Jurnal Medik Veteriner

Front Cover, Editorial Board, Peer Reviewers, Acknowledgments

Choirun Nisa, SIIP. — 2025-04-01

Surgical Management of Biliary Duct Hamartoma in a Cat: A Case Report

Nur Ainina Ab Manap — 2025-04-01

Cysts in the liver or biliary duct are uncommon in veterinary medicine. A multiloculated, fluid-filled liver cyst measuring 18 cm in diameter was detected in a two-year-old spayed female mixed-breed cat via radiography and computed tomography. The cyst was attached to the medial lobe aspect of the liver and continued with the gall bladder. Cystectomy and omentopexy were performed, and the resected cyst was examined histologically. Histologic analysis revealed variable-sized cystic spaces lined by low simple cuboidal and attenuated epithelium. The cyst wall was composed of thick collagenous stroma containing entrapped islands of the hepatic parenchyma, which included atrophied hepatocytes, dilated sinusoidal spaces filled with erythrocytes, and randomly distributed hyperplastic bile ducts. These histologic findings were consistent with biliary duct hamartoma. The cat had an uneventful recovery, and no recurrence was observed one-year post-surgery.

Indexing, Subscribed Form, Guidelines for Author, Back Cover

Choirun Nisa, SIIP. — 2025-04-01

Novel Surface Marker for the Prospective Mesenchymal Stem Cell Characterization from Rabbit Visceral Adipose Tissue

Suryo Kuncorojakti — 2025-04-01

Rabbit as a laboratory animals play an important role in bridging basic research to clinical application. The exploration of rabbit mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) is still facing an obstacle regarding the standardization of characterization of MSC. This study is aimed to explore the novel candidate of rabbit MSC surface marker as an effort to establish the goal standardization of rabbit MSC. Three 2-month-old male White New Zealand rabbits weighing 2 kg were used as visceral rabbit adipose derived mesenchymal stem cell (Rab-ADMSC) donors. The cells were characterized according to their morphology characteristic, clonogenic and three-lineage differentiation capacity. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the MSC surface markers of Rab-ADMSC against CD81, CD29, CD34 and CD45. The results of this study revealed that the Rab-ADMSC posses characteristic of MSC according to their morphology and differentiation capacity. It can be concluded that CD81 surface marker can be proposed as a stable alternative candidate marker for rabbit MSCs. This data is supported by other phenotypic characteristics of MSCs, both in morphology and in the ability of visceral Rab-ADMSCs to differentiate into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages.

Efficacy of Parquetina nigrescens Leaf Extract on Growth Performance and Gastrointestinal Response of Japanese Quails

Adeyinka Oye Akintunde — 2025-04-01

Japanese quail has the potential to complement the gap in the protein need of Nigerians. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of varying inclusion levels of Parquetina nigrescens leaf extract (PNLE) on the growth performance, gastrointestinal response, and plasma response of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Fresh leaves of P. nigrescens were harvested. Two-hundred day old of unsexed Japanese quails were weighed and randomly allocated to 5 dietary treatment groups with forty birds at 4 replicates of 10 chicks, respectively. The leaf was obtained by harvesting and blending the leaves, using 50 g of leaves in 1000 mL of water. The treatment were as follows: (T1) which is the control did not receive any PNLE, T2, T3, T4 and T5 administered 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mL of PNLE per 500 mL of water, respectively, for 6 week of experiment. Feed and water were provided ad libitum and mortality was recorded as it occurred. Parameters measured were performance (feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and gastrointestinal response (Internal organ of GIT and morphometrics). All data were subjected to analysis of variance using Duncan’s multiple range test in SAS (2010) where p value < 0.005 was considered to be statistically significant. For performance, the results showed that the administration of PNLE did not have significant influence (p > 0.05) on all the parameters in the starter and finisher phases. It was observed that when all the parameters were put together without considering the phases, all the parameters considered were not significant (p > 0.05) except feed conversion ratio (FCR) with the highest value being in T1 (5.041) and the lowest value being T4 (3.183). For the gastrointestinal response parameters, the inclusion of PNLE had significant effect (p < 0.05) on crop pH, proventriculus temperature, proventriculus pH, gizzard weight, gizzard temperature, relative gizzard weight, jejunum length and ileum temperature. It was concluded that the inclusion of PNLE had no detrimental effect on growth performance, gastrointestinal response and plasma of Japanese quail, hence it can be used up to 0.4 mL into 500 mL of water.

