Jurnal Medik Veteriner

Indexing, Subscribed Form, Guidelines for Author, Back Cover

Choirun Nisa, SIIP. — 2025-10-01

Front Cover, Editorial Board, Peer Reviewers, Acknowledgments

Choirun Nisa, SIIP. — 2025-10-01

Acupuncture to Increase Animal Appetite: A Systematic Review

Elham Zahrudin — 2025-10-01

Appetite loss in animals can lead to significant health and productivity issues, particularly in agricultural systems. While pharmacological stimulants are commonly used, concerns regarding drug residues and antimicrobial resistance have led to an increased interest in natural alternatives such as acupuncture. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture in enhancing appetite across various animal species. Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect for studies published between 2013 and 2025. Inclusion criteria focused on original research investigating acupuncture effects on feed intake, appetite behavior, or appetite-related biomarkers in animals. Data from 27 eligible studies were extracted and analyzed for species, acupoints, techniques, outcomes, and quality. The majority of studies (81.5%) demonstrated a significant increase in appetite or feed intake following acupuncture, particularly electroacupuncture targeting acupoints ST36 and SP6. Hormonal analysis in several studies revealed increased ghrelin and neuropeptide Y levels and reduced cortisol concentrations. Poultry and swine responded most rapidly to treatment, while ruminants showed gradual but sustained improvements. The overall risk of bias was low to moderate. Acupuncture is a promising non-pharmacological intervention to improve animal appetite through neuroendocrine regulation. It offers a sustainable, welfare-friendly approach compatible with organic and drug-free production systems. However, further standardized, large-scale studies are needed to establish clinical protocols and confirm long-term efficacy.

Trypanosoma evansi as a Major Cause of Animal Trypanosomiasis: A Comprehensive Review

Sunaryo Hadi Warsito — 2025-10-01

Trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi is a major protozoan illness that affects animals worldwide. It is also referred to as “surra” and affects a variety if wild and domestic animals such as sheep, cattle, goats, dogs, buffaloes, pigs, elephants, amongst others. In preparing this review, relevant scientific articles were searched on PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases using the keyword “Trypanosoma evansi AND animals”. T. evansi are carried by a vast number of hematophagous flies and are found in the extracellular and internal fluids of certain hosts. Trypanosomosis is mostly characterized by anemia, and the degree of anemia can typically be used as a gauge for the disease's severity. Trypanosomiasis compromises the host animal's immune system and its diagnosis is dependent on a number of factors such as thorough clinical examination, suitable sample collection, sample size, suitable diagnostic test performance, and logical interpretation of test results. The clinical manifestations of trypanosomiasis vary widely in both appearance and severity, ranging from neurological disturbances and skin plaques to vaginal enlargement. Hematophagous biting flies, including Tabanus, Haematopota, Glossina, Chrysops, Lyperosia, Stomoxys, and Hippobusca flies, contribute to the spread of trypanosomiasis. Four medications are primarily used to treat trypanosomiasis: quinapyramine, karetin, diminazene aceturate (Berenil), and melarsomine (cymelarsan). An efficient vaccination program is an additional technique for managing infectious diseases in addition to treatment. The most important step in curtailing the spread of trypanosomiasis caused by T. evansi is to stop its transmission by flies via physical and chemical methods.

