Jurnal Medik Veteriner

Front Cover, Editorial Board, Peer Reviewers, Acknowledgments

Choirun Nisa, SIIP. — 2024-04-01

Epidermal Growth Factor Promotes E6 and CCL-81 Vero Cells Proliferation Under Serum-Free Condition

Diena Delaiah — 2024-04-01

Vero cell culture as a platform for producing viral vaccines is an established and standardized process in vaccine manufacture. Generally, Vero cell culture requires media as a source of nutrition with serum supplementation to provide growth factors. However, the serum has several disadvantages including batch to batch variation and adventitious agent. Therefore, chemically defined serum-free media (SFM) are formulated by using standardized growth factors. Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) is one of growth factors that showed adequate mitogenic support in serum-free medium system, especially in Vero cells. In this study, SFM-EGF media was compared with serum supplementation media, namely MEM 10% and MEM 5% FBS supplementation. The cell morphology was observed using an inverted microscope and their proliferation was evaluated using a MTT colorimetric-based assay. Vero E6 and Vero CCL-81 cells morphology did not show any morphological changes. Vero E6 and Vero CCL-81 proliferation in SFM-EGF media on day one to four did not show a significant difference compared to MEM 10% or MEM 5% serum supplementation media. However, the OD values of both Vero E6 and Vero CCL-81 cells given SFM-EGF media produced an average value below MEM 10% but higher than MEM 5% FBS supplementation. As such, this study proved that utilizing SFM-EGF could support the proliferation of Vero E6 and Vero CCL-81 cells.

Acute Toxicity of Ethanol Extract of Curcuma zedoaria Rosc (Zingiberaceae) Rhizomes on Brine Shrimp Larvae and Zebrafish Embryos

Gustini Syahbirin — 2024-04-01

Curcuma zedoaria Rosc (Zingiberaceae), known as white turmeric or temu putih, is commonly used as traditional medicine in Indonesia. The toxicity of this herb needs to be studied to improve its application. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of the crude ethanol extract of temu putih rhizome against brine shrimp (Artemia salina) larvae and zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and to analyze the potential active compounds contained in the extract. The crude ethanol extract showed a 50% lethal concentration value (LC₅₀) at 588 ppm against brine shrimp larvae and 224 ppm against zebrafish embryos. Based on the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, the suspected active compounds that play a role in the toxicity were epicurzerenone, curzerene, and curzerenone, while 2,4,6-trimethylacetophenone was the predominant compound.

Identification of Escherichia coli Multidrug Resistance in Cattle in Abattoirs

Yolla Rona Mustika — 2024-04-01

Escherichia coli is a typical flora of an animals' digestive tract. Based on these details, this study was done on the detection and identification of multidrug-resistant E. coli in cattle in Surabaya abattoirs. Each cattle rectum swab sample was streaked into EMB agar media and followed by Gram staining. The IMViC test was used to confirm the presence of E. coli. Based on morphological culture features, Gram staining, and biochemical testing, the sample examination results revealed that 41 samples (41%) of the 100 cattle rectal swab samples that were isolated were confirmed to be positive for E. coli. The profile of antibiotic resistance from the results of the E. coli resistance test to antibiotics showed that out of a total of 41 isolates of E. coli, 12 isolates (29.27%) were detected as resistant to 1 class of antibiotics tested, while 2 isolates (4.88%) were resistant to 2 classes of antibiotics, and 3 isolates (7.32%) were confirmed to be multidrug resistance (MDR).

