Journal of Marine and Coastal Science

Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Green Mussel (Perna viridis) and Oyster (Magallana bilineata) harvested in Northern Luzon, Philippines

Kathlene Cleah D. Benitez — 2025-06-30

Bivalves are a significant global food source due to their affordability, abundance, and nutritional value. However, urbanization and tourism introduce pollutants like heavy metals particularly cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg), raising public health concerns. Bivalve samples are collected using convenience sampling during dry and wet seasons. Environmental water samples are also collected for comparative assessment of heavy metals. Using Graphite Furnace–Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, heavy metal concentrations in edible tissues of bivalves were analyzed. Health risk assessments, including Lifetime Average Daily Dose (LADD), Hazard Quotient (HQ), and Carcinogenic Risk (CR), were evaluated following U.S. EPA and FAO/WHO. For green mussels the Cd levels averages to 0.0071 mg/kg for both seasons. On the other hand, Cd levels of oyster averages to 0.0298 mg/kg. Both bivalves show Pb and Hg concentrations less than the method detection limits of 0.0480 and 0.0173 mg/kg, respectively. These concentrations were within regulatory limits of Cd, Pb, and Hg set by EU Regulation 2023/915, i.e., 1, 1.5, and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively. LADD did not exceed the Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake, while HQ and CR values were below the threshold value of one, indicating no associated health risks. Hence the study can be used to formulate risk management measures and public health advisories. Furthermore, the study excluded other bivalve and univalve species endemic to the growing areas which highlights the need for risk assessment monitoring to ensure food safety.

Catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) Skin as a Nanocollagen Source: Impact of Extraction Time and Acetic Acid Concentration with Ultrasonication Assistance

Money Carattri — 2025-06-30

Collagen extraction with high acetic acid can affect the characterization and damage the collagen structure, which then affects the level of temperature stability in collagen, so a combination method is needed to reduce the use of acetic acid in collagen extraction. Collagen extraction with a combination method with ultrasonication is more efficient and can help with these problems. Extraction of catfish skin collagen using a combination of acetic acid concentration and ultrasonication time can accelerate collagen extraction, reduce the use of acetic acid, and improve collagen structure. The aim of this study is to assess the potential of catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) skin as a nano collagen source through the combination of extraction time variation and acetic acid concentration under ultrasonication treatment. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD). Preparation of catfish skin collagen using acetic acid solvents with concentrations of 0.1 M and 0.2 M with ultrasonication times of 150 minutes and 200 minutes in four treatments with three repetitions. Analysis of statistical test data using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test. The results of this study indicate that the combination of varying acetic acid concentrations and ultrasonication times has a significant effect (P<0.05) on the collagen yield parameters from catfish skin. The highest yield was obtained with the treatment of 0.2 M acetic acid and 200 minutes of extraction time, resulting in a wet collagen yield of 85.18% and a dried collagen yield of 1.75%. The amino acid content consisted of 23.96% glycine and 17.40% proline. These findings demonstrate that catfish skin (P. hypophthalmus) has the potential to be developed as a raw material for nanocollagen development through variations in extraction time and acetic acid concentration using the ultrasonication method.

Collagen Extraction from Red Snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus) Scales via Hydroextraction: Toward Nanocollagen Development

Cholivia Mayangsari — 2025-06-30

Generally, collagen is isolated using acid, base and enzymatic hydrolysis methods. However, this has the constraint of the length of time for the release of procollagen to produce collagen. Acetic acid hydrolysis combined with the hydroextraction method is one alternative to produce quality collagen. The use of acetic acid in the extraction of red snapper scales (Lutjanus malabaricus) will produce H+ ions to release procollagen in the raw material. The study aims to evaluate the potential of red snapper (L. malabaricus) scales as a collagen source through the hydroextraction method for the development of nanocollagen formulations. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD). Isolation of red snapper scales collagen using acetic acid solvent concentrations of 1 M; 1.5 M and 2 M with a hydrolysis time of 2 hours and hydroextraction for 2 hours with three repetitions. The parameters observed in this study were the proximate of collagen raw materials, collagen yield, and collagen amino acids. The data analysis results were tested statistically using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's further test. The best result of collagen isolation from red snapper (L. malabaricus) scales was achieved using 2 M acetic acid hydrolysis combined with hydroextraction. This study demonstrated that the combination of different acetic acid concentrations with hydroextraction had a significant effect (P<0.05) on collagen yield parameters. The amino acid content consisted of 22.37% glycine and 12.45% proline. These findings indicate that red snapper (L. malabaricus) scales have the potential to be developed as a raw material for nanocollagen developments.

Formulation of Gel Peel-Off Salt Mask with a Combination Sargassum duplicatum Extract Against Propionibacterium acnes

Halimatus Sa'diyah — 2025-06-30

Acne is a facial skin problem that can be caused by a Propionibacterium acnes infection. A peel-off gel mask is a cosmetic product that is usually used to treat facial skin problems. Peel-off gel masks can be formulated with a mixture of natural ingredients such as salt and seaweed. Sargassum duplicatum is a type of brown seaweed that is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, terpenoids, and saponins, which can support skin beauty. The combination of salt and S. duplicatum extract can be formulated in the form of a peel-off gel mask to meet pharmaceutical requirements. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of salt concentration in each treatment and to determine the optimum salt concentration that can inhibit P. acnes in peel-off gel mask preparations with a combination of S. duplicatum extract. This research used a Completely Randomised Design (CRD) consisting of four treatments. The treatments consisted of different salt concentrations of 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The parameters in this research are antibacterial effectiveness, organoleptics, and pH. Research data was analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The research results showed that the use of salt in the peel-off gel mask formulation had an effect on the inhibition zone against P. acnes, the panellists' organoleptic acceptability, and the pH value. The antibacterial activity test showed that there was inhibitory power against P. acnes bacteria in salt concentration of 20% and an inhibition zone of 13.5 mm. The organoleptic test results showed good acceptance from the panellists for each treatment. The pH test results showed that all treatments met SNI 16-4399-1966 with an average pH value of 5.8 - 6.6.

Characterization of Chitosan Edible Film by Addition of Salt Solution as an Antibacterial

Noer Rahmah Zhanifathul Abhidah — 2025-06-30

Edible film is a type of bioplastic in the form of a thin layer that can be consumed along with food products. It functions as a barrier to O₂ and CO₂ and helps control dissolved substances by reducing moisture, respiration, and oxidation rates without altering food components. To enhance its functionality, edible film can be fortified with active substances such as natural antimicrobials—one of which is salt, known for its ability to inhibit bacterial growth. This research is important in the development of bioplastics as it offers an environmentally friendly solution for food packaging, reducing reliance on conventional plastics and chemical preservatives. The study aims to analyze the effect of adding salt solution (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%) on the microbiological and physical characteristics of chitosan-based edible film. Physical data were analyzed using a one-factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD), followed by ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range (DMRT) tests. The results showed that chitosan edible film could inhibit Staphylococcus aureus with an inhibition zone diameter of 4.88 mm, categorized as weak antibacterial activity. The physical characteristics of the film showed significant variations, with thickness ranging from 0.062–0.074 mm, tensile strength from 1.127–1.822 MPa, and elongation from 115.7–120.3%. Overall, chitosan edible film with added salt solution met the Japanese International Standard JIS Z-1707, indicating its potential as a safer and more environmentally friendly food packaging material.
Keywords: Antibacterial, edible film, salt, chitosan, quality