The Detection and Analysis of Factors Associated with the Incidence of Lumpy Skin Disease in Cattle Transhipped at Merak Port, Indonesia

Faizal Rafiq — 2025-04-01

Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is caused by the Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) that affects cattle and buffalo. The symptoms include the development of lumps or nodules on the skin of infected animals. Therefore, this study aimed to detect the presence of LSD and determine factors associated with the incidence in cattle transhipped through Merak Port. Samples were collected in the form of oral and nasal swabs, then tested with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The results showed that there were two positive LSD samples confirmed by molecular testing using qPCR. The positive cattle did not show clinical signs or were suspected to be sub-clinically infected, while the Ct values obtained were 27.71 and 28.88. The use of molecular methods with qPCR showed relatively good results for the detection of LSD. Cattle that did not show clinical signs were detected as positive by the test. This is because qPCR can detect viruses more quickly and accurately, even at very low viral load levels. Factors associated with the incidence of LSD in the Merak Port (p < 0.05) were farm origin and biosecurity measures, knowledge of livestock handlers, vaccination status, and disinfection practices.

Additive Nutrition in the Feeding of Pote Goat Madura Maintained the Fertility Post-Infected of Foot and Mouth Disease

Suherni Susilowati — 2025-04-01

Mineral and nutritive supplements improve animal reproductive performance, especially after Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) infecteds, to establish sustainable food security solutions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of mineral addition, particularly through premix and concentrate booster supplementation, on the body weight gain and reproductive performance of Pote goats in Madura post-infected of foot and mouth disease (FMD). Thirty-six non-pregnant Pote goats that cured from foot and mouth lesion based on veterinarian examination, were divided into three groups and fed differently for 45 days. Group T0 received standard feed comprising 3-4 kg of forage and 300 g of concentrate with a crude protein content of 16–17%, along with ad libitum water. Groups T1 and T2 received standard feed supplemented with 15g/head/day of premix booster and immune booster, respectively. Results showed no significant increase in body weight with supplementation. However, higher blood urea nitrogen and albumin levels were observed in both T1 and T2-supplemented groups. The estrus rate was higher in goats given mineral supplements than with standard feed alone. Although the onset and duration of estrus did not differ significantly, ultrasound scans showed follicular development before estrus synchronization, indicating restoration of the estrus cycle. Overall, mineral addition in feeding post-FMD infected in Pote goats appears to enhance reproductive performance and overall health.

Evaluation and Its Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Inactivated Vaccine Candidate in K18-hACE2 Mice

Rofiqul A'la — 2025-04-01

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 requires effective vaccines to be developed. This study aimed to assess the impact of a SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine candidate in k18-hACE2 mice by monitoring their body weight, immune activation, and inflammatory cytokines including IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. The study utilized k18-hACE2 mice expressing the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor. The mice were administered the inactivated vaccine candidate compared with sham and vehicle. Body weight was monitored, and serum samples were collected to measure IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels using ELISA. Data were evaluated using SPSS statistical analysis software. The administration of the SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine candidate in k18-hACE2 mice did not result in significant changes in body weight compared to the control group. Furthermore, the levels of IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were significantly reduced in the vaccinated mice compared to the control group, suggesting a dampening effect on the inflammatory response. This study demonstrates that the SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine candidate has a minimal impact on the body weight of k18-hACE2 mice. Nevertheless, it successfully regulates the levels of IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, suggesting its safety and beneficial impact. These findings contribute to understanding the vaccine's efficacy and safety profile in vaccine development.

Post-Natal Indonesian Garut Sheep Performance Fed with Sorghum-Indigofera-Mixed Feed and Stimulated with Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin Hormone

