JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN

Implementation of Insecticide for Fogging and Larvicidation in Dengue Fever Control and Its Impact on Vector Resistance in Banjarmasin City: A Qualitative Analysis

Tue, 29 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Dengue remains a major public health concern in Indonesia, including Banjarmasin. Insecticide-based interventions, such as fogging and larviciding, are key components of dengue vector control. However, improper implementation can lead to insecticide resistance, reducing program effectiveness. Methods: This qualitative study aimed to evaluate the implementation of insecticide use in the dengue control program in Banjarmasin. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document reviews at national, provincial, and municipal levels. A total of 60 informants were purposively selected, including stakeholders from the Ministry of Health, provincial and city health offices, pharmaceutical warehouses, community health centers, sub-districts, and urban villages. Data were analyzed using a deductive Input-Process-Output (IPO) model and inductive gap analysis. Triangulation was applied to ensure data validity. Results and Discussion: The study revealed that the absence of national and local insecticide resistance mapping hinders the implementation of insecticide rotation policies. Other challenges include a shortage of trained entomology personnel, limited training, weak intersectoral coordination, and poor dissemination of vector control regulations, particularly regarding fogging procedures. Moreover, unsupervised community-led fogging often deviates from standard operating procedures. Conclusion: Strengthening human resource capacity, improving insecticide distribution planning based on resistance data, and enhancing regulatory enforcement are critical to improving program effectiveness. Promoting community-based approaches is also essential to support sustainable and responsive dengue vector control strategies.

Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Serayu River Water, Central Java-Indonesia

Cicik Oktasari Handayani, Hidayatuz Zu'amah, Sukarjo — Tue, 29 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Pollution is a major factor contributing to the decline in river water quality, which serves as a source of clean water for residents. This study examines the pollution degrees of heavy metals, including lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel, arsenic, cobalt, and manganese, in surface water, as well as the associated public health risks for adults and children. Methods: Water samples were obtained from 18 unique sites along the Serayu River in Central Java Province. The concentrations of heavy metals were measured utilizing an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The heavy metal pollution index was employed to evaluate the Serayu River's suitability as drinking water. Public health risks were evaluated by employing the hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk estimation. Results and Discussion: The heavy metal pollution index exceeded 100 at several sampling sites (W1, W2, W3, W4, W6, W7), indicating that the water is unsafe for drinking. However, non-carcinogenic risks from metal ingestion are negligible, as the HI and HQ values for both adults and children remain below one. The estimated carcinogenic risk is within the acceptable threshold (1E-4), with values of 1.109E-6 for adults and 4.199E-6 for children, suggesting no significant carcinogenic risk to the population. Conclusion: The results indicate that the Serayu River does not pose a significant carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic for illness to adults and children. However, owing to their heightened susceptibility to toxic effects, monitoring strategies to address the elevated vulnerability of children to heavy metal exposure

Bacterial Colonization on Ventilator Surfaces in the ICU of Government Hospital in Pontianak

Hariyanto IH, Icha Maidiana Putri, Delima Fajar Liana — Tue, 29 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Colonization on ventilator surface is causing a risk of pathogenic bacteria transmission, leading to Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs). Therefore, this study aimed to determine bacterial colonization on ventilator surface in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of Government Hospital in Pontianak. Methods: Two ventilators, designated A and B, were sampled by sterile cotton swabs moistened with NaCl at 7 sampling points, namely power, interface, and control button, as well as screen, handrail, inspiratory port, and expiratory port. Samples were plated in triplication using the spread plate method on tryptone soya agar (TSA) medium and then incubated for 24 hours. The growth colonies were counted, and the morphology was observed macroscopically and microscopically. Results and Discussion: The results showed colonization at all sampling points on both ventilator surfaces. Ventilator A had total average number of colonies of 97, which was significantly higher compared to B with a total average of 7. Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) were observed more than Gram-positive bacteria (GPB) in both ventilators, accounting for 58.75% and 41.25%, respectively. The handrail part showed the highest number of colonies, accounting for 546 and 35 in ventilator A and B, respectively, represent both GNB and GPB but dominated by Gram-Positive coccus. The morphological forms of bacterial cells found were Gram-negative bacillus (GNB), Gram-positive coccus (GPC), Gram-negative coccus (GNC), and Gram-positive bacillus (GPB), with percentages of 37.50%, 27.50%, 21.25%, and 13.75%, respectively. Conclusion: This study showed colonization on the surfaces of two ventilators used in the ICU.