First Report of Aeromonas schubertii Infection in Striped Snakehead Channa striata (Bloch, 1793) Fingerlings in Malaysia

Nur Diyana Mohamad Tahir — 2024-04-01

Striped snakehead fingerlings Channa striata reared in a concrete pond with size 13.5 m³ (3 m ´ 3 m ´ 1.5 m) in a hatchery farm, in Labu, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia had more than 70% mortality. The pond contained 1500 fingerlings of 5–7 cm in total length (TL). The purpose of this study was to investigate the high mortality event on the farm as part of a veterinary diagnostics service. Clinical signs observed were skin discoloration, lethargy, and anorexia. Necropsy was performed in 10 fish with gross lesions of 1–2 mm and multiple whitish nodules in the abdominal organs and most notably in the liver, and kidney. Following necropsy, bacteriology samples from the kidney and liver were inoculated onto Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) and Blood Agar (BA). Pure colonies were observed and were Gram-negative with short rod morphology. The full-length 16S rRNA gene was amplified from the pure colonies followed by sequencing using the Nanopore MinIONâ„¢ (Oxford Nanopore, UK). The isolated strain was identified as Aeromonas schubertii based on the assembled 16S rRNA sequence showing nucleotide identity of 99.73% (top hit) to A. schubertii (GenBank Accession: NR_037014.2) while only a nucleotide identity of 97.55% was observed against Aeromonas hydrophila (GenBank Accession: NR_119190.1-), respectively. Histopathological examination from the liver, kidney, spleen, and intestine revealed granulomatous nephritis, and degeneration of tubular epithelium, with granulomatous hepatitis, splenitis, and enteritis. The prognosis of this case was grave. No treatment was given as the owner had decided to dispose of all current stock. This is the first A. schubertii infection in C. striata described in Malaysia. The findings of the present study may serve as a reference for similar cases in C. striata in the future so rapid diagnosis and treatment can be made if required.

Microbial Contamination in Chicken Meat in Traditional Markets in Banyuwangi

Prima Ayu Wibawati — 2024-04-01

This study aimed to analyze the microbial contamination of chicken meat and its pH value from traditional markets in Banyuwangi, East Java to ensure public health. A total of 30 raw chicken meat samples from three traditional markets were used in this study and examined for the presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. E. coli and Salmonella spp. were identified using Gram staining, culturing, and biochemical tests. The Most Probable Number (MPN) method was used for coliform and E. coli. Measuring the pH value of chicken meat was carried out after purchasing the meat and 24 hours after storage at cold temperatures. The results showed coliform contamination in all samples with an average of >1100 CFU/G with E. coli contamination of 20% (6/30), exceeding the maximum recommended limit. Furthermore, the identification of Salmonella spp. in all samples showed negative results. Chicken meat pH value decreased with the length of postmortem time; immediately after purchase (0 hours), the pH value was 5.78 ± 0.26, and after 24 hours of storage, it raised 6.02 ± 0.28. In conclusion, there was high coliform contamination out of 30 raw chicken meat samples taken from some traditional markets in Banyuwangi. Furthermore, E. coli contamination was as much as 20%, and Salmonella spp. was negative.

Detection of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus in Salted Raw Cowhide from Malaysia in Tanjung Priok Port, Indonesia

Disty Ayu Sekarsana — 2024-04-01

Animal products such as raw salted cowhide are thought to have the potential to transmit the foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus from the infected zone. Indonesia imports raw salted cowhide from Malaysia, so it has the potential to transmit FMD to Indonesia which enters through Tanjung Priok Port. This study aimed to investigate the presence of the FMD virus in raw salted cowhide from Malaysia. The number of samples was collected from each container of raw salted cowhide imported through Tanjung Priok Port during August–December 2022. A total of 21 samples were obtained from 21 bulk containers containing raw salted cowhide. Real time q Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to investigate foot and mouth disease virus in samples. The RT-qPCR screening test on 21 samples reported that salted raw cowhide was free from the FMD virus. Continuous monitoring and surveillance protocols for salted rawhide imported from non-free countries need to be carried out at other points of entry.