Rachmat Somanjaya — 2025-04-01

This study aimed to determine the effect of sorghum-indigofera (SI) mixed feed and pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) hormone stimulation on ewe’s reproductive performance and Garut lamb’s pre-weaning growth. Twenty-eight multiparous Garut ewes were included into four treatment groups (2 ´ 2) with a factorial-Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The first factors were the types of feed local forage (LF) and SI, while the second factor was PMSG hormone stimulations (with and without PMSG stimulation). Synchronized estrous used twice injections with PGF2α, 11 days apart, and 500 IU PMSG was adminstrated at the second PGF2α injection intramuscularly. The observed variables included ewes' performance after parturition and post-natal lamb's growth. The obtained data were analyzed by multivarians of analysis (MANOVA) with α = 0.05 and continued with Tukey's Test. The result showed that feeding ewes with SI without PMSG stimulation resulted in the highest number of pregnancies, litter size, and lactation compared to other treatments. Feed type and PMSG stimulation factors has no any interaction effect (p > 0.05) on birth weight, weaning weight, and milk production. However, birth weight and milk production were affected (p < 0.05) by the feed, while weaning weight was affected (p < 0.05) by the PMSG stimulation. The fastest lamb growth rate was found in the groups of ewes fed by SI without PMSG stimulation (120 g/head/day). It can be concluded that SI could improve the ewe’s reproductive performance and the post-natal growth of Garut lambs. Meanwhile, the PMSG hormone could beneficially with sorghum-indigofera mixed feed.

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) in Ruminants in Selangor

Nur Husna Abdul Rahman — 2025-04-01

Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) is caused by pestivirus, which has an economic impact on the ruminant industry. Most study focuses on cattle as the most affected species having detrimental effects on the reproductive soundness. However, the role of small ruminants in BVD transmission requires further understanding as they can also be affected by BVD. Thus, a cross-sectional study was carried out in Selangor with an objective (1) to determine the seroprevalence of BVD in cattle, deer, sheep, and goats and (2) to identify the associated risk factors of BVD. A total of 596 healthy animals i.e., 176 cattle, 212 goats, 100 sheep and 108 deers were randomly selected and sampled between 2021 to 2024 in 19 selected farms in Selangor. Blood samples were collected from all of the animals and the serum samples were tested against the detection of antibodies against p80-125 protein (NSP2-3), a non-structural protein (NS3), highly conserved, and common to all strains of pestiviruses such as BVD, Border Disease (BD), and BVD-Antigen using a specific monoclonal antibody (E^rns). The risk factors were analysed by running a univariate and multivariate logistic regression model compiled using a backward-selection procedure analysis to obtain the odds ratio (OR). This study found that the herds seroprevalence of BVD among the farms was 57.89% (n = 19). Cattle seroprevalence is 29.54% (n = 176), goats 11.3% (n = 212), sheep at 50% (n = 100), and deer at 0% (n = 108). Only one breeding ram was tested positive for the BVD-Antigen test. The key risk factors for BVD in cattle included being dairy cattle (OR = 12.60, p < 0.001), lactating (OR = 31.2, p < 0.001), raised in semi-intensive systems (OR = 106.08, p < 0.001), kept in cattle-only herds (OR = 26.32, p < 0.002), and being located in urban areas (OR = 191.95, p < 0.001). For small ruminants, significant risk factors included goats raised in intensive systems (OR = 6.73, p < 0.001) and female sheep (OR = 2.25, p = 0.047). The findings highlights that BVD seroprevalence in sheep and goats in Selangor, identifying a positive BVD antigen result in a breeding ram, emphasizing the sheep's role in BVD transmission. In short, the multi-species ruminant farming in Malaysia should be cautioned for the risk of BVD transmission.

Sweet Potato Leaf Extract as a Protective Antioxidant: Improving Hematological Health in Ammonia-Exposed Mahseer Fish

Shovia Finny Anggreani — 2025-04-01

The Mahseer fish (Neolissochilus soroides) is a highly valuable aquaculture species due to its economic potential. Currently, this species is being developed in intensive aquaculture systems. As a result, ammonia levels are increasing, which could potentially disrupt the growth and survival of the fish. This study aimed to investigate the effects of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaf extract supplementation as an antioxidant on the hematological profile of Mahseer fish exposed to NH₄Cl. Four supplementation treatments were employed: 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%, each with five replicates. The fish were supplemented with the extract for 40 days and exposed 10 ppm NH₄Cl for 48 hours. Blood samples were collRected before rearing, after 40 days of supplementation and NH₄Cl exposure. The results demonstrated that supplementation with sweet potato leaf extract (SPLE) positively influenced the hematological profile of mahseer. Specifically, higher doses of the extract enhanced immunity across all treatments. Notably, only the highest doses of 7.5% and 5% effectively mitigated fish stress induced by ammonia exposure for 24 hours. Furthermore, there were no significant differences observed among treatments in response to NH₄Cl exposure throughout the study period. These findings underscore the potential of SPLE as an antioxidant supplement to bolster immune function and alleviate oxidative stress in mahseer under ammonia exposure conditions. Further research could focus on optimizing the dosage of SPLE to maximize its antioxidant benefits in aquaculture setting.

