JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN

Spatial Analysis of Microbiological Contaminants Based on Sanitary Hygiene of Drinking Water Depots in Tangerang City in 2024

Mon, 27 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Potable water needs to satisfy quality criteria for microbiological, chemical, and physical. Consuming water that fails to comply with established quality standards can lead to illnesses, including diarrhea. In Tangerang City, based on environment-related disease counseling data from 2024, diarrhea had the highest number of cases. The study examined the influence of DAM sanitary hygiene on the microbiological quality of refilled potable water and to map the distribution of DAM in Tangerang City in 2024. Methods: The study employed a quantitative analytic observation with a cross-sectional method and a secondary data analysis (SDA) with a geographic information system (GIS). Independent variable in this study is the assessment results of the sanitary hygiene DAM and dependent variable is the microbiological quality laboratory test result. The sample consisted of 104 DAM across Tangerang City. Data analysis utilized the Chi-square and binary logistic regression tests. Spatial analysis for thematic map creation was performed using QGIS. Results and Discussion: The results showed that 72.1% of DAM met the sanitary hygiene requirements but 63.5% still had microbiological contaminants. Statistical test results showed that the sanitary hygiene of DAM had a significant partial effect on the microbiological quality of drinking water with a p-value=0.002 (p<0.05). Conclusion: The study concluded that the sanitary hygiene of DAM affects the microbiological quality of drinking water. Other variabels outside the assessment aspects also contribute, such as a contact time of UV light or disinfection equipment, maintenance of filters, and water source quality.

A Systematic Review of the Effects of Aerobic and Anaerobic Biofilter Processes on the Reduction of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) in Domestic Wastewater

Zairinayati, Aris Citra Wisuda, Norhashima Abd Rashid, Chun Hoe Tan — Mon, 27 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Domestic wastewater significantly contributes to environmental degradation due to its elevated Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), indicating the concentration of organic contaminants that deplete oxygen in aquatic ecosystems. Biofilter-based treatment technologies, both aerobic and anaerobic, have emerged as sustainable alternatives; nonetheless, their comparative efficacy remains inadequately investigated. Discussion: This systematic study, adhering to PRISMA principles, evaluates the efficacy of aerobic and anaerobic biofilters in diminishing BOD levels in home wastewater. A thorough literature search utilizing Publish or Perish software across five databases Scopus, DOAJ, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar was conducted to find pertinent articles published from 2019 to 2025. Of the 1210 articles initially discovered, ten satisfied the inclusion criteria according to the PICOS framework. Research indicates that both aerobic and anaerobic systems markedly decrease BOD values. Aerobic biofilters provide quick organic matter decomposition and superior removal efficiency, while anaerobic systems are beneficial for energy conservation and diminished sludge production. Numerous studies underscore the improved effectiveness of hybrid or sequential biofilter systems, demonstrating a synergistic impact when both approaches are utilized together. Conclusion: Both aerobic and anaerobic biofilters effectively reduce BOD levels in home wastewater. Hybrid systems offer a notably advantageous solution by amalgamating the qualities of both methods. Future study must concentrate on refining operational parameters and assessing the long-term scalability of integrated biofilter technology to enhance sustainable wastewater management.

Biopolymer-Based Adsorption of Congo Red Using Modified Κ-Carrageenan: Towards Safer Water and Environmental Health Protection