Anatomy of the Uncinate Process in Avian: A Literature Review

Yeni Dhamayanti — 2025-10-01

The uncinate process (UP), a dorsocaudal projection from the vertebral ribs, represents a pivotal adaptation in the avian thoracic skeleton, serving as a mechanical brace that enhances respiration and stabilizes the trunk during flight. This literature review synthesizes anatomical, functional, developmental, and evolutionary perspectives on UP morphology across diverse bird taxa. A systematic search spanning 2015–2025 identified 20 relevant studies detailing the structural variability of UPs—categorized as short, intermediate, or long—correlating with flight styles, such as soaring, diving, or terrestrial locomotion. Long UPs, observed in species like penguins and cormorants, are associated with enhanced ventilatory efficiency and thoracic rigidity for high-energy propulsion, while short UPs in flightless birds reflect reduced respiratory demand. Developmental studies reveal ontogenetic shifts from cartilaginous to ossified UPs, aligned with increasing locomotor activity. Evolutionary analysis underscores the UP as a conserved synapomorphy of Aves, with convergent elongation in unrelated taxa emphasizing its functional significance. Structural integration with intercostal musculature and adjacent ribs enables efficient force transmission and thoracic stabilization, vital for maintaining trunk posture during flight. Beyond its evolutionary relevance, UP morphology has practical implications in avian health, surgical ventilation strategies, and bioinspired biomechanical applications. This review highlights the UP as an underappreciated yet essential component of avian musculoskeletal architecture, offering insights into respiratory evolution, ecological adaptation, and comparative vertebrate anatomy. Future investigations should expand morphometric databases and apply high-resolution imaging and biomechanical modeling to further elucidate the functional roles of the UP in avian physiology and evolution.

Quantifying Zoonotic Risk from Cats (Felis catus, Felidae: Carnivora): A Systematic Meta-Analysis of Pathogen Prevalence

Jully Handoko — 2025-10-01

Cats are known to be potential reservoirs for a variety of zoonotic pathogens. However, the overall prevalence of zoonotic pathogens in the cat population remains unclear amid growing concerns. This study aimed to measure the combined prevalence of zoonotic pathogens in cats through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Relevant literature reporting the prevalence of zoonotic pathogens in cats, published from 2015 to 2025, was collected from databases. A total of 49 studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing a total sample size of 18,206 cats. A meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model. Toxoplasma gondii, Bartonella henselae, and Campylobacter spp. were the most frequently reported pathogens, with pooled prevalence estimates presented with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The I² statistic was used to assess heterogeneity. The combined prevalence of zoonotic pathogens in cats was estimated at 24% (95% CI: 17–32%). Considerable heterogeneity was observed among the studies (I² = 98.4%, p < 0.001), and this likely reflects differences in geographic region, diagnostic methods, and pathogen type. Individual study prevalences ranged from 0.02 to 0.97, with varying weights according to sample size and variance. This meta-analysis highlights the relatively high prevalence of zoonotic pathogens among cats. The relevance of applying a One Health perspective is emphasized by these findings for the development of evidence-based public health policies to reduce zoonotic risks at the community and global levels.

Comparative Scanning Electron Microscopy Study on Scale Variations in Indonesian Cultivated Koi Fish (Cyprinus rubrofuscus Lacepede, 1803)

Krisna Noli Andrian — 2025-10-01

Koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus Lacepede, 1803) is a highly favored ornamental fish due to its beauty and wide range of variations in Indonesia, categorized by color, patterns, and scales. Some variants are distinguished by color, while others, such as Ginrin, Doitsu, and Shusui, have unique scale types. Despite visible differences, microscopic scale variations remain unexplored. SEM studies in other fish species offer insights into scale ultrastructure, providing opportunities for comparison. Therefore, this study aimed to uncover the microscopic structure of four types of koi fish, namely Doitsu, Ginrin, Shusui, and common scale. Koi fish were obtained from breeders in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and acclimatized in an aquarium. Scale extraction was conducted under anesthesia using MS-222 and the cleaned scales were then subjected to dehydration, fixation, and affixed to double-sided adhesive tape for SEM analysis. Furthermore, coating with conductive gold enabled observation using SEM at 10 kV, allowing examination of scale features such as focus, radii, circuli, and lepidonts at various magnifications. The results showed that based on SEM analysis, significant differences were observed in scale structures among koi variants. At low magnification, differences in tubercles and lepidonts were observed, particularly between common and Ginrin scale types. Shusui scale showed unique characteristics with a closer arrangement of circuli and distinctive lepidont shapes. At higher magnification, clearer details of radii, circuli, and lepidonts were observed, further highlighting the differences among koi variants. SEM provides crucial insights into the morphology of scales in koi fish variants, showing unseen macroscopic differences and distinct features such as tubercles and lepidont frequency.