Association of Household Environment and Family Habits with Respiratory Allergy Symptoms in Children

Lilis Sulistyorini, Corie Prasasti, Ririh Yudhastuti, Hasnur Z Arna — Tue, 29 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Respiratory allergy symptoms in children still pose challenges in Indonesia regions, including big cities such as Surabaya. Several studies have found a relationship between household environment and family habits. The study aimed to identify the relationship between household environment and family habits with the incidence of respiratory allergies in children. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design and was conducted on children aged 5-15 years with respiratory problems in the past three months. A questionnaire adapted from the International Childhood Asthma and Allergy Research (ISAAC) was used to see the respiratory allergy symptoms occurring in children. For statistical tests, this study used the Chi-square test, Fisher exact test, and logistic regression. Results : The data obtained showed a significant relationship between home furniture and building condition with respiratory allergy symptoms in children with OR values of 3.667 (CI: 1.068-12.586) and 3.747 (CI: 1.149-12.221), respectively. The use of air fresheners and insect repellent at home was also significantly related to respiratory allergy symptoms in children with OR values of 3.286 (CI: 1.063-10.152) and 4.200 (CI: 1.270-13.892), respectively. Conclusion: Household environment and family habits are associated with respiratory allergy symptoms in children. Household environment and family habits should be considered carefully, especially home furniture and building condition, also the habits of using fresheners and insect repellent should be avoided to prevent respiratory allergy symptoms in children. Conducting similar research and examination that involve larger samples to explore the cause-and-effect relationship between household environment and family habits with respiratory disease are very needed

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Interaction of Pollutants on Pneumonia Cases Distribution in Metropolitan Jakarta

Salman Alfarisi, Venita Syavera — Tue, 29 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of death in children under five globally, including in Indonesia. Large metropolitan cities such as Jakarta face a heavier burden due to poor air quality and high population density, further increasing the spread of this disease. This study aims to identify areas with high pneumonia risk and contributing pollutant factors to support more effective interventions and guide policy-making in reducing the impact of pneumonia in urban areas. Methods: This study used the Besag-York-Mollié 2 spatiotemporal model with INLA to analyze the geographic distribution of disease and the influence of pollutant factors. The data comes from Social Security Agency, which has not been used in previous similar studies, and the Jakarta Environmental Agency, thus providing a more accurate description of the actual conditions. Results and Discussion: The effects of pollutants were analyzed based on their credibility intervals, with CO (0.0004, 0.0014); SO2 (-0.0220, 0.0092); and PM10 (-0.0123, 0.0362). Meanwhile, the effect of the time factor (year) has a credibility interval of (0.1669, 0.3464). Spatiotemporal analysis shows an increase in relative risk spread across Jakarta. Conclusion: It was shown through the study that pollutants, particularly CO, positively affected the rising cases of pneumonia, whereas other pollutants discussed under the study had no significant impact. Additionally, time also made a significant impact on the study. The risk ratio for every region of Jakarta rose, and this highlights the importance of air quality management, sustainable urban development, and access to health in an equitable equally.

Estimation of the Carbon Footprint of Campus Activities at the Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Jambi, After the Covid19 Pandemic

Windi Mulia Nofta Fani, Febri Juita Anggraini, Hariestya Viareco — Tue, 29 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: The Covid19 pandemic altered campus activity patterns, impacting energy use and transportation. As operations resumed, universities became significant contributors to carbon emissions. Without intervention, these emissions risk accelerating environmental harm. This study estimates the post-pandemic carbon footprint of campus activities to provide a foundation for emission reduction strategies at the Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Jambi. Methods: This quantitative descriptive study used surveys and observations at Universitas Jambi (2023) with 132 respondents via stratified sampling. Emissions were estimated using GHG Protocol scopes 1–3 and IPCC 2019 factors. Carbon-related variables were analyzed and mapped using Vensim to visualize interrelations in campus emission activities. Results and Discussion: The post-pandemic carbon footprint of campus activities at the Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Jambi, totaled 490.9 tons CO₂-eq in 2023. Scope 2 emissions from electricity use dominated at 78.54%, followed by Scope 3 (commuting and paper usage) at 20.29%, and Scope 1 at 1.16%. Transportation, particularly student commuting, was the largest contributor within Scope 3. Scenario simulations using Vensim revealed that carpooling and car-free day programs could reduce emissions significantly. Behavior-based interventions, including energy-saving practices and digital document usage, were identified as effective strategies to improve sustainability in daily academic operations. Conclusion: The findings support the development of targeted emission reduction strategies aligned with post-pandemic campus conditions. Its integrated approach contributes a data-driven framework for sustainable policy planning, especially for post-pandemic institutions in tropical and developing country contexts.

Effect of Mercury Administration as an Oxidative Stress Trigger in Hepato-Renal Injuries

Tue, 29 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Mercury as the source of free radicals can trigger the activation of oxidative stress pathways. With its high toxicity, it can cause hepato-renal injuries. There have been many studies on mercury toxicity in various organs, but there are still few scientific studies that examine the hepato-renal injuries caused by mercury through the oxidative stress pathway. This study was conducted to investigate the triggering of the oxidative stress pathway due to mercury exposure in hepato-renal injuries. Methods: Research using randomized true laboratory experiment method with post-test control group design. The number of samples used was 28 Wistar rats. The research group consisted of 2 groups, control group was given aquadest ad libitum, and intervention group was given water contaminated with mercury per oral once a day (15 kg/WB). The treatment period was 14 consecutive days and on the 15th day, blood samples were taken. Oxidative stress marker was assessed by examining MDA and GPx levels and hepato-renal injuries were assessed by examining liver function (ALT and AST) and kidney function (ureum and creatinine). The collected data were analyzed by independent t-test with 95% confidence level; significant if p>0.05. Results and Discussion: The study found that mercury can trigger the activation of oxidative stress pathways and have an impact on hepato-renal function. Conclusion: Research still needs to be continued to prove that impaired hepato-renal injuries also occur at the cellular histomorphologic and discover other biomolecular mechanisms such as activation of inflammatory pathways that can also cause organ damage.

