Jurnal Kimia Riset

Degradation of Humic Acids in Peat Water Using Fe3O4 Synthesized from Zircon Sand Tailing as Photo-Fenton Catalyst

2024-12-06T00:24:46+07:00

Zircon sand mining in Indonesia generates magnetic waste rich in magnetite (Fe₃O₄), which has semiconductor properties, making it an effective catalyst for degrading organic pollutants. This study explores the synthesis and application of Fe₃O₄ derived from zircon mining waste as a photo-Fenton catalyst for humic acid (HA) degradation in peat water. The Fe₃O₄ catalyst was synthesized using a co-precipitation method, confirmed by FTIR and XRD analyses. FTIR identified Fe–O bonds at 537 cm^-1 and 419 cm^-1, while XRD showed a spinel crystal structure with peaks at 2θ angles of 30.14°, 35.51°, 43.19°, and 56.96°. The catalytic activity was tested under UV light with varying H₂O₂ volumes and Fe₃O₄ masses. The optimized condition, using 0.03 g Fe₃O₄ and 1 mL H₂O₂, achieved a maximum HA degradation efficiency of 87.06% in 100 minutes. Kinetic analysis revealed second-order kinetics, with a rate constant (k) of 8.29 × 10^-4 M^-1.min^-1 and R² = 0.9911, showing a strong correlation. The high efficiency is attributed to Fe₃O₄'s semiconductor properties, which facilitate hydroxyl radical formation and enhance electron transfer. These findings demonstrate the potential of Fe₃O₄ from zircon mining waste as a sustainable catalyst for environmental applications, particularly in treating organic pollutants in peat water.

Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Cellulose of Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB)

2024-11-25T20:00:18+07:00

Empty fruit bunches (EFB), a substantial agricultural waste, offer great potential for value. This study aimed to use cellulose of EFB as a source of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is considerable because cellulose-based waste is categorized as the most abundant waste in nature and is easy to obtain. Cellulose was then converted to the CMC process in several steps, including cellulose alkalization, and carboxymethylation. The resulting CMC was characterized to determine its degree of substitution, viscosity, and other physicochemical properties. Characterization with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) verified the effect of NaOH concentration on this property. The highest degree of substitution (DS=1.34) was observed in 50 % NaOH of carboxymethylation. Cellulose can be correctly extracted from EFB and converted to CMC. Based on the cellulose of the EFB characteristic, the proper amount of NaOH was found to get a high DS. CMC has considerable features for application on biodegradable polymer materials.

The Effect of Andalas (Morus macroura Miq.) Tree Bark Extract on Il-1β Gene Expression in the Pancreas of Hyperglycemic Rats

2025-04-12T06:15:03+07:00

Hyperglycemia is a medical condition characterized by elevated blood glucose levels above normal, which is a characteristic of several diseases, particularly diabetes mellitus (DM) and other conditions. In DM, hyperglycemia is associated with inflammation that increases TNF-α and IL-1β cytokines through NF-kB activation. DM treatment with antidiabetic drugs has side effects, such as diarrhea, vomiting, and peripheral edema, necessitating alternative therapies like andalas tree bark extract. This study aimed to determine the effect of andalas tree bark extract (Morus macroura Miq.) on IL-1β gene transcript expression in the pancreas of hyperglycemic rats. This experimental study utilized 24 rats divided into 6 groups: normal control (K-), hyperglycemic control (K+), metformin 500mg control (K), and three treatment groups(P1, P2, P3) with extract doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kgBW. Results showed that the mean IL-1β gene concentrations in K-, K+, K, P1, P2, and P3 were 0.09, 1.24, 0.38, 0.12, 1.12, and 1.76 respectively, with significant differences observed (p=0.032). The andalas tree bark extract (Morus macroura Miq.) was most effective at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW for reducing IL-1β expression, while a dose of 200 mg/kg BW was effective in reducing blood glucose levels and increasing body weight in hyperglycemic rats.

