Service of Transportation and Logistics at TPKS Semarang to Shorten the Dwelling Time in AEC Era

The purpose of this research is to describe the process of dwelling time itself, to identify related parties in the case, and the preparation strategies of Semarang Container Port (TPKS) facing the AEC. The research method used is descriptive, using qualitative and quantitative data. Data collection techniques are interviews with relevant parties, observations, and literature study. The results concluded the process of handling containers in Semarang TPKS potentially huge and causing dwelling time laid in pre-clearance process, customs clearance, and post-clearance process. Parties related to the dwelling time in Semarang Container Port (TPKS) are Custom (DJBC), Importers, and freight forwarding (PPJK). Preparation of Semarang Container Port in facing AEC in order to change the dwelling time by changing a manual system to an online system for clearance process, adding facilities, and improving human resources. The research findings indicate dwelling time length in Semarang Container Port (TPKS) reached 5.6 days which is still far from the government's target of 4.7 days Semarang Container Port (TPKS) has to simplify the system of the pre-clearance process, customs clearance, and post clearance. It needs to be done in order to reduce the length of dwelling time. Optimizations of performance also need to be improved with the Standard Operating Procedure. They also have to immediately perform optimization The Integrated Physical Checking Clearance which operates for 24 hours in one week.


INTRODUCTION
Geographically, Indonesia is located between two oceans (India and Pacific Ocean) and two continents (Asia and Australia).Thus, Indonesia has an important position in global economic transportation.According to Rompas at all (2015), Indonesia is recognized country which lay across of the commercial shipping line.Sea transportation is considered as an easy and cheap transportation lines since the user do not have to invest in order to build transport line (such as road).Sea and ports as the gateway of traffic transport between countries, is the most important part to support international trade and commerce.
Port management system covers every aspect that related to activities in a harbor and other activities that is related to the execution harbor's function.It is actually in order to support celerity and safety of ship traffic, passenger, and goods (Suyono, 2005: 68).Tanjung Emas Container Port (TPKS), in Semarang is one of 10 biggest Harbors in Indonesia.Its function covers transportation service and logistic in international trade.
The management formof TPKS has beenchanged several times, started from harbor  The implementation of AEC, bring many convenience to its members.The conveniences are in term of reduction and abolition in tariff.This condition has contributed to the increase in international trade either in and out of Indonesia.The increase in international trade also covers the increase in export-import for each year; it can be seen in the following diagram.In the 2010-2011, Indonesia's export-import is recovering and increasing significantly.
However, in 2012-2013 the export value decrease again with its import value is higher than its export.Such condition is caused by the decrease in commodity price in the global market.Because of its import value that is higher that its export Indonesia has a deficit trade balance in 2012-2013.
With a high intensity in import containerwill need an improvement in the harbor system.Otherwise there will be stacking container in the harbor area.The stacking duration will increase the dwelling time.Dwelling time refers to a common measurement to assess the efficiency in general transportation, with a short dwelling time as the main objective (Customs clearance Asia, 2015).
According to Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Darat (Directorate General of Land Transport) (2013) in Indonesia Business Daily 2016, dwelling time refers to the amount of waiting time taken by each vehicle at the transit area along its route.This is will affect the efficiency of transportation system in overall.Meanwhile, Import Container's Dwelling time refers to the amount of time that is calculated from when a container is unloaded from a ship/vessel until it leaves terminal through the main gate (World Bank, 2011) Dwelling time poses some significant challenges in Indonesia especially in legal aspect such as bribery.Many violations in loading and unloading process at the harbor emerge some mafias who control imported goods price.The soaring rent price the imported goods price will also increase.Moreover, it will also affect a port's competitiveness.In the AEC era, Indonesian ports are required to reduce dwelling time.Thus it can be concluded that dwelling time in Indonesia nowadays still need seven days, while Malaysia has set the maximum dwelling time in four days.This shows that the operational process in Indonesian Port is still inefficient.
An improvement in Port System is needed in order to enable Indonesia to compete with other countries in the AEC.Nowadays, Indonesian government is trying to reduce dwelling time in order to accelerate loading-unloading process on the harbor.The target for dwelling time is around 4.7 days.Thus with such a quick time it can accelerate import container flow, which will increase along with the implementation of the AEC in 2016.
AEC is ASEAN integration in economics which launched on the 9 th ASEAN Summit in Bali Concord II.The establishment of such community is initiated by ASEAN countries' head during the 1997 crisis that hit south East Asian countries.AEC is expected to achieve the objective to establish a stable, prosperous, and competitive area with balanced economic growth, reduction in poverty and social-economic gap (Tambunan, 2012).
During the Bali Concord II meeting, an AEC blueprint has been prepared as the guidance for the countries' member.There are four pillars in AEC Blueprint as follow: 1. ASEAN as a single market and single production-based is supported by many elements: free flow of goods, skilled labor investment service, and free capital flow.
2. ASEAN as a highly competitive region supported with regulations in costumer protection competition, intellectual property rights, infrastructure development, taxation, and e -commerce.
3. ASEAN as a region with balanced economic growth with the element of small and medium business development; as the ASEAN integration initiator for the CMLV countries (Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam).AEC as one of economic integration formhas the principle and mechanism with free trade (Salvatore, 2014: 311).Theoretically, economic integration refers to a commercial