Characterization of Airborne Microplastics Particles on Urban Roads: Types, Sizes, and Total Particles

Mimin Setia Wati, Akas Yekti Pulih, Maki Zamzam, Edza Aria Wikurendra — Tue, 29 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Airborne microplastics are part of air pollution that can enter the body orally, through direct contact with the skin and inhalation. Microplastic pollution raises concerns about health and environmental impacts, especially in urban areas with high activity. This study aims to characterize microplastic particles suspended in the air on urban roads by identifying the type, size, and total number of particles. Methods: Sampling method was carried out systematically in four strategic locations with high traffic levels. Laboratory analysis using a combination of spectroscopy and optical microscopy techniques were carried out to identify the type of polymer contained in the particles and to measure the particle size distribution in detail. Results and Discussion: This study identified a total of 223 airborne microplastic particles across four urban sites, dominated by fiber types (>80%), likely from synthetic textiles. Particle sizes ranged from 0.2 mm to 4.8 mm, with Small Microplastics (<1 mm) comprising over 60% and posing potential respiratory health risks. The highest concentration was found at Point 2 (63 particles), influenced by high traffic and nearby industry. Conclusion: Microplastics, which are predominantly in the form of fibers, especially small (<1 mm) in size, which are easily dispersed by the wind and have the potential to endanger health through inhalation, are thought to come from tire friction and industrial and household activities.

Silent Killers: The Alarming Impact of Microplastics Polystyrene on Catfish Liver Health

Haidar Rafli Putra Suhardi, Moch Irfan Hadi, Atiqoh Zummah — Tue, 29 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: The presence of microplastics in the bodies of living things has become a matter of concern. One example is the widespread use of polystyrene microplastics, which have been widely used by industry even medical products. Styrene bonds and Benzyl Carbon in polystyrene have been identified as potential sources of free radical formation. Upon decomposition, these bonds release dissolved organic carbon, which has been identified as a significant contributor to chemical pollution. Methods: This study aims to determine the effect of microplastic polystyrene in experimental research (MP-PS measuring +0.5 mm) on catfish Clarias gariepinus with concentrations of 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 mg (K1-K5) for one month on fish liver histopathology. Histopathological observation of fish liver using parrafin method and statistical analysis using SPSS was tested using Anova. Results and Discussion: As determined by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical test (P>0.05), it showed that MP-PS had a significant effect on liver damage in catfish, resulting in the most severe liver damage and the least damage depending on the amount of MP-PS given to the fish. Additional data were obtained in the form of liver tissue abnormalities. Conclusion: The toxicological effects of polystyrene microplastics (MP-PS) on catfish liver health, demonstrating a dose-dependent relationship. Higher MP-PS concentrations led to severe histopathological damage, including several types of liver cell abnormalities. These findings emphasize the urgent need for stricter regulations on microplastic pollution, as its unregulated production threatens aquatic ecosystems and public health.

Comparison of Bacterial Contamination Before and After Sterilization with UV, Fogging, and Drymist in University Outpatient Dental Hospital

Tue, 29 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Microbial contamination in healthcare facilities, particularly in outpatient rooms, raises the risk of nosocomial infections and endangers the health of both patients and personnel. The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of three sterilizing methods—ultraviolet (UV) light, fogging, and drymist—in lowering bacterial counts and microbial species in university outpatient dental hospital. Methods: This study uses a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest procedure. This design involves assessing outcomes before and after sterilization in the same group to evaluate the intervention’s effects. Samples were collected before and after the sterilization process. Sterile swabs were used to gather microbial samples from surfaces such as examination tables, walls, and medical equipment within the outpatient area. The data were analyzed using paired t-tests and ANOVA. Results and Discussion: All three sterilizing methods were effective in lowering microbial counts, with the UV approach showing the greatest decrease (83.9%), followed by drymist (79.6%) and fogging (63.4%). However, ANOVA findings revealed no significant difference in effectiveness across the three techniques (p = 0.979). Nonetheless, certain bacterial species that are more resistant to sterilization survived after treatment. Conclusion: UV, fogging, and dry mist sterilizing technologies reduce microbial counts in comparable ways, although their performance may be impacted by ambient conditions and the types of bacteria presents. A mix of sterilizing procedures may be required for best results.