Genomic Characterization of Vibrio spp. in Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch, 1790) Following Field Vaccination Using a Feed-Based Inactivated Vaccine against Vibriosis

Nur Diyana Mohamad Tahir — 2025-04-01

Vibriosis outbreaks pose a significant threat to the productivity of Asian seabass culture, causing substantial losses. Nevertheless, the excessive utilization of antimicrobials exacerbates the issue by fostering the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Consequently, exploring alternative disease management strategies, such as the introduction of oral vaccines into Asian seabass culture, has become a subject of ongoing investigation. This study aims to compare the genomic characteristics of different Vibrio species isolated from both orally vaccinated and unvaccinated Asian seabass populations. Archived samples of vaccinated and unvaccinated Asian seabass from one site in Selangor, Malaysia, were utilized in this sample. Briefly, the vaccinated group was administered the feed-based vaccine on week 0 (prime vaccination), 2 (booster), and 6 (second booster) at 4% body weight. At the same time, the non-vaccinated fish were fed with a commercially formulated pellet without the vaccine. Vibrio isolates identified from the gut samples were used in this study. The samples were stored at -80°C before being subjected to genomic DNA extraction, PCR, gel electrophoresis, and sequencing using Illumina and Nanopore platforms. Universal 16s primer and pyrH primer were used to identify Vibrio species. Bioinformatic analysis was done using NCBI BLAST, QUAST, BUSCO 5, CGE, and J Species. The isolates of Vibrio species exhibited smooth, convex, round, and entire colonies on TCBS agar plates, which were yellow and green. Twenty-two isolates were sent for 16s rRNA sequencing and revealed Vibrio alginolyticus (54.54%), followed by V. diabolicus (13.63%) and V. parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi (9.09% respectively). Of the 22 samples, 7 were selected for further Illumina sequencing. The whole genome sequences of the six Vibrio species isolated exhibited good coverage percentage, N50 value, Average Nucleotide Identity (ANIb), single-copy percentage, and GC content, while one sample showed low single-copy percentage and high duplicated percentage, which suggested contamination during DNA extraction. Eight novel alleles were discovered, three from the vaccinated group and five from the unvaccinated group, including the Rec, atpA, gyrB, and pyrH. A virulence factor database analysis search revealed 58 virulent genes from the unvaccinated samples and 39 virulent genes from the vaccinated samples. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the genomic characteristics between orally vaccinated and unvaccinated cultured Asian seabass in the locality.

Adaptation of African Swine Virus in Non-Swine Cell Lines: A Preliminary Study for Vaccine Candidate

I Wayan Masa Tenaya — 2025-04-01

African Swine Fever (ASF) is among the most detrimental infectious viral diseases in pigs causing approximately 100% mortality. The disease was first reported about 83 years ago in Africa before spreading to Europe in 1957 and Asia in 2010. An adequate vaccine generally containing live attenuated virus isolates prepared in swine macrophages to control the disease is currently unavailable. Therefore, this study aimed to use murine neuroblastoma (N2a) cells, non-swine cell lines, to adapt African swine fever virus (ASFV) isolates for vaccine preparation. ASFV isolate called BL21 obtained from Bali and East Nusa Tenggara was previously propagated in swine macrophages. However, virus was currently adapted in the N2a cells to avoid unwanted issues associated with using swine macrophages, including microbial contamination, as well as technically laborious and ethical issues. The adapted BL21 was re-confirmed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) and tested in vivo to examine the pathogenicity properties. The results showed that BL21 produced consistently and specifically positive q-PCR, killing experimental pigs with typical gross pathological changes of ASF. BL21 at a 10^-3/mL dilution adapted in N2a cells showed similar antigenic properties causing the death of nearly 50% N2a cells in vitro and terminating all in vivo experimental pigs. In conclusion, the BL21 isolate reported in this study could be used as a vaccine candidate after more attenuation and particularly to determine a lethal dose of 50% (LD50) for future investigations.