Mon, 27 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: The discharge of synthetic dyes such as Congo Red (CR) into water systems poses serious threats to aquatic biodiversity, deteriorates water quality, and raises public health risks due to their toxicity, persistence, and tendency to bioaccumulate. This study investigates the potential of chemically modified κ-carrageenan as a biosorbent for CR removal under varying conditions. Methods: Two forms of κ-carrageenan were prepared: unmodified (κC) and modified (mκC). Functional groups were identified using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), while surface morphology was examined via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to assess how dye concentration, contact time, and adsorbent amount affect Congo Red removal, measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and analyzed using Langmuir and Temkin isotherm models. Results and Discussion: The mκC achieved 93.3% removal efficiency at an initial CR concentration of 20 mg/L, reaching equilibrium within 60 minutes at an optimal dosage of 0.3 g. FTIR confirmed the presence of functional groups such as carbonyl, sulfonate, and amide. SEM revealed an increase in the biosorbent's roughness and porosity. Isotherm modelling showed a strong fit to the Langmuir model, with an R² value of 0.9974 and a maximum adsorption capacity of 476.19 mg/g. The Temkin model also revealed a good correlation (R²=0.9511), indicating that chemisorption is the primary mechanism of adsorption. Conclusion: Modified κ-carrageenan is a cost-effective and biodegradable biosorbent for dye removal, with potential for wastewater treatment. Future research on regeneration and real-world applications will enhance its role in improving water quality and protecting environmental health.

A Systematic Review of Solid Waste Management in Indonesia: Generation, Characteristics, Treatment, and Regulation

Mon, 27 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Research on solid waste in Indonesia remains relatively fragmented, with many studies still focusing on the development of solid waste management in urban areas. This study seeks to address the information gap by reviewing the development of solid waste management in Indonesia. Discussion: This systematic review was conducted through literature searches in Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar, selecting 38 articles that specifically examined solid waste in Indonesia in terms of its generation, characteristics, management, and regulatory frameworks. Collective evidence showed that household waste generation in Indonesia is strongly influenced by various factors such as income level, residential location, season, and public awareness of waste management. Waste banks and the 3R approach are the main pillars of community-based strategies, with composting applied to organic waste. Waste processing facilities play a supporting role within the community, such as WTE and incineration. Landfills remain necessary as a final solution for residual waste that cannot be further processed. Law No. 18 of 2008 on Waste Management serves as the primary regulatory framework in Indonesia. This law shifts the traditional paradigm of "collect-transport-dispose" toward a more sustainable approach through the 3R principles. Conclusion: Solid waste generation in Indonesia is determined by socio-economic factors, urbanization, and consumption patterns. Management strategies emphasize community-based approaches such as waste banks, composting, and the 3R principle, supported by small-scale processing facilities, while landfills remain necessary for residual waste. The Law on Waste Management requires revision to align with current developments and emerging challenges in solid waste management.

In Vivo Evaluation of Ecoenzyme as a Natural Bioinsecticide Against Tenebrio Molitor Larvae

Mon, 27 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Organic kitchen waste fermented into eco-enzyme contains organic acids and secondary metabolites with insecticidal potential. We hypothesized that intermediate dilutions would yield higher larval mortality than very low or undiluted solutions by maximizing uptake while limiting rapid deterrence or detoxification responses. Methods: Eco-enzyme was produced from kitchen residues and brown sugar through 90-day fermentation and confirmed to contain acetic acid, lactic acid, flavonoids, and alkaloids (pH 3.0). A randomized design tested five dilutions (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) and a chemical insecticide control (Curacron 500 EC). Each treatment had three replicates of 10 Tenebrio molitor larvae (n=180). Solutions were sprayed twice daily for seven days, and mortality recorded before each application. Data were analyzed using Shapiro–Wilk tests and one-way ANOVA (α=0.05). Results and Discussion: Phytochemical screening verified organic acids and bioactive metabolites. By Day 7, cumulative mortality was: control 23.33%, 25% eco-enzyme 46.67%, 50% 13.33%, 75% 30.00%, 100% 33.33%, and chemical insecticide 86.67%. The 25% group showed normal distribution and significantly higher mortality than several other eco-enzyme treatments (p<0.05). This intermediate concentration permitted ingestion and disruption of gut pH, digestive enzymes, and neural pathways, whereas higher concentrations provoked irritation and avoidance, reducing toxin uptake. Conclusion: Eco-enzyme at 25% provides optimal larvicidal activity, highlighting its potential as a biodegradable, low-cost alternative. Its application could support integrated pest management, lowering environmental residues, and promoting sustainable agriculture. Future work should include field validation, non-target assessments, and formulation strategies to enhance stability and scalability.