Gastrointestinal Parasite Infections in Sheep from Torghondi, Islam Qala, and the Herat Slaughterhouse

Nazir Ahmad Tookhy — 2025-10-01

Gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) pose significant health and productivity challenges to livestock, especially in regions with limited veterinary care and extensive farming practices. This study evaluated the prevalence of GIPs in sheep at the Torghondi and Islam Qala borders, as well as the Herat Slaughterhouse. A total of 450 faecal samples were examined microscopically, and 200 gastrointestinal tract samples (including stomach and intestinal contents) were analysed by dissection. The overall faecal infection rate was 77.3%, with prevalence rates of 76.7% at Torghondi, 90% at Islam Qala, and 65.3% at Herat Slaughterhouse. Eimeria spp. was the most prevalent parasite, detected in 73.7% of faecal samples. Nematodes (Nematodirus spp., Trichuris spp., Strongyle spp.) and trematodes (Amphistome spp.) were also identified. Gastrointestinal tract analysis revealed Trichuris spp. in 40.5% and Moniezia spp. in 37.5% of the samples. These findings highlight the roles of climate, livestock management, and environmental conditions on the distribution of GIPs. The high prevalence of parasites underlines the urgent need for effective control measures, including regular deworming, improved sanitation, and enhanced biosecurity practices. Future research should identify specific risk factors to inform targeted interventions and improve regional livestock health.

Osteogenic Differentiation Potential of Equine Dental Pulp vs. Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells: A Comparative In Vitro Study

Medania Purwaningrum — 2025-10-01

Equine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising for bone tissue engineering (BTE) because of their capabilities of differentiating into osteoblasts. Cell therapy using equine MSCs has been introduced. Recently, dental-derived MSCs have gained significant attention due to their capabilities and ease of collection with minimally invasive collection methods. Dental stem cells show high plasticity, accessibility, and applicability for regenerative medicine and are thus considered alternative sources of MSCs. This study evaluated the characterization, osteogenic differentiation potential, and migration assay of equine dental pulp stem cells (eDPSCs) as compared with equine periodontal ligament stem cells (ePDLSCs). Equine dental stem cells from eDPSCs and ePDLSCs (n = 4) were isolated and expanded to passage 3. The morphology, colony-forming capability, cell proliferation assay, stemness and surface markers, trilineage differentiation potential, and migration assay were investigated in vitro. Both eDPSCs and ePDLSCs exhibited a fibroblast-like morphology; showed a colony-forming capability; were able to proliferate based on the results of the cell proliferation assay; expressed stemness and surface markers (NANOG, CD29, CD44, CD90, CD18); maintained the ability to differentiate into osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes and demonstrated migration capacity based on the migration assay. Surprisingly, ePDLSCs showed significant differences in matrix mineralization, quantification of Alizarin Red staining by cetylpyridinium chloride, and mRNA expression of the osteogenic marker RUNX2. ePDLSCs and eDPSCs may be better alternative MSCs than dental stem cells for the further design of therapeutic regimens for BTE and wound-healing therapy.

Fresh Semen Characteristics, Biochemical and Mineral Composition of Seminal Plasma from Different Age Groups of Balinese Cattle