Pathology Anatomy and Hemolymph Profile of Spiny Lobster (Panulirus homarus) Infested by Octolasmis sp. on Bottom Cage

Sadida Anindya Bahtiar — 2024-04-01

Spiny lobster, a fishery commodity with important economic value, is often infested by Octolasmis sp. on their bodies, which causes stress conditions that lead to death. This study aimed to determine the anatomical pathology and hemolymph profile of spiny lobster infested with Octolasmis sp. in bottom cages. The method used was an observation, where 30 lobsters (weight 112.44 ± 24.63 g) were carried out in June–July 2022 at the Pesona Bahari Wongsorejo, Banyuwangi. Hemolymph profile and anatomical pathology data were analyzed, respectively, using the Independent T-Test and Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 95%). The results based on scoring data showed a very significant difference between infected and healthy lobsters (p < 0.01), characterized by the occurrence of tail flakes, lesions on the carapace, gill melanization, and the appearance of ulcers on the ventral abdomen. A very significant change occurred in the hemolymph profile of infected lobsters compared to healthy lobsters (p < 0.01). Total hemocyte count increased with high concentrations of granular cells, respectively 22.1–37.8 ´x 10⁶ cells/mL and 63.75–64.5%, along with lobster damage, while hyaline cells decreased. This study showed that there was a change in anatomic pathology and hemolymph profile between infected and healthy lobsters.

Exploring the Relationship Between Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor (GHSR) Gene and Body Proportions in Bangkok Chickens: Insights from DNA Sequencing and Hin6I Enzyme-Restricted PCR-RFLP Analysis

Gayuh Syaikhullah — 2024-04-01

The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) gene and also to analyze the association of the GHSR gene with the body proportions of Bangkok chickens. A total of 125 Bangkok chickens were reared, and blood samples were taken. Bangkok chickens were kept in colony cages with ad libitum feeding and drinking. The GHSR gene polymorphism was determined using the PCR-RFLP method. The restriction enzyme used in this study was Hin6I. The data analyzed were indicators of body proportions, which included data on body weight, carcass weight, and commercial cut weight. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) identification using the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis 7 program with reference number AB095994.1. Allele frequency values, genotype frequencies, and Hardy-Weinberg balance values were also analyzed. The association between the GHSR gene and the traits observed in Bangkok chickens was analyzed using the T-test. The results of the study showed that the GHSR gene in Bangkok chickens had two genotypes, namely TT and CT. The values for Ho and He were 0.224 and 0.198, respectively. The genotype frequencies of TT and CT were 0.776 and 0.224, respectively. The two genotypes were associated with body weight, carcass weight, and commercial weight (p < 0.05). For all measured criteria, the TT genotype showed a higher weight value than the CT genotype. The GHSR gene has the potential to be used as a genetic marker for the selection process on body weight, carcass weight, and commercial weight traits.

Erythrogram Profile of Blood Samples Anticoagulated with Tri-potassium Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid (K3EDTA) Stored for 48 Hours at 4oC

Putri Azzahrah — 2024-04-01

Several pre-analytical variables influence hematological results, including anticoagulant use, storage temperature, and time between blood sample collection and analysis. Delayed sample analysis owing to prolonged storage could result in erythrogram profiles, which could complicate the interpretation of the resulting data. This study investigated the erythrogram profile of tripotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (K₃EDTA) in blood samples stored for 48 h at 4°C. Ten healthy blood samples of Ongole crossbred cattle were collected into K₃EDTA tubes from the jugular or coccygeal veins and analyzed for erythrogram profiles (erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin levels, hematocrit value, and erythrocyte morphology). Blood sample analysis for the control (0 h) was performed within ± 1.5 hours after collection, then the samples were refrigerated (4°C) and analyzed at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 48 h. The results showed increased (p < 0.05) erythrocyte counts and hematocrit values after 9–24 and 6–48 h of storage, respectively. There was a significant difference in erythrocyte diameter between 0 h and other time observations (p < 0.05). Echinocytes were observed at 0 h of storage and continued to increase up to 48 h. Hypochromasia was also found at 6 to 48 hours of storage. Therefore, the analysis of blood samples for erythrogram parameters should be performed as soon as possible, preferably within three hours after collection, to ensure clinically reliable results.