Sarjiyanto Khoirul Muslimin
policy or trading policy with discriminatory manner reducing or eliminating trading constraint between its countries member.
TPKS is one of the biggest port in Java.This port was built in order to expedite goods' transportation processto Indonesia, especially in the Central Java, Jogjakarta, and surrounding area.TPKS is a container handling provider as well as container storage service.The intensity of importing container keeps increasing in this port.Thus, if there is no improvement in TPKS, thestacked container will increase dwelling time.

Research Objective
Dwelling time refers to the amount of time that is start to calculated when a container is unloaded from a vessel until it leaves terminal through the main gate.High dwelling time will create some losses for many parties if it is not solved.The objective of this research is to give deeper analyze on the preparation and strategy of TPKS in facing dwelling time along the implementation of AEC in 2015.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This research uses descriptive research design.Research design refers to all process that needed to be done in planning and executing a research (Nazir, 1988: 99).Moleong, The data used in this research is typically quantitative and qualitative form.Qualitative data is the data that cannot be measured using numeric scale (Kuncoro, 2009: 145).Sugiyono, (2014: 224) mention that qualitative data is data which does not use numeric while the analysis has less clear pattern (more artistic).Thus the result is more about an interpretation of the data obtained.
There are 3 data collection techniques used in this research; 1).Interview, 2).Literature Review, and 3).Observation.Sugiyono (2014: 226)  In following year there is a similar decrease in January to March at with average dwelling time 6.926 days in January, to 6.154 days in February, and 5.455 days in March.
Meanwhile, in April 2015 there is insignificant increase to 5.79 days.If the improvement and preparation is only conducted on the facilities and system, to be sure it will not work properly.Therefore, TPKS has conducting several training for its staff in order to face AEC implementation.Transportation management skill for logistics of international cargo handling certification is the main objective for the training.

DT
d.The parties related to high dwelling time High dwelling time in TPKS not only caused by TPKS management, but it is also related to many other parties.There are four parties who related with a high dwelling time in TPKS as follow: 1. TPKS as container handling service provider.
2. Directorate General of Indonesian Customs as the agency in charge to issue export-import license.
3. Importer as the main actor in import activities.
4. Freight forwarding (PPJK) as customs Clearance Company, as the authorized party to handle all important matters in import activities.