Brilla Widya Witri — 2025-10-01

Age is among the factors affecting reproductive organs, particularly semen characteristics. Semen characteristics are also influenced by composition of seminal plasma that is ejaculated with the sperm. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate characteristics of fresh semen and seminal plasma composition from Balinese cattle aged 3, 8, and 13 years. Semen characteristics observed were concentration, progressive motility, viability, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, and sperm abnormalities. Biochemical composition of seminal plasma analyzed was fructose, malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), total protein (TP), albumin, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Mineral compositions observed were Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Se. The results showed that there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in semen characteristics across age groups, meaning that semen of Balinese cattle can still be processed into frozen semen even at an older age, provided it meets the SNI 4869-1:2024 standards. Furthermore, the concentrations of each seminal plasma biochemical component were as follows: fructose (377.5–615.4 mg/dL), MDA (9.7–10.36 nmol/mL), TAC (66.22–67.22%), GOT (203–265 U/L), GPT (19–35 U/L), TP (4.3–5.5 g/dL), albumin (1.7–1.9 g/dL), cholesterol (11–35 mg/dL), and triglycerides (822–1.078 mg/dL). Surprisingly, the concentration of triglycerides in semen plasma in this study was very high compared to those reported in previous studies on several cattle breeds. Seminal plasma mineral concentrations included Na (1.500–1.900 mg/kg), K (600–700 mg/kg), Ca (600–800 mg/kg), Mg (38.85–45.16 mg/kg), Zn (5.33–9.64 mg/kg), Cu (0.06–0.12 mg/kg), Fe (11.85–15.88 mg/kg), and Se (0.92–1.48 mg/kg). These findings indicate that age did not affect semen characteristics, biochemical, and mineral composition of seminal plasma in Balinese cattle.

Dietary Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) Extract Enhances Resistance to Infectious Myonecrosis Virus in Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Siti Subaidah — 2025-10-01

This study aimed to investigate the immune response of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) to prevent infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) infection by incorporating Lonicera japonica water extract into artificial feed. A total of 180 whiteleg shrimp were used in four treatment groups (triplicate) receiving different doses of L. japonica extract in their feed, including treatment A (1% w/w), B (2% w/w), C (3% w/w), and D (without supplementation/control). The dietary treatments were applied twice daily for two weeks. On the 15^thday, the shrimp were injected intramuscularly at the fifth abdominal segment with IMNV isolates (100 µL/shrimp) and observed for seven days post-infection (dpi). The parameters observed included hemolymph profile, survival rate, gross clinical signs, and water quality. IMNV infection was confirmed through both external clinical signs and PCR tests. The results showed that the addition of L. japonica water extract to the feed improved the survival rate and immune responses of whiteleg shrimp following the IMNV challenge test. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of L. japonica water extract at a concentration of 2% w/w in artificial feed could serve as a preventive agent against IMNV infection in whiteleg shrimp.

Modulatory Effect of Electroacupuncture on Isoflurane Anaesthesia in Cats

Sri Wahyuni — 2025-10-01

This study aimed to evaluate the combination of electroacupuncture (EA) and isoflurane as an anesthetic regimen in domestic cats. A total of 15 cats were divided into two groups, namely tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) (n = 5) and EA (n = 10). Atropine was used as a premedication, injected 5 min before the induction of TZ. Approximately 10 min after induction, endotracheal intubation was applied, and cats were connected to isoflurane anesthesia. EA was applied to the EA group during the first 10 min of the total 30 min under isoflurane maintenance. Furthermore, the acupuncture points ST-36 and SP-6 were used at a frequency of 80 Hz and an intensity of 4 mA. The quality of anesthesia was evaluated by several parameters, including isoflurane requirements, anesthesia quality, cardiovascular function, and respiratory function. Data were collected every 10 min for a total of 30 min from the time of isoflurane application, followed by analysis using a t-test with Welch’s correction. The results showed that there was a significant reduction in isoflurane requirement in EA group, as indicated by the area under the curve (AUC) (p = 0.0003). Isoflurane concentration at 10 min was significantly lower in EA group (1.25 ± 0.71) than in TZ group (2.1 ± 0.22). It was also significantly lower at 20 min in EA group (1.05 ± 0.79) than in TZ group (1.8 ± 0.27). In conclusion, the addition of EA effectively reduced isoflurane requirements while maintaining a similar quality and safety of anesthesia in both groups.