Validation of Analytical Method for Aeromonas hydrophila Identification using Analytical Profile Index (API) 20E KIT Method

Diah Artati — 2024-04-01

The high demand for fish consumption has an impact on increasing aquaculture productivity and causes the vulnerability of increasing bacterial populations in aquaculture fields, so more rapid handling is needed. The use of phenotypic KIT methods (API 20E) has been applied as a targeted and efficient identification support in targeting better bacterial identification accuracy but often provides unequal results. Method validation is one of the general requirements for the competence of a laboratory evaluation: to provide coherent, interpretable, and accurate results with known uncertainties. The purpose of this study was to validate the API 20E KIT method for the identification of A. hydrophila. The conventional method used as a reference is SNI 7303.1:2015. The validation parameters consisted of determining the limit of detection, sensitivity, and specificity tests, as well as the positive predictive value and negative predictive value. The results showed that the limit of the detection value of the API 20E KIT was at a concentration of 100 CFU/mL with an ID of 99.00%. The sensitivity and specificity values in the positive and negative target samples were 100% with a positive predictive value and a negative predictive value of 0%, respectively. In conclusion, the API 20E KIT method as an alternative test method or rapid test was proven valid for identifying A. hydrophila by the test results using the reference method.

Supplementation of Glycine and Glucose into Egg Yolk Lactated Ringer Diluent on The Quality of Local Chicken Semen Stored at 5oC for 120 Hours

Junaedi Junaedi — 2024-04-01

The impact of supplementing glucose, glycine, or a combination of both in Ringer's lactate egg yolk base extender to preserve the quality of semen from local Indonesian chickens has not been previously investigated. This study aimed to examine the potential of glucose and glycine on chicken semen stored at 5°C for 120 hours. In this study, five local roosters were used. The parameters under observation included semen volume, odor, pH levels, consistency, color, mass movement, concentration, motility, viability, abnormality, plasma membrane integrity, chromatin degeneration, and acrosomal cap integrity. This study was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments groups and 10 replication, i.e. T1 (control without supplementation), T2 (50 mM glucose), T3 (60 mM glycine), and T4 (a combination of 50 mM glucose and 60 mM glycine), respectively. In result, semen volume was 0.54 ± 0.17 mL/ejaculate, a milky white color, distinctive odor, thick consistency, good mass movement (++/+++), pH of 7.37 ± 0.23, motility of 91.50 ± 2.42%, plasma membrane integrity of 96.85 ± 0.96%, abnormality at 2.88 ± 0.77%, the concentration of 3.04 ± 0.3 billion/mL, and viability of 96.47 ± 1.71%. Following storage at 5°C for 120 hours, the motility, viability, abnormality, and acrosomal cap integrity of local chicken spermatozoa significantly different (p < 0.05) between T3 and T4 compared to T1 and T2 groups. Moreover, the integrity of the plasma membrane and chromatin degeneration in treatment T3 significantly different (p < 0.05) from T1, T2, and T4 groups. In conclusion, local chickens exhibited fair quality fresh semen both in macroscopic and microscopic evaluations. Furthermore, the combination of 60 mM glycine and 50 mM glucose into local chicken semen stored at 5°C for 120 hours effectively preserved motility and viability, minimized abnormality, maintained plasma membrane integrity, minimized chromatin degeneration, and retained acrosomal integrity.

Gonadal Maturation and Spawning of Barred Loach (Nemacheilus fasciatus) Induced by Topical Gill Hormone Application

