure to Emamectin Benzoate induces significant increase in WBCs, neutrophils, MCV, MCH, and platelets, while a significant decrease was found in RBCs, lymphocytes, hemoglobin, PCV, and MCHC concentration. Acute toxicity of Acetochlor showed an increase in WBCs, neutrophils, MCV, MCH contents, and platelets, while a decrease in RBCs, lymphocytes, hemoglobin, PCV, and MCHC contents was noted. Effects of Topsin-M showed an increase in WBCs, neutrophils, MCV, MCH contents, and platelets. However, a significant decrease in RBCs, lymphocytes, hemoglobin, PCV, and MCHC contents has been observed. It reveals that Uric acid, serum lipase, Sodium, Phosphorous, Bilirubin, and Potassium increased significantly. Exposure to chemicals induced significant declines in the levels of Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Triglyceride, HDL Cholesterol, SGPT (ALT) Creatinine, and ALK Phosphatase which caused illness in fish. This study shows potential for biomonitoring of aquatic environments.

Scaling Digital Fisheries Management: The Role of e-PIT in Enhancing Data Accuracy and Operational Efficiency

2025-04-28T10:38:59+07:00

Graphical Abstract

Highlight Research

The implementation of e-PIT in Indonesia's fisheries governance led to a 475% increase in vessel arrivals from 2022 to 2024.
Catch showed a 210% increase in 2024, reaching 1.167 billion kilograms, compared to 2023.
The system enabled 161% growth in PHP revenue collection, from Rp 590.85 billion in 2023 to Rp 951.64 billion in 2024.
A security evaluation (Pentest) of e-PIT revealed vulnerabilities, and effective security enhancements were made to ensure system reliability and scalability.

Abstract

The e-PIT system has transformed fisheries management in Indonesia by improving data accuracy, efficiency, and transparency. This study examines the effects of e-PIT from 2022 to 2024, focusing on metrics such as vessel arrivals, catch data, and PHP revenue. A descriptive-exploratory approach was used to compare data before and after e-PIT's implementation. Findings show significant progress: vessel arrivals rose by 475%, catch amounts doubled to 1.167 billion kilograms, and PHP revenue increased by 161% to Rp 951.64 billion in 2024. Daily operations stabilized, with 257 transactions worth IDR 2.6 billion. While a security test found some vulnerabilities like unsecured cookies and outdated server settings, improvements have been made to enhance security, aligning with standards like ISO/IEC 27001. These measures ensure e-PIT's security, scalability, and reliability as a model for digital fisheries governance. The study concludes that e-PIT boosts efficiency, accuracy, and transparency. Recommendations include improving digital infrastructure, cybersecurity, and stakeholder engagement. Despite its focus on specific data and regions, the study offers insights for applying e-PIT in other developing countries, supporting global goals like SDG 14 and the FAO Fisheries Governance Framework.

Sustainability of Small-Scale Capture Fisheries Based on Coastal Vulnerability in Pangpang Bay, Banyuwangi Regency, Indonesia

2024-08-25T08:05:28+07:00

Graphical Abstract

Highlight Research

Climate change impacts on coastal vulnerability.
Low coastal vulnerability in Pangpang Bay, Banyuwangi Regency.
Sustainability of small-scale capture fisheries based on vulnerability.
Sustainable small-scale fisheries management.

Abstract

Teluk Pangpang is one of the water areas that has considerable potential for capturing fisheriesin Banyuwangi Regency, Indonesia. On the other hand, climate change impacts the vulnerability of coastal areas and coastal communities, especially small-scale fishers. This study aims to analyse the coastal vulnerability of Pangpang Bay and formulate a sustainable development plan for small-scale capture fisheries in Pangpang Bay. The research method used a descriptive method with a quantitative approach. Data collection techniques used geographic information systems and focus group discussions (FGDs). The data analysis used was Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) analysis with a spatial approach and Participatory Prospective Analysis (PPA). From the CVI analysis, through the assessment of geomorphological parameters, erosion/accretion, coastal slope, distance of plants from the beach, wave height, and average tide range, the level of coastal vulnerability of Teluk Pangpang is included in the low category. Meanwhile, the PPA analysis resulted in seven variables that most influence the sustainability of small-scale capture fisheries, namely climate change, coastal vulnerability, coral reef area and density, number of small-scale fishers, catches, human resources of small-scale fishers, and management of small-scale fisheries resources. Furthermore, the formulation of the sustainability scenario of smallscale capture fisheries in Pangpang Bay is to minimise the impact of climate change and conduct disaster mitigation, improve the human resources of smallscale fishers, and equalise perceptions as outlined in the commitment between all interested parties and small-scale fishing communities.

Environmental Effect on the Growth and Enzyme Activity of Fucoidanase-Producing Bacteria Cytobacillus kochii GSD

2025-03-17T11:02:35+07:00

Graphical Abstract

Highlight Research

1. Sargassum polycystum has been extracted and analyzed.

2. Cytobacillus kochii GSD in response to fucoidanase-producing enzyme activity was analyzed.

3. Optimum temperature, pH, and salinity can suppress the activity of the fucoidanase enzyme through the inhibition test.