Optimized RT-qPCR Detection of Hepatic Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein in Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Yudy Tjahjono — 2025-10-01

High-throughput RT-qPCR results on hepatic lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) expression in obese subjects are essential, as they reveal the endotoxin’s role in the development of obesity and non-communicable disease (NCD). This study aimed to optimize RT-qPCR detection of LBP in diet-induced obese mice. This study primarily focused on addressing high variability through reference gene normalization. A total of six male C57BL/6 mice aged 6 weeks were randomly allocated into two dietary treatments (n = 3), consisting of mice fed with the standard chow diet (SCD group) and mice fed with the high-fat and high sucrose diet (HFHS group) ad libitum for 8 weeks. Relative quantification strategies involving the standard 2^-ΔΔCt method (calibrator as mean) and the modified 2^-ΔΔCtmethod (calibrator as individual sample-matched biological replicates) were compared in terms of their variability. Obesity was successfully induced in the HFHS treatment group, as indicated by significantly higher body weight, calorie intake, and LBP relative expressions compared to the SCD group. In addition, a sample-specific calibrator approach using the modified 2^-ΔΔCt method resulted in lower variability in relative gene expression levels. A modified 2^-ΔΔCt method, which utilizes a sample-specific calibrator to counteract sample-specific variability, was successfully employed to address high variability in RT-qPCR results.

Optimization of Primer Candidate Design for Toxocara cati Identification Using PCR Targeting the COX1 and ND5 Genes in Cats

Reza Yesica — 2025-10-01

Toxocara cati is an obligate extracellular parasite within the phylum Nematoda. This species is responsible for toxocariasis, a zoonotic disease. The disease transmission occurs via infective eggs, earthworms, cockroaches, birds, and rodents that contain larvae in their tissues. In cats, infection with this parasite can lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, hypoalbuminemia, anorexia, and a distended abdomen. This research aimed to identify an optimal candidate primer design through in silico analysis using BLAST primers from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). This study targeted the mitochondrial genes COX1 and ND5 for the molecular identification of T. cati. Using in silico methods, primer candidates were designed and evaluated based on key parameters, including primer length, melting temperature (Tm), GC content, potential for secondary structure formation, and specificity. Candidate primers were screened using the NCBI primer-BLAST tool and validated through BLAST analysis to ensure sequence specificity. The primer pair that met all the criteria for an optimal candidate primer design comprised the forward primer TCND5F (5′-ACTGCTGGCCTTGTATTGGT-3′) and the reverse primer TCND5R (5′-ACACAGAACGCCTAAACCTCA-3′), both targeting the ND5 gene region.

Effects of Anchovy By-Product-Based Diets Supplemented with Soy Lecithin on the Reproductive Performance of Red Claw Crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus)

Meccarren Majiun — 2025-10-01

The present study aimed to determine the growth and reproductive performances of red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) fed formulated diets based on anchovy by-product meal, supplemented with varying levels of lecithin. The SL0 diet, containing 0% soy lecithin, was used as the control, and four experimental feeds were included with different lecithin levels: SL1: 1% soy lecithin, SL2: 2% soy lecithin, SL3: 3% soy lecithin and SL4: 4% soy lecithin. Five broodstock (four females and one male) were stocked in the square fiberglass tank (105 cm ´ 105 cm ´ 36 cm; 400L) and fed twice daily (0900h and 1600h) until satiation for 11 weeks. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test at p < 0.05. Growth and survival rates showed no significant differences among treatments. Notably, SL4 exhibited the highest gonadosomatic index (GSI) at 2.50 ± 1.99%, while SL3 had the highest hepatosomatic index (HSI) at 6.20 ± 1.18%. The spawning rate peaked in SL1 (63.89%), followed by SL0 (47.22%), SL2 (41.67%), SL3 (41.67%), and SL4 (25.00%). SL4 also had the highest fecundity (14.94 eggs/g female), with SL3 (10.72 eggs/g female) and SL0 (9.50 eggs/g female) following. Lipid content in muscle varied from 1.14% (SL4) to 1.46% (SL3), with no significant differences. However, lecithin inclusion notably affected lipid content in hepatopancreas and gonad, with SL1 exhibiting the highest hepatopancreas lipid (61.04%) and SL2 the highest gonad lipid (27.78%). The data suggest that dietary lecithin plays an important role in the reproductive performance of red claw crayfish. Overall, anchovy by-product meal has high potential to serve as a dietary ingredient in the feed formulation for both juvenile and broodstock of red claw crayfish.