Darmawan Setia Budi — 2024-04-01

Barred loach Nemacheilus fasciatus are unable to reproduce naturally in captivity due to the lack of environmental cues and gonadal maturation occurs slower than in the wild. To optimize breeding procedures for this fish species, we determined whether hormone application via the gills was an effective process and assessed hormone dosage treatments. Oodevâ„¢ was used to induce gonadal maturation and Ovaprimâ„¢ was used to induce spawning via a topical gill approach. Multiple maturation parameters such as gonadal-somatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI), fecundity, and egg diameter; and spawning parameters such as latency period, egg produce, fertilization rate (FR), hatching rate (HR), survival rate (SR) were recorded and compared between the hormone dosage treatments and control treatment. Both the Oodevâ„¢ gonadal maturation induction and Ovaprimâ„¢ spawning induction were effectively applied to barred loach via topical gill application. Gonadal maturation parameters were positively correlated with dosage and all were significantly different. Fry survival rate was not different between doses. The optimal dose of Oodevâ„¢ (0.75 µL/g fish) resulted in male GSI of 5.334 ± 0.320%, female GSI of 15.501 ± 0.675%, male HSI of 0.416 ± 0.023%, female HSI of 1.670 ± 0.104%, egg fecundity 4584.20 ± 493.216 eggs, egg diameter 0.964 ± 0.0151 mm. Ovaprimâ„¢ optimal dosage (3.00 µL/g female and 1.50 µL/g male) was resulted latency period 11.05 ± 0.52 hours, egg produced 3504.83 ± 358.57, FR 96.77 ± 0.88%, HR 83.62 ± 3.78%, and SR 91.44 ± 2.53%.

Efficacy of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) Ameliorate Organophosphate Toxicity in Pregnant Rats Based on Progesterone Levels and Fetal Bone Development

Viski Fitri Hendrawan — 2024-04-01

Black cumin (Nigella sativa), also referred to as black cumin, is a versatile herbal treatment that has recently grown in popularity, it contains antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antiparasitic, antihistamine, antihypertensive, antitumor, anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-asthmatic properties are just a few of the positive and pharmacological effects of active ingredients in black cumin, such as thymoquinone and other compounds. This study aimed to evaluate black cumin activity ameliorates organophosphate toxicity in pregnant rats based on progesterone levels and fetal bone development. In this study, pregnant albino rats were divided into five treatment groups i.e. (K-) placebo; (K+) treated an organophosphate; treated an organophosphate and black cumin extract at a dose of (P1) 200 mg/kg BW, (P2) 400 mg/kg BW, and (P3) 600 mg/kg BW. The progesterone levels serum and fetal bone development were evaluated and calculated using ANOVA followed by Turkey. The results showed that P2 and P3 groups significantly increase in progesterone levels compared to K+ and P1 groups. Fetal bone was also reported increase in the growth of caudal vertebrae. In conclusion, 400 mg/kg BW of black cumin could ameliorated progesterone levels and fetal bone development in pregnant rats with organophosphate toxicity.

Early Sex Differentiation of Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus Bloch.): A Pathway to Feminization

Rahmat Hidayat — 2024-04-01

The phenomenon of sexual dimorphism in climbing perch, which shows that female fish grow faster than males, underlies the development of mono-sex culture. Female mono-sex culture is more applicable for farmers by crossing neo-male fish with normal females. The timing of sexual differentiation in climbing perch is still unknown. It is very useful in sex reversal procedures to produce neo-male climbing perch. This study revealed the time and status of climbing perch sexual differentiation. Ten samples of climbing perch from the spawning of five pairs of parents were taken from the nursery pond at 10–29 days post-hatching (dph). Samples were prepared through a histology preparation procedure. Observations of the structure and characteristics of the gonads were carried out using a light microscope and analyzed histologically. The results indicated that gonad samples aged 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, and 16 dph showed primordial germ cells surrounded by somatic tissue forming genital ridges and mitotic division. Meanwhile, the gonads begin to differentiate as ovaries found at 18 dph with the presence of oogonia and ovarian cavities. Gonads aged 20–21 dph increasingly showed single oogonia cells (size 20–37.5 µm), germ cell cysts, genital ridges, oocytes undergoing the vitellogenesis process, perinucleolar oocytes, and the formation of the ovarian cavity. Sex differentiation of climbing perch was predicted from 18–21 dph. This conclusion underlies that the sex reversal procedure in climbing perch must be carried out before 18 dph.

