The Usage of E-Learning Model To Optimize Learning System In Higher Education by Using Dick and Carey Design Approach

— Nowadays many universities in the world apply technology enhanced learning in order to help learning activities. Due to the potentials technology enhanced learning offers, recent education using it and universities in particular are trying to apply it. One of the subjects of this research is The Accounting Department of Airlangga University in Surabaya. The idea of this research is to investigate the students about how they know deeply about e-learning system and learning objectives as a first step to conduct e-learning model. After the model completed, the next step is to prepare database learning. Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) can help to explain the model. The purpose of this research was done by using Dick and Carey Design Model. There are nine steps to conduct e-learning model. All steps can be categorized into three steps research: first is the introduction or empirical study, the next step is the design and the last is the feedback after the implementation. The methodology used in this research is using Qualitative Exploratory, by using questionnaire and interviews as data collection techniques. The analysis of the data shows organization requires information about e-learning content, user as a learning subject and information technology infrastructures. E-learning model as one of the alternative learning can help users to optimized learning.


I. INTRODUCTION
Information technology (IT) recently plays a critical and strategic role.The application of information technology is omnipresent, such as in economy, business, banking, engineering, social, culture, and so on (Erdani & Yuliadi, 2007).The application of technology-based information system is also pervading educational environments, where education principally represents the processes of communication and information of the educator and the educated.
Educational institutions in Indonesia are currently competing for educational utilization of information and communication technology, for education by constructing hardware infrastructure, the Internet network development, software procurement, and so on (Arifin, 2007).Educational development towards e-learning is compulsory (Triono, 2007) and the need for concept of information technology-based teaching and learning is a requisite (Widodo, 2008).It is believed that improvement of education productivity can be achieved by using information technology (Witanti & Wina, 2008).Students can download materials of lectures administered by lecturers through web sites of respective universities.
Rapid development of information technology supported by sophisticated technology creates opportunities for researchers to find solutions for organization problems.The advance of information system lead to the carrying out of educational researches, such as by (Wahid & Fahul, 2007) and (Suryani, 2009) in Indonesia and by (Kurti, 2008) in Kosovo.
Research by (Wahid & Fahul, 2007) concerned with analysis of factors influencing adoption and diffusion of Klasiber, a portal of e-learning.The approach employed in this study was the diffusion of Innovation Theory developed by Rogers.The purpose of the research was to implement elearning by using Learning Management Systems (LMS) of Moode open source subsequently called Klasiber.
Study by (Suryani, 2009) more concerned with the development of IT Governance in higher education institutions by referring to the standards of COBIT 4.0.One of the recent studies of elearning was conducted by (Kurti, 2008).The differences of this study and previous studies can be summarizes in table 1.There are many terminologies in today's education realm that have nearly the same connotations, namely web-base learning, online learning, computer-based learning and distance learning (Effendi & Zhuang, 2005).Electronic learning (e-learning) is a special combination of technology, especially informatics and education (Setiawan, 2005).
Instructional materials are critical factors in developing e-learning materials.Consequently, a basic and clear principle of development is required.In doing so, a principle of Instructional Design can be used (Setiawan, 2005).Instructional Design is used to design, develop, evaluate, and refine an e-learning for higher education (Siragusa, 2006) There are three (3) criterias for optimal utilization of the Internet technology in delivering learning (Rosenberg, 2001): (1) e-learning is a network with capability of updating, retaining, distributing, and allocating instructional material or information; (2) transmission to end-users through computer by means of standard Internet technology; (3) focus on broadest view on learning behind traditional learning paradigm.
In instructional designs, there are voluminous models that can be used to compose e-learningbased instructional materials (Botturi, Cantoni, Lepori, & Tardini, 2006) (The Herridge Group Inc. , 2004).Among those models are (a) Morrison, Ross and Kemp who tend to class orientation, (b) Seels and Glasgow who are result-oriented , and (c) Dick and Carey who do not only focus on class and outcome but also overall system.Differences of the three models can be found in Table 2 and  Table 3.
In general, the model of Dick and Carey underlying this research uses system of outlining overall learning processes in composing smaller parts, starting from determination of instructional purposes to its evaluation (Dick, Carey, & Carey, 2001).The model design of Dick and Carey can be Structure: positioning and sequencing of content All three models contain an instructional strategy step in which diverse options for positioning and sequencing can be considered.

Content Design
All three models have steps or phases in which content design addressed Motivation and feedback All three models support motivational and feedback approaches and mechanism.The rigor of the three models may ensure that the required level of detail is available to make solid design decisions.