Effects of Colostrum Probiotics on ACE-2 Expression and Hematology in Murine Models Immunized Against Canine Coronavirus

Iwan Sahrial Hamid — 2025-10-01

In modern society, the human-animal bond has significantly strengthened, with pets evolving into integral family members providing psychological support to their owners. In the current landscape of heightened focus on immune health and the widespread utilization of probiotic advancements globally, this study investigates the potential of colostrum probiotics to influence hematological profiles and ACE-2 expression in a murine model of canine coronavirus (CCV) infection. Twenty-four mice were categorized into four treatment groups: (C) placebo, (T1) CCV induction + isoprinosine, (T2) CCV induction + probiotic-based, and (T3) CCV induction + colostrum-based probiotics. CCV induction was performed via subcutaneous injection of a live-attenuated CCV vaccine at 60 mg/kg body weight for 7 consecutive days. Probiotics were administered via oral gavage for 14 consecutive days. On the 15th day post-treatment, euthanasia was performed, and blood samples were collected to examine hematological profiles and ACE-2 enzymes in the intestinal tissue sections. Data analysis, conducted using ANOVA followed by Duncan's test (p < 0.05), revealed a significant improvement in the T3 group, particularly in leukocytes, hemoglobin, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and ACE-2 expression. In conclusion, this study suggests that probiotics, specifically colostrum-based, enhance immune parameters and ACE-2 expression in the intestinal milieu of murine model subjected to CCV immunization.

Dietary Chlorella vulgaris Improves Growth and Modulates Gut Microbiota in Giant Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)

Ammar Norazman — 2025-10-01

The giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) is a commercially vital species in global aquaculture due to its rapid growth and high market demand, and Chlorella vulgaris is a nutrient-rich microalga lauded for its potential as a sustainable feed supplement. In this preliminary study, the effects of C. vulgaris supplementation on the growth and gut microbiota of giant freshwater prawn was investigated. Prawns were randomly assigned to three groups and fed diets supplemented with C. vulgaris at 0 g/kg (control), 30 g/kg (T1), or 60 g/kg (T2) for 14 days. For growth performance analysis, body weight was measured in a randomly selected 10% of the population at the beginning, midpoint, and end of the experiment. For gut microbiota analysis, faecal samples were taken from M. rosenbergii and used for DNA extraction and amplification via PCR. The PCR product was sequenced using 16S rRNA sequencing on Illumina platform. Results showed significantly improved growth rates in the supplemented groups, with T2 (highest growth rate) having 55% higher weight gain compared to the controls. Gut microbiota analysis revealed increased diversity, with the alpha biodiversity indices showing higher indices in supplemented groups compared to the controls although non-significant (p = 0.196, 0.136, 0.532 and 0.304 for Ace Chao1, Shannon and Simpson respectively). Specifically, the T1 group (highest alpha biodiversity) exhibited the following increases compared to the control: Ace by 53.55%, Shannon by 61.16%, Chao1 by 55.94%, and Simpson by 55.90%. In β-biodiversity analysis, there were shifts in bacterial community composition, with a notable increase in beneficial bacteria such as Synechocystis spp. and decrease in potentially pathogenic ones such as Chitinibacter spp. in the supplemented groups. PICRUSt2 analysis predicted enhanced metabolic pathways related to vitamin synthesis and energy metabolism, suggesting improved gut health and nutrient utilization. Although some results lacked statistical significance due to the short study duration, the findings suggest that long-term C. vulgaris supplementation may yield more pronounced benefits in M. rosenbergii aquaculture, potentially improving growth performance.