Investigation of Trypanosoma evansi in Sumatran Elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) in Indonesia Using Various Methods

Kartika Purnamasari — 2024-04-01

Trypanosoma evansi is a widespread hemoprotozoa that causes trypanosomiasis in both livestock and wildlife. One of the susceptible animals is the Sumatran elephant, which is included in the endangered species category. The infection of this parasite often develops into chronic and sub-clinical forms in elephants, therefore it may become unnoticed and hard to diagnose. This study aimed to analyze and evaluate the infection of T. evansi in semi-captive Sumatran elephants in Way Kambas National Park, Indonesia, using various diagnostic tests. The prevalence of T. evansi in a total of 53 Sumatran elephants was estimated using a card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (CATT) in 2016. A longitudinal study was later conducted in 2019 using Giemsa stained blood smear (GSBS) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results showed that 26.4% of samples (14/53) were positively detected by both CATT in 2016 and PCR in 2019, while GSBS was unable to detect the parasites in all samples. Furthermore, four individuals were confirmed to have persistent infections. This study concluded that the ability of CATT and PCR were more convincing over GSBS for the diagnosis of sub-clinical trypanosomiasis in Sumatran elephants. However, it is recommended to use a combination of CATT as a screening tool and PCR as a confirmatory test for reliable results.

Effect of Gum Arabic (Acacia senegal) on Growth Performance, Carcass Quality and Health of Clarias gariepinus Juveniles

Augustine Eyiwunmi Falaye — 2024-04-01

The effect of Gum Arabic (GA) on growth, carcass quality, blood parameters, gut morphometry, and organ histology of African catfish Clarias gariepinus was studied. Five isonitrogenous diets with inclusion levels of GA at 0 g/100 g (GA₀; control), 5 g/100 g (GA₅), 10 g/100 g (GA₁₀), 15 g/100 g (GA₁₅), and 20 g/100 g (GA₂₀) were formulated in a 40% crude protein diet. Juveniles of C. gariepinus with average weight (7.35±0.48 g/fish) were stocked at 13 fish/25 L of water for 12 weeks in a completely randomized design and fed at 3% body weight daily. Growth indices showed GA₁₀ improved the mean weight gain (69.88±8.89 g) and specific growth rate (2.76±0.14 %/day) while at (GA₁₅); (GA₂₀) growth was depressed. Carcass quality revealed dietary levels were superior to control with GA₁₀ significantly different (p < 0.05) amongst treatments in protein and fat content. Hematological profile showed variations; erythrocyte indices compared to control, while plasma chemistry of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase showed no difference (p > 0.05). Gut morphometrics varied with no particular pattern. At inclusion above GA₅ the gill, liver, and kidney were affected histologically with no changes in the intestines of all treatments. Diet supplemented with gum arabic at 10 g/100 g improved indices of performance of C. gariepinus juveniles in this study.

Risk Factor Analysis of Cryptosporidium sp. Contamination in Dairy Cow Milk in Jember, Indonesia

Begawan Sa'bani — 2024-04-01

This study aimed to determine the factors influencing Cryptosporidium sp. contamination in dairy cow milk in Jember. This study used an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. The number of samples in this study was 30 cow farmers, using a purposive sampling technique. Data sources were obtained from questionnaire interviews, observation sheets, and laboratory examination results of milk samples. Data were then analyzed using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. Bivariate analysis used the Kruskal-Wallis comparison test, and multivariate analysis used the logistic regression test. The results showed Cryptosporidium sp. contamination in the milk of dairy cows by 6.7%. Most of the cow farmers in Jember had sufficient knowledge (40%), milking hygiene was categorized as sufficient (70%), and equipment sanitation was sufficient (66.7%). The statistical analysis showed no significant relationship between farmers' knowledge and equipment sanitation and Cryptosporidium sp. contamination (p > 0.05). There was a significant relationship between milk hygiene and Cryptosporidium sp. contamination in dairy cow milk in Jember (p < 0.05). In conclusion, milking hygiene was a risk factor affecting Cryptosporidium sp. contamination in dairy cow milk in Jember.