Analysis of the Quality Clean Water Sources through Geographic Information System Mapping and Geoelectric Methods in Flood-Prone Areas

Mon, 27 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Astambul Subdistrict in Banjar Regency is classified as a flood-prone area. Such regions tend to experience a decline in clean water quality. In Astambul, no mapping has been conducted regarding clean water quality based on water management and land conditions to improve clean water quality in flood-prone areas. This study aims to analyze the availability of clean water sources in flood-prone areas using geoelectrical methods and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Methods: This study used a quantitative research design with a cross-sectional method to analyze clean water sources using geoelectric and Geographic Information System (GIS) methods. This study was conducted in five villages in Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan Province. Testing using the geoelectrical method was conducted at five locations in five villages, while the GIS method was used at 30 locations across the five villages. Results and Discussion: The geoelectric method showed that 4 villages had turbid water quality, and 1 village had very turbid water. The GIS (Geographic Information System) method indicated that the parameters for turbidity, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and coliforms did not meet the standards. The average values of Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and turbidity are 8.03 mg/L, 179.27 mg/L, 0.22 mg/L, and 17.23 NTU, respectively. The average values for pH, iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) are 6.44, 0.68 mg/L, and 21.02 mg/L, respectively. Conclusion: Based on Geoelectric and Geographic Information System analysis, the Astambul District area has clean water sources that are still below quality standards.

Association Between Patients Behavior, Housing Conditions and Malaria Severity in the Fourteen Military Hospital, Margibi County, Liberia

Gabriel Zean, Heny Arwati, Linda Dewanti, Atika, Moses Tende Stephens — Mon, 27 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Malaria has been a significant public health issue in Liberia, with behavioural and environmental factors influencing transmission and consequences. This study evaluated the association between patient behavior and housing condition with malaria status and severity in a military hospital in Margibi County, Liberia, in 2024. Methods: A cross-sectional study utilising 54 patients infected with P. Falciparum, where 53.7% were male, aged 20 to 49, and 46.3% were female, examining the association between patients' behaviour, housing condition and malaria severity in the Fourteenth Military Hospital in 2024. The association between variables was analysed using Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Results and Discussion: The association between patient behavior and housing conditions with malaria case status was statistically insignificant, as was the association between these factors and malaria severity. Small sample sizes and unmeasured confounders may not have provided sufficient statistical power to detect significant differences between groups, even though stronger associations between certain variables might exist but were undetected due to limited data. Further research with a more controlled design and larger sample sizes will be necessary to investigate the association between these variables further. Conclusion: There was no significant association between patient behavior and housing conditions with malaria case status or severity. A more systematic approach to data collection, incorporating factors related to malaria status and severity, could provide a clearer understanding of the contributors to P. falciparum infection status and disease, which can be correlated with patient behavior.

Analysis of Differences in Environmental Noise Levels and the Influence of Individual, Behavioral, and Environmental Factors on Hearing Threshold, Blood Pressure, and Habitual Sleep Efficiency

Mon, 27 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Environmental noise from transportation, especially railways, is a form of sound pollution that affects health both auditorily and non-auditorily. Homemakers, who spend most of their time at home, are particularly vulnerable to noise exposure. This study aimed to analyze differences in hearing thresholds, blood pressure, and habitual sleep efficiency among homemakers residing in areas with varying noise levels, as well as contributing individual, behavioral, and environmental factors. Methods: This was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design involving 60 housewives—30 from a noise-exposed area (Ambengan Selatan Karya) and 30 from a quieter area (Rusunawa Wonorejo). Data were collected through noise measurements using a Sound Level Meter, audiometric tests, blood pressure measurements, and questionnaires inspired by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Statistical analyses included the Independent T-Test to analyze the differences in environmental noise level, the Mann-Whitney test to analyze the differences of each dependent variable, and the chi-squared test to analyze the influences. Results and Discussion: Significant differences were found in environmental noise levels (p=0.021), right ear hearing thresholds (p=0.039), blood pressure (p=0.007), and sleep efficiency (p=0.040). No significant difference was observed in left ear hearing thresholds. Factors influencing right ear hearing thresholds included age and earphone use, age influenced blood pressure, while physical barriers affected sleep efficiency. Conclusion: High exposure to environmental noise may increase the risk of hearing loss, hypertension, and sleep disturbances.