Genomic Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Pasteurella multocida Isolates from East Nusa Tenggara and Lampung, Indonesia

Sri Suryatmiati Prihandani — 2025-10-01

Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS) is a devastating disease affecting cattle and water buffaloes in Indonesia, causing annual economic losses in livestock industries, particularly in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Pasteurella multocida, the causative agent of the disease, has shown increasing antimicrobial resistance, complicating treatment efforts. Therefore, this study aims to provide the first genomic analysis of P. multocida isolates from different Indonesian provinces, focusing on genes conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics based on Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) results. Genomic data can be used to confirm the results of phenotypic antibiotic resistance testing. P. multocida isolates analyzed in this study were sourced from the Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science (IRCVS) collection, which included 2 samples originating from different geographic locations within Indonesia. The samples were subjected to biochemical, molecular, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. WGS was performed using Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) with subsequent bioinformatics analysis for genome assembly and resistance profiling. Phenotypic analysis showed significant variations between the isolates. The NTT isolate showed resistance to Penicillin, while the Lampung 2952 remained susceptible in the disk antibiotic test. Genome sequencing revealed extensive resistance determinants, including β-lactamase genes (blaZ, blaR1) in the NTT isolate, correlating with its phenotypic resistance. The high-quality genome assemblies (N50: 17,225 bp for NTT; 12,662 bp for Lampung 2952) enabled comprehensive resistome characterization, identifying more than 22 resistance genes in each isolate, including novel variants not previously reported in Indonesian strains. Therefore, this study provides the first genomic and resistance analysis based on Whole Genomic Sequencing data of Indonesian P. multocida isolates. The results show the urgent need for enhanced surveillance and prudent antimicrobial use in livestock management.

Detection of Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) mRNA in Serum and Ovarian Tissue of Local Indonesian Cattle Using EvaGreen-based RT–qPCR

Dicky Mohammad Dikman — 2025-10-01

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) has been identified as a potential biomarker for assessing ovarian reserve and reproductive capacity in cattle, with high heritability and relatively stable expression. However, studies detecting AMH mRNA in bovine serum remain scarce due to the matrix’s inherently low RNA yield, susceptibility to degradation, and potential presence of PCR inhibitors. This study provides an exploratory validation of AMH mRNA detection in serum — a challenging matrix compared with ovarian tissue — using EvaGreen-based reverse transcriptase–quantitative PCR (RT–qPCR). Specific primers for the AMH and β-actin genes were designed in silico and validated through melting curve analysis and linearity testing. The results showed high amplification efficiency (AMH: 100.2%, R² = 0.994; β-actin: 109.1%, R² = 0.996), with specific amplification of both targets. AMH detection in serum samples was successful in some samples, while the β-actin gene was consistently amplified as a reference gene. Despite the low RNA quality from serum and the presence of organic contaminants, the method demonstrated its feasibility for detecting AMH transcripts in a minimally invasive manner. Physiologically, AMH levels positively correlate with antral follicle count, superovulation success, and embryo quality, and are sensitive to heat stress and other environmental factors. These findings provide a foundational basis for developing molecular diagnostic approaches based on AMH gene expression in cattle reproductive management programs and support the future development of efficient, accurate, and context-specific biomolecular-assisted selection technologies for tropical livestock systems.

Epidemiology and Spatial Distribution of Parasitic Infections in Cats in Malang, East Java, Indonesia: Risk Factors and Public Health Implications