Isolation and Identification of Aspergillus sp. in Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) Sold for Consumption in Bogor

Khirthanaa Arumugam — 2024-04-01

This study investigated the prevalence of Aspergillus sp. in tilapia sold for consumption at Pasarean Village in Bogor District. A total of 50 fish were sampled for further investigation. The clinical signs of fish were eroded fins, gills, haemorrhages, and wounds. The presence of pathogenic fungi was confirmed through fungal isolation from the skin, gills, and cloaca and subsequent culturing on potato dextrose agar. Macroscopic and microscopic observations determined Aspergillus sp. The results showed that four Aspergillus species were identified i.e., A. terreus (2%), A. flavus (4%), A. fumigatus (42%), and A. niger (4%), with the occurrence of co-infection between A. fumigatus and A. flavus (2%); A. fumigatus and A. terreus (2%); and between A. fumigatus, A. flavus, and A. niger (2%) reported a total prevalence of 58%. Further study is necessary to mitigate the crucial impact of fungal diseases in aquaculture systems, leading to effective prevention and control strategies, thus ensuring the safety and sustainability of aquaculture practices in Indonesia.

Indexing, Subscribed Form, Guidelines for Author, Back Cover

Choirun Nisa, SIIP. — 2024-04-01

Diagnosis, Hematologic Profile, and Treatment of Cystoisosporiasis in Domestic Dog

Kurnia Asyafia Fadila — 2024-04-01

Cystoisosporiasis infection is caused by Cystoisospora spp. or Isospora spp. in dogs. Cystoisospora spp. are protozoa ordo Eucoccidiorida. Cystoisosporiasis is considered more risky in puppies. Clinical manifestations of cystoisosporiasis tend to be watery diarrhea to melena in puppies which can also be concurrent with vomiting, and tenesmus, whereas in adult dogs known as symptomatic. A female domestic dog, aged >1 yo was kept indoors and had not been vaccinated or anthelmintic drugs. The dog has changed in the consistency of slightly soft feces with a frequency of defecation 1–2 times a day. Diagnose performed using microscopic fecal examination with the floating method found the presence of Cystoisospora spp. oocysts, followed by the calculation of oocysts per gram (OPG) using a two-chamber McMaster to determine the degree of Cystoisospora spp. infection. Blood examination showed leukocytosis, granulocytosis, and hypochromic anemia. The treatment was administered of 15 mg/kg BW sulfadiazine orally every 12 hours for 7 days, 14 mg/kg BW metronidazole every 12 hours for 7 days, and 300 mg Hemafort^® every 24 hours for 7 days. After 7 days of treatment, we reported normal fecal consistency and negative parasitic manifestation. Prevention was done by paying attention to treatment, immediately identifying the presence of oocysts, educating owners to avoid animal distress, and maintaining a good hygiene environment.

Ultrasonography Profile of Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease on An 11-Year-Old Poodle

Toh Pei Wah — 2024-04-01

Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is a prevalent inherited mitral valve condition. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical manifestation of the cardiac condition MMVD in Poodles. Using ultrasonography (USG), this study examined the characteristics, progression, diagnosis, and treatment of MMVD in an 11-year-old Poodle. This case study was conducted at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, utilizing a Chison Ebit60 with an 8–12 MHz curvilinear probe. The dog was positioned in the right parasternal recumbency position, and the long axis (RPLA) and short axis (RPSA) views were obtained. In the evaluation and diagnosis, B-Mode, M-Mode, and Color Flow Doppler (CFD) modes of ultrasonography were performed. The dog presented with coughing, and the physical examination revealed a grade 3–4 murmur. Based on B-mode cardiac monitoring, sinus arrhythmia, mitral valve thickness, and prolapses indicate MMVD. Mitral regurgitation was indicated by a decrease in heart rate and an increase in the left ventricle internal dimension (LVIDd) on the M-mode. Meanwhile, CFD's representation of turbulent flow confirmed mitral regurgitation results. The rise in blood pressure confirmed the presence of hypertension. Class B2 MMVD in Poodles has consequently been diagnosed in this case.