Pathogenicity of Clostridium perfringens Philippine Isolate in Necrotic Enteritis Across Broiler Growth Stages

Ma. Rosario S. Racho — 2025-04-01

Clostridium perfringens was isolated from Philippines broiler chickens of a local farm exhibiting clinical signs of necrotic enteritis. This local isolate induced necrotic enteritis (NE) experimentally in susceptible broiler chickens to demonstrate the disease and the lesions it would produce. Experimental chickens were subjected to stress such as vaccination and pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis. Seven treatment groups involving various combinations of the above agents were used to demonstrate lesions of NE. Gross intestinal lesion scoring was performed at necropsy on the 3rd, 7th, 11th, 14th, and 18th-day post-infection, depending on the treatment group. Results showed that the local C. perfringens isolate was able to cause lesions of enteritis but did not demonstrate the classic towel-like lesion of NE, as described by the literature. The treatment combination of C. perfringens and S. enteritidis produced the highest intestinal lesions scores. However, C. perfringens alone can experimentally induce enteritis with a lesser severity. This is the first report of experimental induction of NE in broiler chickens using a local C. perfringens isolate in the Philippines.

First Record of Anguillid Herpesvirus 1 Linked to a Mass Mortality Event in Shortfin Eel (Anguilla bicolor) in Indonesia

Ekky Ilham Romadhona — 2025-04-01

Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV-1), a member of the Alloherpesviridae family, is known to cause high mortality in both wild and farmed eels. Notably, no cases of AngHV-1 infection in Indonesia until June 2023, when a significant mortality rate exceeding 75% among cultured glass eels was documented in Bogor, Indonesia. This study investigated the outbreak by collecting 30 diseased fish from multiple cultured tanks to examine clinical symptoms, histopathological changes, and viral presence through PCR targeting the viral DNA polymerase gene. Hemorrhagic lesions in the abdomen and anal regions were the primary clinical symptoms. Histopathological examination revealed hyperplasia, fusion, and epithelial lifting of the gill secondary lamellae. PCR, using 394 bp primer specific for AngHV-1, confirmed 100% infection among the collected samples, indicating rapid viral transmission within the rearing environment. Phylogenetic analysis of partial DNA polymerase amino acid sequences showed that Indonesian AngHV-1 isolate is genetically diverse and shares similarities with strains from China, Taiwan, Canada, and several European countries, suggesting the emergence of a novel strain. This study highlights the urgent need for enhanced biosecurity measures to curb AngHV-1 spread in the Indonesian eel aquaculture sector.

Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Coxiella burnetti in Small Ruminants in Southern States of Peninsular Malaysia

Nur Aisyah Ismael — 2025-04-01

Q fever is caused by the bacteria Coxiella burnetii, a zoonotic disease that causes abortions and stillbirths in ruminants. The seroprevalence of Q fever in small ruminants, such as sheep and goats, can vary widely depending on geographical location, farming practices, and the prevalence of the disease in the area. The main objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of infectious reproductive diseases affecting the small ruminant population in the southern state of Peninsular Malaysia and its associated risk factors. The animals (n = 184), comprising 24 sheep and 160 goats, were from the states of Negeri Sembilan and Johor. Before sampling, a physical examination was conducted on the animal to establish its health status. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed on the serum to detect the seroprevalence of infectious reproductive diseases in Q fever. Farm animal records and observations were designed to assess the risk factors associated with the prevalence of Q fever. The seroprevalence of Q fever in small ruminants was 2.7% (5/184). Male animals have a higher prevalence of Q fever at 3.63% (2/55) than female animals at 2.3% (3/129). Goats managed intensively were found to have a higher seroprevalence at 4.08% (2/49) than those managed semi-intensively at 2.17% (3/138). The state of origin factor was significantly associated with the seropositivity of Q fever. This study revealed the existence of low seroprevalence of Q fever among small ruminants in selected states and farms in Peninsular Malaysia. However, the low seroprevalence of Q fever suggests a persistent exposure to C. burnetti, which could present a public health threat and a substantial risk to the ruminant industry.