4. Cytobacillus kochii GSD can produce fucoidanase enzyme with low molecular weight.

Abstract

Extensive research has shown that low molecular weight fucoidan exhibits significantly greater biological activity than its high molecular weight. C. kochi GSD, a Sargassum symbiont bacterium, is proven to have the activity of hydrolyze fucoidan. This study proposes the growth optimization and fucoidanase enzymatic activity of C. kochii GSD bacteria under varying environmental conditions (temperature, pH, and salinity) cultured in basic liquid medium (BLM) for 48 hours. Based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the range of temperature, pH, and salinity for the growth optimization test of C. kochi GSD bacteria were 26.591, 30, 35, 40, and 43.49^oC, the pH used starts from 3.636, 5, 7, 9, and 10.363, while the salinity to be used starts from 3.522, 5, 17.5, 30, and 38.522 ppt, respectively. The best conditions for growth of each environment were then continued with the test of fucoidanase enzyme activity in vitro. The results showed that C. kochii GSD bacteria grew optimally at temperature, pH, and salinity of 35^oC, 7, and 30 ppt, respectively. The optimum enzyme activity of C. kochii GSD is at 72 hours with the forming of clear zones on media containing fucoidan and given Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) solution with clear zone diameters of 31.17 mm (temperature), 25.9 mm (pH), and 20.97 mm (salinity), respectively. The conclusion of this study is a high novelty finding to produce low molecular weight fucoidan enzymatically with C. kochii GSD bacteria to be used as an immunostimulant.

The Suitability of Tomini Bay Gorontalo for Marine Tourism: Opportunities and Challenges

2025-03-17T11:49:42+07:00

Graphical Abstract

Highlight Research

1. The potential of coral reefs for marine tourism has been calculated.

2. The potential of coralfish for marine tourism has been identified.

3. Water quality parameters are supporting factors for the sustainability of marine tourism.

4. The suitability of snorkeling and diving tourism has been mapped.

Abstract

The waters of Tomini Bay, which boast the longest coastline in Gorontalo Province at 572.5 km, hold significant marine tourism potential, warranting further study and development. This research evaluated the potential and suitability of marine tourism in the Tomini Bay Gorontalo area, specifically snorkeling and diving. Data were collected on coral reef conditions, reef fish communities, and water quality parameters from six locations, including Pinomontiga, Kurenai, and Kaisomaru Beach, as well as Dulanga, Bitila, and Lahe Islands. Coral reef conditions were assessed using the underwater photo transect method, while reef fish data were collected using the underwater visual census method. Physical water parameter data measured were temperature (°C), salinity (‰), pH, dissolved oxygen (mg/L), current speed (cm/s), and brightness (m). The analysis of coral cover was conducted using Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe), while the suitability for snorkeling and diving tourism was assessed using the Tourism Suitability Index. The results showed that most locations had moderate to excellent coral reef conditions, high coral and fish diversity, and water quality that supported marine tourism activities. Among the six locations studied, two, namely Pinomontiga Beach and Lahe Island, were rated highly suitable for snorkeling and diving, while Kaisomaru Beach was not suitable. Other places, including Kurenai Beach and Bitila Island, were rated as suitable. These results provide essential information for developing sustainable marine tourism in Tomini Bay Gorontalo and can serve as a reference for local government in planning environmentally friendly tourism activities.

Shoreline Change Detection Using DSAS: Case Study in PT IWIP Mining Industrial Area, North Maluku Province, Indonesia

2025-04-08T09:33:48+07:00

Graphical Abstract

Highlight Research

DSAS based on geographic information systems has the ability to extract important information on the dynamics of shoreline changes, both accretion and abrasion.
The dynamics of shoreline change in the short period of time 2018-2023 in the IWIP industrial area shows a very dynamic change process dominated by accretion.
The conversion of beach into land was more prevalent than the process of shoreline retreat in the study area.
The abrasion rate in this study area was categorized as moderate, while the accretion rate was categorized as very high due to construction activities.

Abstract

The development of industrial estate infrastructure in coastal areas causes significant changes in coastal morphology. Despite extensive infrastructure development in coastal zones, limited empirical data exists on the shoreline dynamics of newly established industrial estates, particularly in Eastern Indonesia, thus highlighting the urgency of this study. This study investigates coastal morphology changes in the PT Indonesia Weda Bay Industrial Park (IWIP) industrial area over five years using Landsat 8 OLI level 2A satellite imagery and geospatial analysis. Shoreline extraction was performed using the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) algorithm and analyzed with the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) applying the Net Shoreline Movement (NSM), End Point Rate (EPR), and Linear Regression Rate (LRR) methods. The findings show that from 2018 to 2023, the shoreline in the PT IWIP area predominantly experienced accretion. The highest rate of shoreline accretion occurred in industrial zone, with a maximum of 147.58 m/year and an average of 36.56 m/year, while residential zones in the eastern and western regions experienced moderate abrasion, with a maximum of 12.32 m/year and an average of 4.11 m/year. Categorization followed standard DSAS criteria, where shoreline changes between 10–30 m/year were considered moderate, and changes above 30 m/year were classified as very high. Measurement accuracy was validated using high-resolution Google Earth imagery and Landsat metadata, ensuring positional accuracy within ±30 meters. These results highlight the rapid and spatially varied shoreline changes driven by industrial activities, emphasizing the importance of remote sensing in monitoring and managing coastal development impacts

Back Meter Vol 17 No 2

2025-05-23T18:47:26+07:00