The Benefits of Fasting to Improve Health Conditions and to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease
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Introduction:Fasting is defined as the voluntary abstinence from eating for variable time intervals and it has been associated with potential beneficial impacts on human health. The study was to review the benefits of fasting on cardiovascular health in humans with or without cardiovascular disease.
Methods: The databases search was done using the keywords ‘fasting' and ‘cardiovascular system' using Scopus, Science Direct and ProQuest, limited to between 2013 and 2019 for publication year. A total of 3.619 articles were obtained and 15 articles involving experimental and non-experimental studies were used as the reference material.
Results: The findings showed that in people who are healthy, fasting can reduce the inflammatory markers (IL-1 & IL-6, TNF-α), the oxidative stress marker (Malondialdehyde), body weight, abdominal circumference, fasting blood glucose, LDL, triglyceride and blood pressure. In people at risk or with cardiovascular disease, fasting can reduce body weight, body mass index, abdominal circumference, fat percentage, blood pressure, triglyceride, the biomarker of inflammation (serum amyloid A), the biomarker of oxidative stress (protein carbonyl), the biomarker of endothelial dysfunction (asymmetric dimethylarginine) and increase the vascular endothelial growth factor.
Conclusion: Based on these findings, fasting can improve the health condition of people at risk or with cardiovascular disease by improving the risk factors such as blood pressure, overweight and endothelial dysfunction. In people who are healthy, fasting can be used for the prevention of cardiovascular disease by helping to maintain their weight, blood pressure, LDL and triglyceride within the normal limits.Akaberi, A., Golshan, A., Moojdekanlo, M., & Hashemian, M. (2014). Does fasting in Ramadan ameliorate Lipid profile ? A prospective observational study. 30(4), 708–711.
Asadi, H., Abolfathi, A. A., Badalzadeh, R., Majidinia, M., Yaghoubi, A., & Asadi, M. (2015). Effects of Ramadan Fasting on Serum Amyloid A and Protein Carbonyl Group Levels in Patients With Cardiovascular Diseases. 7(2), 55–59. https://doi.org/10.15171/jcvtr.2015.12
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Faris, A. E., Jahrami, H. A., Obaideen, A. A., & Madkour, M. I. (2019). Journal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism Impact of diurnal intermittent fasting during Ramadan on in fl ammatory and oxidative stress markers in healthy people : Systematic review and meta- analysis. Journal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism, 15(August 2018), 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnim.2018.11.005
Ganesan, K., Habboush, Y., & Sultan, S. (2018). Intermittent Fasting : The Choice for a Healthier Lifestyle Methods. 10(7), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.2947
Horne, B. D., Muhlestein, J. B., & Anderson, J. L. (2018). Health effects of intermittent fasting : hormesis or harm ? A systematic review 1. 102(2), 464–470. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.109553.1
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Iso, H., Imano, H., Yamagishi, K., Ohira, T., Hitsumoto, S., Tanigawa, T., ... Investigators, C. (2014). Fasting and non-fasting triglycerides and risk of ischemic cardiovascular disease in Japanese men and women : The Circulatory Risk in Communities Study ( CIRCS ). Atherosclerosis, 237(1), 361–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.08.028
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Mazurak, N., & Gu, A. (2013). Effects of a 48-h fast on heart rate variability and cortisol levels in healthy female subjects. 67, 401–406. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.32
Radhakishun, N., Blokhuis, C., Vliet, M. Van, & Rosenstiel, I. Von. (2014). Intermittent fasting during Ramadan causes a transient increase in total , LDL , and HDL cholesterols and hs-CRP in ethnic obese adolescents. 14–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-014-2276-8
Salahuddin, M., Ah, S. A., Sr, S., & Km, B. (2014). Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Body Weight , ( BP ) and Biochemical Parameters in Middle Aged Hypertensive Subjects : An Observational Trial. 8(3), 16–18. https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.204.179.
Sayedda, K., Kamal, S., & Ahmed, Q. S. (2013). Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Anthropometric Parameters , Blood Pressure , Creatine Phosphokinase Activity , Serum Calcium and Phosphorus in Healthy Students of Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences , Bareilly-UP. 3(1), 48–52. https://doi.org/10.5455/njppp.2013.3.48-52
Trepanowski, J. F., Kroeger, C. M., Barnosky, A., Klempel, M. C., Bhutani, S., Hoddy, K. K., ... Varady, K. A. (2017). Effect of Alternate-Day Fasting on Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and Cardioprotection Among Metabolically Healthy Obese Adults A Randomized Clinical Trial. 177(7), 930–938. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0936
Wei, M., Brandhorst, S., Shelehchi, M., Mirzaei, H., Cheng, C. W., Budniak, J., ... Longo, V. D. (2017). Fasting-mimicking diet and markers / risk factors for aging , diabetes , cancer , and cardiovascular disease. 1(July 2015).
Youse, B., Faghfoori, Z., Samadi, N., Karami, H., Ahmadi, Y., Badalzadeh, R., ... Ghavimi, H. (2014). The effects of Ramadan fasting on endothelial function in patients with cardiovascular diseases. (February), 835–839. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.61
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