Morphometric and Molecular Identification of Eimeria Bovis and Eimeria Zuernii on Beef Cattle in Lamongan, East Java, Indonesia

Muhammad 'Ahdi Kurniawan — 2025-04-01

Lamongan Regency, located in East Java, Indonesia, is a significant center for beef cattle production. Despite its prominence, studies on the identification and differentiation of Eimeria spp. parasites in this region are notably lacking. This research aims to address this gap by evaluating the prevalence of Eimeria spp. and identifying two pathogenic species: Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii. The study involved the collection of 250 fecal samples from beef cattle raised on smallholder farms across Lamongan. Sampling was conducted during the rainy season to optimize the detection of Eimeria infections. Using the sugar flotation method, Eimeria oocysts were isolated from 5–10 g of fecal matter per sample. Molecular identification employed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting ribosomal RNA’s internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) region to detect the pathogenic species. Fecal examination using the Whitlock test revealed a prevalence of Eimeria spp. at 44.45% (111/250). PCR analysis further identified E. bovis with a 238 bp amplicon in Solokuro District and E. zuernii with a 344 bp amplicon in Tikung District, highlighting the presence of these two pathogenic species in distinct geographic areas. The findings underline the need for further research that includes expanded sampling from different regions and cattle breeds and the application of varied diagnostic methods. Such studies will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic diversity, distribution, and epidemiology of E. bovis and E. zuernii in Indonesia, supporting improved cattle health and management practices in the region.

Phenotypic and Genotypic Detection of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in Subclinical Mastitis Goat Milk in Lumajang, Indonesia

Himmatul Khasanah — 2025-04-01

This study aimed to identify the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria that cause subclinical mastitis in dairy goats in the Senduro sub-district of Lumajang regency, Indonesia. A total of 116 milk samples from 58 dairy goats were tested for the California Mastitis Test (CMT). CMT-positive samples were used for bacterial identification through phenotypic and genotypic analyses. Phenotypic analysis was conducted by culturing bacteria on natrium agar media and followed in selective media. The genotypic analysis employed a specific primer of S. aureus using the 23SrRNA gene and E. coli using the 16SrRNA gene as confirmation of the gold standart. The results of this study showed positive subclinical mastitis in dairy goat samples, which consisted of 21 samples of CMT 1 and a sample of CMT 2. Bacterial identification with phenotypic assays documented 16 samples having S. aureus and one sample having E. coli. The validated genotypic assays showed from 16 samples, validated 5 samples of S. aureus infection and one E. coli infection. In conclusion, bacterial identification of S. aureus and E. coli predominantly infects the SCM dairy goats in the Senduro sub-district as evidenced by the phenotypic analysis and followed by genotypic using the PCR method.

Role of Cryoprotectants in Preventing Quality Loss of Goat Oocytes after Warming by Examining Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Bone Morphogenetic Protein-15 Expression

Zahra Shabira — 2025-04-01

This research aimed to assess the efficacy of ethylene glycol-sucrose as an alternative cryoprotectant compared to commercial cryoprotectants by focusing on the expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP-15) in goat oocyte cumulus complexes after warming with identification using the immunocytochemical analysis. Maturated oocytes were divided into 3 groups, i.e., (C) the control group followed by an immunocytochemical examination, and two treatment groups, i.e., (P1) was exposed to a commercial cryoprotectant for 15 minutes, then placed in a hemistraw and dipped in liquid nitrogen, and (P2) was exposed to 30% ethylene glycol and 1 M sucrose for 15 minutes, then placed in a hemistraw and dipped in liquid nitrogen. The results revealed divergent responses in IGF-1 (CG = 9.00 ± 3.00; P1 = 9.50 ± 3.20; P2 = 4.67 ± 0.94) and BMP-15 (CG = 10.50 ± 3.35; P1 = 9.50 ± 2.69; P2 = 5.50 ± 3.64) expression patterns, possibly influenced by the two cryoprotectant abilities and oocytes performing their permeabilities to cryoprotectant solution. We concluded that each cryoprotectant is necessary to mitigate the adverse impact on gene expression in oocytes so that we can use it for reproductive technologies.

Update of Hulse´s Technique for the Surgical Correction of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture and Its Long-Term Postoperative Evaluation in a Group of Canines