Conclusion
Based on the analysis of dwelling time in TPKS in the AEC era, it can be concluded that.
1.The highest probability to increase dwelling time in TPKS occurring on pre clearance, customs clearance, and post clearance process.Those activities need 5.6 days while the government target is 4.7 days.
2. TPKS has several plans and preparation related to the implementation of AEC in 2015.The plans and preparation cover online system for the job order, facilities improvement, and human resource development.All of these activities aim to support the loading and unloading activities on the harbor as well as to reduce dwelling time.
State's Corporation (Perusahaan Negara -PN) in 1960, Harbor Entrepreneur Agency (Badan Pengusahaan Pelabuhan-BPP) in 1969, and Harbor Public Company in 1983.TPKSis under Indonesia's Harbor Public Company III in Surabaya.The last form changed in 1992 but with the same allocation that are PT.(persero) Pelabuhan Indonesia (Indonesia Port Corporation -IPC) I, II, III, andIV.In the beginning,container loading-unloading activities in Tanjung Emas Harbor were conducted conventionally.The process of loading-unloading activities is conducted under general cargo.It is managed bythe business division of Tanjung Emas Port's Terminal branch.After the second phase development in 1997, cargo handling is conducted separately under Cargo Terminal Division branch of Tanjung Emas Harbor(TPKS division).As a preventive step on the increase in cargo's traffic at TPKSthe management of IPC III conducts Port's areaexpansion.This expansioncovers the separation of Tanjung Emas port area into two divisions that are an Independent Cargo Terminal and The Harbor Management.Independent Cargo Terminal is under the management of the General Manager of Semarang Cargo Terminal, while The Harbor Managementis under the General Manager of Tanjung Emas Harbor.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Indonesia Export -Import on ASEAN High dwelling time affects goods flow in a harbor become slower.Therefore, dwelling time reduction is expected to accelerate the loading-unloading process in a harbor in order to reducing logistic cost.High Dwelling time occurred since there are three phases Pre Clearance, Customs Clearance, and Post Clearance.Pre clearance is a process that started from the arrival of the transport vehicle (ship/vessels) until a cargo is unloaded from the vehicle and placed in a Container Yard (CY) for having the inspection of notification of imported goods (Pemberitahuan Impor Barang -PIB) registration number.Customs clearance covers the completion of customs documents up to the issuance of Goods Release Approval Letter (Surat Persetujuan Pengeluaran Barang -SPPB).While, post clearance covers container hauling out from port and payment to the port opperated (Shantos, 2015).

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Comparisons on Dwelling Time in Indonesia and Other Countries 4. ASEAN as a region that is fully-integrated with global economy with a coherent approach in term of economic relation outside the region.It is also increasing its role and global production network(Syukriah and Hamdani,2013)    Blue print has been signed as a Roadmap for anASEAN Community (2009-2015)  in the 14th ASEAN summit in HuaHin Thailand.The implementation of AEC in 2016 brings a new configuration in term of distribution and production factor in ASEAN's intra economy.

(
2014: 71) design is guidelines or procedures and techniques in planning a research which aims to develop a useful strategy in developing blueprint or research model.Descriptive research design is a research which arranged in order to provide a systematic overview on scientific formation.As a result of research object or subject which focused on facts obtained during research.
in Esterberg (2002) says an interview is a meeting between two people to exchange information and ideas through a question and answer session.Literature Review is a data collection technique by studying books and article or other information that is related to the problem analyzed.Observation, according to Sugiyono in Nasution (1988) mention observation is the basis of all sciences.Observation is a data collection technique through the process of Jurnal Manajemen Teori dan Terapan Tahun 10.No. 2, Agustus 2017 recording of subject (person) behavior, object, or a systematic incident, without any question asked or any communication with the subject and object (Sanusi 2012: 110) RESULT AND DISCUSSION Transportation and logistics process in TPKS with high potential dwelling time Based on the Regulation No 26 of 2012 about National Logistic System Development Blueprint, the maximum dwelling time is three (3) days.The higher in dwelling time for an import will generate lower international trade in TPKS.The calculation of import container dwelling time can be a basis to examine the main cause of high dwelling time in Tanjung Emas Port.The calculation of dwelling time is conducted by considering several processes as the main contributor in high dwelling time in TPKS.Then, we can identify whether dwelling time violate the minimum service standard, thus researcher determine the formula to analyze Import Container Dwelling Tipe as follow: Recently, the dwelling time in TPKS reach 5.6 days.The comparison of the dwelling time from January 2014 to March 2015 is presented in Figure 3 In 2014 dwelling time in TPKS slight decreases from January to March with the average dwelling time around5.922,5.692, and 5.202days.The average dwelling time increase to 6.316 days in April.

Figure 3
Figure 3 Comparison of Dwelling Time in January-March 2014-2015 Source: Data of TPKS Semarang 2016 (processed)

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Average Dwelling Time in TPKS for the Last 2 Years Source: TPKS Data 2016

3 .
High dwelling time in TPKS is not only caused by TPKS.There are several parties who related with this problem such as TPKS staff, Indonesian Customs, importer and PPJK or freight forwarder.Discussion1.There should be a simplification in the pre clearance, customs clearance, and post clearance activities.The simplification will reduce dwelling time as target has been fixed by the authority.