Reza Yesica — 2025-10-01

Cats are common companion animals that are susceptible to various parasitic infections, particularly under unsanitary environmental conditions. Apart from transmitting zoonotic infections, infected cats may also suffer from metabolic disorders, malnutrition, anemia, and even death. Fecal, hair, and ectoparasite samples from 170 cats (stray and domestic) were collected from 12 districts in Malang. Statistical tests (Chi-square, OR, and RR) and QGIS-based spatial mapping were employed for data analysis. The findings revealed that 46.4% (79/170) of gastrointestinal endoparasite cases involved Ancylostoma spp. (20.6%), Toxocara cati (19.4%), Toxascaris leonina (7.6%), Strongyloides spp. (2.9%), Dipylidium caninum (4.1%), Cystoisospora felis (5.8%), Cystoisospora rivolta (3.5%), and Toxoplasma gondii-like oocysts (1.1%). Ectoparasite infestations accounted for 52.9% (90/170), with Ctenocephalides felis (50.5%), Sarcoptes scabiei (3.5%), Felicola subrostratus (1.1%), and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (0.5%) being recorded. Risk factor analysis revealed a significant correlation (p < 0.05) between lifestyle and the prevalence rates of cat gastrointestinal endoparasite infections and ectoparasite infestations, while sex and altitude showed no significant correlation (p > 0.05) with either. The findings of the study bear significance for both human and animal health, highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration among preventive medicine, veterinary science, and public health, and providing a valuable evidence base to support policy development and targeted intervention programs aimed at controlling zoonotic parasites in companion animals, particularly in urban and peri-urban areas.

Pathological Investigation of Lumpy Skin Disease in Cattle from Sleman, Indonesia

Yuli Purwandari Kristianingrum — 2025-10-01

In early 2023, there was an outbreak of lumpy skin disease (LSD) in cattle in Indonesia, with particularly high prevalence in Sleman, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Since then, cases of this disease have been increasing, causing significant economic losses to cattle and buffalo farmers. This study aimed to investigate the pathological changes caused by LSD virus infection in various organs of Sleman cattle. We investigated 15 animals from 10 farms. Skin samples were taken by biopsy. ELISA testing was performed on serum samples. We also performed necropsies on two LSD infected cow carcasses to observe the macroscopic and microscopic effects of the virus. During the necropsies, samples were obtained from skin nodules, skeletal muscle, and internal organs (lung, liver, kidney, lymphatic nodes, spleen, and digestive organs). These were subjected to histopathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Among the live animals, fever, lethargy, hypersalivation, and lacrimation were the most common clinical signs. Our qualitative descriptive analysis of the pathological changes, clinical signs, and ELISA results showed that LSD infection in cattle causes mild to severe damage to various organs. Our macroscopic examinations found that affected animals had skin nodules of varying sizes over the entire body. We observed mild to severe inflammation and hemorrhage in the internal organs, including the skeletal muscles, spleen, liver, heart, rumen, reticulum, abomasum, and small intestine. Based on this investigation, we conclude that, in addition to its effects on the skin, LSD causes pathological changes in various internal organs.

Comparative Morphometric Analysis of a Salinity-Tolerant Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Local Strain (Salina) and Its Parental Strains

Yohanes Pamungkas Bawono — 2025-10-01

This study focuses on the morphology of the Nile tilapia local strain (Salina), a salinity-tolerant tilapia hybrid strain developed by crossbreeding between female Nile tilapia Red NIFI with male Nile tilapia Sultana. The research aimed to analyse the morphometric characteristics of the Salina strain to understand species adaptation to suboptimal environmental conditions compared with the parental groups. A total of 60 Nile tilapia fish, ten female and ten male samples from each strain (Salina, Sultana, and red NIFI), were measured for their total length (TL), standard length (SL), head length (HL), body width (WID), dorsal fin length (DL), caudal fin length (CL), pectoral fin length (PL), caudal peduncle depth (CPD), eye diameter (ED), snout length (SNL), and body weight (BW). Each measurement parameter was then normalized by comparing it with the standard length (SL). The data were analysed using MS Excel 2019 and R v4.5.1 for all statistical analysis including MANOVA, Canonical Variance Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, and Hierarchical Clustering Analysis. Condition factor (K) and length-weight relationship (LWR) were calculated to investigate growth conditions and allometric growth patterns, respectively. Based on the findings, the six tilapia populations exhibit overlapping morphological traits, except for female Salina with slight differences in morphological variations. This implies its potential unique traits acquired from crossbreeding between two different strains. Meanwhile, male Salina showed morphometric traits closely aligned with its male parent, the Sultana strain. The condition factor across all populations indicates favourable growth conditions, although the negative allometric growth pattern suggests that length increases more rapidly than body weight, implying an adaptive trade-off in suboptimal environments.