Unraveling the Therapeutic Potential of Andrographis paniculata for Tuberculosis: Molecular Docking Study

2025-05-15T01:31:27+07:00

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health challenge with increasing drug resistance. This study aims to explore the potential of Andrographis paniculata as an alternative anti-TB therapy through an in silico approach. The study was conducted using the molecular docking method using Biovia Discovery Studio, AutoDock 1.5.7, and ChemDraw 3D software. The target proteins analyzed were 1TYP and 3R6C. which play a role in the biosynthesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell walls. The docking results showed that dehydroandrographolide and neoandrographolide compounds have lower binding energies than ethambutol, with ΔG values of -9.54 kcal/mol and -9.04 kcal/mol at 3R6C, respectively. Stable hydrogen and non-hydrogen interactions indicate a stronger inhibitory potential against protein targets. Pharmacokinetic analysis through SwissADME and PKCMS confirmed that this compound meets Lipinski's Rule of 5 criteria, and has lower toxicity compared to conventional TB drugs. Thus, this study provides new insights into the development of natural compound-based TB therapy, which is potentially more effective and has minimal side effects. Further studies are needed to confirm the activity of this compound through in vitro and in vivo tests.

Molecular Docking Study of Bioactive Compounds in Senggugu (Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon) as Antidiabetics

2025-05-15T01:31:14+07:00

Senggugu has the potential to be a source of natural medicine through its compounds. Using in silico approaches is an effective strategy for exploring compounds from natural products in the screening process. In vivo studies on senggugu have indicated that the plant has antidiabetic activity, although the active compounds involved in this activity are unknown. This study aims to explore the content of bioactive compounds of Senggugu (Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon) and its mechanism of action as an antidiabetic in silico with Molegro Virtual Docker software, ChemDraw, visualization with Discovery Studio, and ADMET prediction with pkCSM. The study was conducted by simulating the molecular docking of 31 bioactive compounds in Senggugu (Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon) with comparison compounds using glibenclamide, miglitol, rosiglitazone, linagliptin, and empagliflozin. The validated target proteins comprised 5 (five) receptors with PDB ID codes 4YVP, 5NN6, 7AWC, 6Y0F, and 7VSI. Based on this study, the compound predicted to be active as an antidiabetic is [(1S,2S,6R,7S,11R)-11-hydroxy-5,9,13-trimethylidene-4-oxo-3,14-dioxatricyclo [9.2.1.02,6] tetradecan-7-yl]2-methylprop-2-enoate at receptor 4YVP with a rerank score of -107.663 kcal/mol with glibenclamide -94.8299 kcal/mol and [3-hydroxy-4-[(2R)-6-methylhept-5-en-2yl]phenyl]methyl3-methylbut-2-enoate at 5NN6 receptor with a rerank score of -87.8719 with miglitol -64.7212 kcal/mol.

Tannin-Based Natural Dye for DSSC: Polymerization Strategies to Maximize Efficiency

2025-04-24T17:45:34+07:00

Dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs) use dyes to absorb sunlight. Tannin is an eco-friendly natural dye alternative. However, the efficiency of tannin-based DSSCs is still low due to the limited number of conjugated double bonds. This study aims to improve the efficiency of DSSCs by polymerising tannin in two steps: Formaldehyde condensation under acidic conditions and glutaraldehyde crosslinking in alkaline medium. Parameter variations included initiator concentration (KOH vs. NaOH), crosslinking agent volume, polymerization time and temperature, and tannin monomer concentration. Characterization by FTIR and UV-Vis showed an increase in light absorption after polymerisation. The best results were obtained at 120°C, 2% NaOH initiator, 2.5 mL glutaraldehyde volume and 90 min reaction time, with DSSC efficiency reaching 9.18%, a fourfold increase compared to pure tannin (2.18%). This study shows that tannin polymerization significantly improves the efficiency of DSSCs, so it has the potential to be developed as a more efficient natural dye for photovoltaic applications.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Noni Fruit (Morinda Citrifolia) Extract

2024-11-05T15:10:58+07:00

Noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia), also known as noni, is widely used in Indonesia for its antioxidant and antibacterial benefits. This study evaluated the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of ethanol-extracted Noni fruit. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH method, showing an IC50 value of 28.82 μg/mL. Antibacterial activity was tested using the Resazurin Microtiter Assay (REMA), revealing MIC values against Bacillus subtilis (2.5 mg/mL), Staphylococcus aureus (10 mg/mL), Salmonella typhi (10 mg/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (>10 mg/mL), and Propionibacterium acnes (0.63 mg/mL). The results indicate that Noni fruit extract has potential as a natural source of antioxidants and antibacterials.