Subclinical Renal Dysfunction in Horticultural Farmers: Early Detection in High Pesticide Exposure Areas

Hansen, Mursid Raharjo, Suhartono, Nur Endah Wahyuningsih — Mon, 27 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Globally, Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown etiology (CKDu) poses a growing medical and social challenge, particularly in agrarian countries with a high prevalence of pesticide exposure. Indonesia, is one of the countries with a dominant agricultural sector. Tanjungsari and Glonggong villages in Wanasari subdistrict, Brebes Regency, are agricultural areas with a high intensity of pesticide use. Methods: This research aimed to identify the prevalence of subclinical renal dysfunction and associated risk factors in horticultural farmers in areas with high pesticide exposure. This research applied a cross-sectional method involving 40 farmers aged 26-65 years from two villages in Wanasari District, Brebes Regency. Data collection was carried out through interviews, and examination of kidney function biomarkers (serum creatinine and eGFR). Statistical analysis was conducted using Logistic Regression tests. Results and Discussion: The study revealed that 37.5% of participants exhibited eGFR values <90 ml/min/1.73 m2, indicating subclinical impairment of kidney function. Employment duration >20 years (p=0.024; OR=6.000; 95% CI:1.263-28.498) and daily working hours >6 hours (p<0.001; OR=69.279; 95% CI:6.423-756.965) showed a significant association with reduced eGFR values. Occupational health interventions should prioritize managing the duration and intensity of exposure to hazardous substances in the workplace, regardless of the workers' gender. Conclusion: The conclusion is that the daily working hours and the employment duration of the farmers are significantly associated with impaired kidney function, potentially acting as an initial marker of CKDu.

Logistic Model of Aedes Aegypti Larval Habitats Based on Modifiable Household Environmental Factors in Banjar, Indonesia

Nurul Hidayah, Eko Suhartono, Ahmad Hidayat, Mahmudah, Patricia Sator — Mon, 27 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: In endemic nations like Indonesia, dengue fever remains a serious public health concern. The majority of predictive models ignore modifiable risk factors at the home level in favor of macroenvironmental variables (rainfall and climate). The study aimed to develop a logistic regression model to forecast the presence of Aedes aegypti larvae based on water quality metrics and the household water containers characteristics. Methods: In Banjar Regency, Indonesia, 400 randomly chosen households participated in a cross-sectional survey. Water parameters (pH, temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen) and container attributes (color, cover availability, and type of water source) were evaluated. Significant predictors were identified using stepwise logistic regression. Model performance was assessed using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and the Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. Results and Discussion: The final model identified three significant predictors: container color (OR=14.45; 95% CI:2.93–71.16; p=0.001), cover availability (OR=8.02; 95% CI:1.53–42.01; p=0.014), and water source type (OR=16.78; 95% CI:3.18–88.44; p=0.001). The model equation was: logit(p)=-4.676+2.820(water source)+2.671(colour) +2.082(cover availability). The model exhibited outstanding discrimination (AUC=0.945; 95% CI:0.899–0.992) and good calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow p=0.649). Conclusion: This household-based logistic model effectively identifies high-risk larval habitats using simple, context-specific indicators. Container color, cover availability, and water source type were key predictors of Aedes aegypti larvae presence, offering practical value for community vector control and early warning systems in resource-limited settings.