Interaction and involvement
The level of interaction and the degree of learner involvement are a design decisions that taken in the instructional strategy phase of each of the models.These decisions would then inform decisions related to the selection of instructional media.(Dick, Carey, & Carey, 2001) found in Figure 1.Based on the above background, the present research has two statements of the problem, namely: To construct models of e-learning and database learning and Creating e-learning model appropriate to achieve optimal learning in higher education institutions by using Dick and Carey model.

II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Type of Study
The present research uses the methodology of qualitative approach.The method employed is exploratory research.Research using qualitativeexploratory approach is extensively carried out to inform an innovation; for example, detailed study of web-based learning environment (Agostinho, 2005).

B. Data and Sampling
Data collection in this qualitative-exploratory research used interview and documentation.Detailed technique of data collection can be found in Table 4.

C. Stages of Research
Based on the method and theory mentioned above, processes of research aim at producing an e-learning model can be summarized as follows: 1. Observation stage 2. The model construction stages The above overall stages could be made into table of input-process-output as can be found in table 5.

A. The Overview of Information System in
Accounting Department of Airlangga University Information system of Airlangga University was interconnected to information systems of respective faculties, one of them was Faculty of Economy of Airlangga University.Hence,

C. Discussion
The obtained four sources of documentation,  6.
The results of questionnaire administered to lecturers showed that as much as eight respondents very frequently used the Internet to search for information in order to support learning processes.In addition, 91.7% of them possessed e-mail addresses, which was expected to optimize elearning utilization.Lecturers, administration staff, and students as users were keys to e-learning success.Fulfilled requirement of infrastructure resource would facilitate installation to home Web site of Faculty Airlangga University that had already linked to faculties.About 90.2% respondents have ever visited the Web site and utilized link facilities available in the university Web site.

D. Designing of E-learning Model
This stage was initiated by determining the content of e-learning.These materials would involve lecturers, administration staff, and students.Content of e-learning can be found in Table 7.Before the construction of e-learning model, Data Flow Diagram (DFD) was made first.This diagram can be found in Figure 3.

E. E-learning Model of Accounting Department of Airlangga University
This e-learning model could only be applied to Accounting Department due to adjustments to various demands.E-learning model of Accounting Department can be depicted in Figure 1.
Based on the above model, there were several stages of e-learning: E-learning-based planning of learning: (1).The stage of processes of learning, (2).The evaluation of the learning.

IV. CONCLUSION
Conclusions that can be drawn from the present research, among others, are: The stages in the construction of e-learning model were initiated by the identification of organizational needs, users' needs, infrastructure and processes of learning and e-learning model for higher education institutions was different, according to their respective needs and characteristics.The constructed e-learning model only reflected the need for information system of Accounting Department of Airlangga University.
Suggestion provided in order to obtain adequate outcomes are: Strategies of direction priority and objectives of learning in Accounting Department need to be re-devised and then executed.Training of human resource and an integrated management information system must be the priorities, in addition to lecturers and students as users of e-learning, administration staff is highly desirable for the success of e-learning, lecturers as main sources of learning were obliged and must have e-mail and e-learning server needs to be supplemented in Accounting Department.
The constructed e-learning model shall be used as the basis for determining an e-learning model in a higher scope (faculty or university).The elearning model shall be flawless when it is translated into programming language or software.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. E-learning Model Accounting Department Airlangga University namely GBPP, SAP, Syllabus, and Education Manual were closely related to the success of learning.Observational results of GBPP, SAP, Syllabus, and Education Manual appropriate to achieving output are summarized in Table6.The results of questionnaire administered to lecturers showed that as much as eight respondents very frequently used the Internet to search for information in order to support learning processes.In addition, 91.7% of them possessed e-mail addresses, which was expected to optimize elearning utilization.Lecturers, administration staff, and students as users were keys to e-learning success.Fulfilled requirement of infrastructure resource would facilitate installation to home Web site of Faculty Airlangga University that had already linked to faculties.About 90.2% respondents have ever visited the Web site and utilized link facilities available in the university Web site.

TABLE 1 .
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF PREVIOUS STUDIES AND PRESENT STUDY

TABLE 4 .
TECHNIQUE OF DATA COLLECTION

TABLE 5 .
INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT TO CONSTRUCT E-LEARNING MODEL Source of information to student and academic staff/lecturer, which more general and complex and adjusted with each department need.