In Vitro Inhibitory Activity of the α-Glucosidase Enzyme from Eucheuma cottonii Macroalgae Extract

2024-11-22T16:17:41+07:00

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder caused by damage to the pancreas, insulin resistance, or other factors. α-glucosidase inhibitors are compounds that can prevent the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into glucose, so α-glucosidase inhibitors have the potential to be used as diabetes drugs. One of the natural marine ingredients that has the potential to act as an antidiabetic is the macroalgae Eucheuma cottoniii. This research aims to determine the potential of Eucheuma cottoniii extract in inhibiting the activity of the α-glucosidase enzyme extract using an in vitro approach. Eucheuma cottoniii was extracted by a multistage maceration method used n-hexane, ethyl acetate and 70% ethanol as solvents. Extracts were characterized by the TLC method. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was tested in vitro used a microplate reader at 405 nm. TLC analysis results showed that the extract of Eucheuma cottonii contained flavonoid, phenol, alkaloid, steroids, and terpenoid. The α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition activity test showed that the IC₅₀ values of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate and 70% ethanol extracts were 567.84; 174.32 and 99.57 μg/mL, while the IC₅₀ of acarbose as a comparison was 64.41 μg/mL. It can be concluded that Eucheuma cottoniii extract with 70% ethanol has strong α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity, so it has the potential to be developed as an alternative in antidiabetic treatment.

Phytochemical Screening of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Different Extracts From the Fruits and Barks of Ficus racemosa

2025-04-25T05:46:42+07:00

Ficus racemosa, also known as the fig plant, is renowned for its diverse medicinal properties. In light of this, our research aims to study the phytochemical compounds present in several extracts of fruits and barks of Ficus racemosa, as well as the antioxidant activity explored in the gradual solvent polarities (methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane). The dried fruit and bark of Ficus racemosa were utilized, and extraction was obtained through successive extraction at room temperature following the cold maceration technique. Preliminary phytochemical screening of fruit and bark extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. The extracts were subjected to antioxidant activities by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Antioxidant capacity revealed the IC₅₀ value of the methanol and ethyl acetate fruit extract of Ficus racemosa, which offered a strong capacity of 67.114 μg/mL and 69.149 μg/mL. These results indicate that the crude extract from Ficus racemosa fruit could serve as a candidate for a natural antioxidant against free radicals.

A Novel Cerrena caperata Fungal Membrane: Antibacterial Effect of Deacetylation and Fatty Acid Coating

2025-05-23T14:20:18+07:00

Biofouling commonly occurred due to the accumulation of bacteria that blocked membrane pores, especially in fungal-derived membrane technology. Surface modification of Cerrena caperata fungal membrane was carried out in this study to enhance its antibacterial activity, which can be expected to prevent biofouling on the membrane surface. This modification is crucial to ensure the ability of the membrane to inhibit or kill pathogenic bacteria during water purification, ultimately producing safer water in the future. The membrane was synthesized from C. caperata mycelium cultured in potato dextrose broth for 4 weeks. Two modification treatments were applied: 1) deacetylation with 50% NaOH and 2) coating the membrane surface with 1% stearic acid. Both unmodified and modified membranes were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Antibacterial activity was tested against Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that the most effective treatment for improving the antibacterial activity of membranes was deacetylation with 50% NaOH for 90 min, it might be caused the structure transformation of chitin to chitosan which have ability for antimicrobial efficacy. This research is expected to highlight the potential of fungi as a natural and sustainable raw material in the production of filtration membranes that are not only effective in water purification but also safer for both the environment and human health.