Claudia de Aurrecoechea — 2025-04-01

Rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament is the oldest and most prevalent cause of osteoarthrosis (OA) of the patellofemoral joint (PFJ) in canines, being 75% of all PFJ surgical pathologies. To assess the long term clinical, radiological and orthopaedic results of a modification of Hulse’s technique for intracapsular surgical correction of cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CrCLR). A heterogeneous population of 12 canines who had undergone surgery for CrCLR was called for the study, of which 3 underwent surgery on both PFJs. The technique was modified by using a pre folded crochet needle and a tiny lateral arthrotomy performed just under the lateral collateral ligament. This study was done after 20 months on average from de surgery (range 8 to 36 months) and all the surgeries were performed by the same surgeon. All animals were monitored during the study period, which lasted 4 months. A blind radiological assessment of 3 observers was performed using the Bioarth scale, an orthopaedic assessment to quantify the degree of claudication and PFJ angles (goniometry) and two scales were also used for the assessment of chronic pain and animal welfare i.e., Helsinki's scale and CPBI (canine pain brief inventory). The radiographic assessment of OA yielded a mean of 9.13, with SD of 5.50 and a SE of 1.42. The average subjective assessment of OA according to the Bioarth scale was moderate. The qualitative orthopedic assessment showed that 7 patients did not present claudication, 4 patients showed grade 1 claudication and one grade 2. The CPBI and Helsinki animal welfare scales showed an excellent subjective assessment by the tutors. The Hulse technique, modified with a crochet needle, was sufficient to surgically correct the CrCLR in an heterogeneous population of 12 canines, achieving that all patients functionally used the operated limb or limbs, possessing a very good to excellent quality of life according to their owners, despite having evidenced a moderate degree of OA with an average of 9.13 on the Bioarth scale.

Malaria and Related Haemosporidian Parasites of Wildlife in Southeast Asia: A Risk for Global Health

Shafia Khairani — 2025-04-01

Malaria and related haemosporidian parasites are widespread diseases that can inflict severe harm on both humans and animals. These parasites are protozoans classified within the order Haemosporidia, which encompasses four families: Garniidae, Haemoproteidae, Leucocytozoidae, and Plasmodiidae. The majority of species belong to three primary genera—Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, and Plasmodium—which have the capacity to infect a diverse array of animal species, including birds, reptiles, snakes, and mammals. Diagnostic techniques, such as light microscopy and molecular methods like polymerase chain reaction (PCR), have been extensively developed to identify these infections. Despite these advancements, research on the prevalence of malaria in wildlife across Southeast Asia remains sparse. This review article examines the significance of malaria and related haemosporidian parasites in wildlife within Southeast Asia and their potential implications for global human health. A total of 285 articles were reviewed, with 42 qualitative studies being included in this analysis. The majority of these studies were conducted in Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore, Myanmar, Laos, and Cambodia. Among the reviewed studies, 27 out of 42 (64.28%) focused on non-human primates, while 15 out of 42 (35.71%) addressed other wildlife such as birds and bats. Macaca fascicularis (long-tailed macaque) was the primary subject in 18 studies (66.66%), followed by M. nemestrina, Pongo pygmaeus, and various other macaque species and gibbons. In contrast, studies involving other wildlife, including birds and bats, exhibited considerable variability in species and sample sizes, ranging from a minimum of 4 individuals to a maximum of 400 individuals. Molecular diagnostics are predominantly used for non-human primates and other wildlife, as opposed to conventional methods like blood smears. Zoonotic malaria has emerged as a significant concern due to factors such as deforestation, agricultural expansion, and forest fragmentation, which increase human-wildlife interactions and facilitate mosquito breeding, thereby heightening the risk of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria. In summary, malaria and related haemosporidian parasites represent a substantial public health threat in Southeast Asia.

Potential Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Type 1 Diabetes in Preventing Alzheimer’s Disease Progression

Nurina Titisari — 2025-04-01

The human metabolic syndrome of diabetes is widely reported globally. People with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are at high risk for developing diabetic complications. Increasing evidence in clinical studies and literature reviews suggests that T1D has a strong relation with cognitive impairments, leading to a higher occurrence of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Research has shown that diet has a significant impact that may delay the onset of diabetes problems. Recent findings have demonstrated that omega-3 fatty acids act as a neuroprotective agent against the development of brain disorders. However, the positive impact of omega-3 fatty acids against diabetes, particularly on T1D, has debatable roles due to data inconsistencies. This review will discuss the mechanism of T1D on AD and the potential role of omega-3 fatty acids in degrading AD risk in patients with T1D. Scientific reports from epidemiological, molecular, and animal models and human studies are highlighted in this study. In conclusion, despite the conflicting results observed in both experimental and clinical studies, omega-3 fatty acids were proven to exhibit anti-inflammatory characteristics and alleviate autoimmune activities. Hence, omega-3 fatty acids are suggested to be considered in the prevention of AD progression, particularly in T1D patients. Nevertheless, the role of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in T1D patients needs further exploration.