Chronic energy deficiency in young pregnant women in rural Indonesia: an analysis of basic health survey 2018
Downloads
Introduction: Chronic energy deficiency (CED) significantly impacts maternal health and child development. Socioeconomic conditions and access to health services cause young mothers in rural areas to have different health problems from those in urban areas. The study aimed to analyze the factors associated with CED among young pregnant women in rural areas in Indonesia.
Methods: Secondary data for this cross-sectional study were obtained from the 2018 Basic Health Research Survey. One thousand one hundred and thirty-nine pregnant women aged <25 years were involved as subjects. Age, number of family members, education, occupation, gravida, abortion, supplementary feeding, and iron tablets during pregnancy were included as independent variables. Binomial logistic regression analysis was performed to measure the association between the independent and dependent variables. The strength of the association was expressed by p-value <0.05.
Results: The three factors associated with CED were age (p=0.001), education (p=0.013), and supplementary feeding (p<0.001).
Conclusions: Equitable education, increasing the age at which moms can become pregnant, and efforts to fulfill the nutrition needs of pregnant women by providing supplemental food based on community empowerment are significant. Family and community involvement will ensure the sustainability of this CED prevention program.
Aboagye, R. G. et al. (2022) ‘Health insurance coverage and timely antenatal care attendance in sub-Saharan Africa’, BMC Health Serv Res, 22(1), pp. 1–12. doi: 10.1186/s12913-022-07601-6.
Akbarini, O. F. and Siswina, T. (2022) ‘Factors affecting the incidence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) in pregnant women’, Sci Midwifery, 10(5), pp. 3776–3783. doi: 10.35335/midwifery.v10i5.841.
Andriani, H. et al. (2023) ‘A multilevel analysis of the triple burden of malnutrition in Indonesia: trends and determinants from repeated cross-sectional surveys’, BMC Public Health, 23(1), pp. 1–15. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-16728-y.
Bari, A. et al. (2021) ‘Relationship of mid-upper arm circumference and body mass index for assessing maternal nutritional status’, Pak Paediatr J, 45(2), pp. 186–191.
Bhan, G. et al. (2020) ‘Informal work and maternal and child health: a blind spot in public health and research’, Bull World Health Organ, 98, pp. 219–221. doi: 10.2471/BLT.19.231258.
Bigiu, N. et al. (2015) ‘Maternal depletion syndrome’, Gineco.eu, 11(2), pp. 98–103. doi: 10.18643/gieu.2015.98.
Black, R. E. et al. (2013) ‘Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries’, Lancet, 382, pp. 427–451. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X.
Dagne, S. et al. (2021) ‘Chronic Energy Deficiency and Its Determinant Factors among Adults Aged 18 – 59 Years in Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study’, J Nutr Metab, 2021, p. 8850241. doi: 10.1155/2021/8850241.
Edeo Berarti, A., Gebrie, M. and Beyene, B. (2023) ‘Adherence to iron folic acid supplementation and associated factors among antenatal CARE attending women in Sire district primary health care units, South-East Ethiopia: A facility based cross-sectional study’, Int J Afr Nurs Sci, 18(December 2022), p. 100526. doi: 10.1016/j.ijans.2023.100526.
Figueiredo, A. C. M. G. et al. (2018) ‘Maternal Anemia and Low Birth Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis’, Nutrients, 10, p. 601. doi: 10.3390/nu10050601.
Helliyana, H., Aritonang, E. Y. and Sanusi, S. R. (2019) ‘The Associations between Maternal Education , Chronic Energy Deficit, and Anemia in Pregnant Women: An Evidence from Lhokseumawe , Indonesia’, J Matern Child Health, 4(5), pp. 312–316. doi: 10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.05.02.
Islam, A. et al. (2016) ‘Socio-economic and demographic factors influencing nutritional status among early childbearing young mothers in Bangladesh’, BMC Women Health, 16, p. 58. doi: 10.1186/s12905-016-0338-y.
Karemoi, T. M., Mardiah, W. and Adistie, F. (2020) ‘Factors Affecting Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women: A Literature Study’, Asian Comm Health Nurs Res, 2(2), pp. 39–47. doi: 10.29253/achnr.2020.23958.
Kemppinen, L. et al. (2020) ‘Gestational iron deficiency anemia is associated with preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, and postpartum infections’, J Perinat Med, 49(4), pp. 431–438. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2020-0379.
Kumera, G. et al. (2018) ‘Undernutrition and its association with socio-demographic, anemia and intestinal parasitic infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care at the University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia’, Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol ., 4, p. 18. doi: 10.1186/s40748-018-0087-z.
Kuntari, T., Supadmi, S. and Purwoko, S. (2023) ‘Optimalisasi Antenatal Care pada Ibu Hamil di Usia Muda’, in Nugraha, G. and Mentari, D. (eds) Mengenal Anemia: Patofisiologi, Klasifikasi, dan Diagnosis. Jakarta: Penerbit BRIN, pp. 203–228. doi: 10.55981/brin.906.c808.
Larasati, D. A., Nindya, T. S. and Arief, Y. S. (2018) ‘The Correlation Between Adolescent Pregnancy, Breastfeeeding Practice and Stunted Children at Puskesmas Pujon Kabupaten Malang’, Amerta Nutr, pp. 392–401. doi: 10.2473/amnt.v2i4.2018.392-401.
Lipoeto, N. I., Masrul and Nindrea, R. D. (2020) ‘Nutritional contributors to maternal anemia in Indonesia: chronic energy deficiency and micronutrients’, Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 29(suppl 1), pp. s9–s17. doi: 10.6133/apjcn.202012_29(S1).02.
Lowe, C. et al. (2021) ‘The double burden of malnutrition and dietary patterns in rural Central Java, Indonesia’, The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific, 14, p. 100205. doi: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100205.
Maheshwari, M. V et al. (2022) ‘Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes of Adolescent Pregnancy: A Narrative Review’, Cureus, 14(6), p. e25921. doi: 10.7759/cureus.25921.
Maravilla, J. C. et al. (2020) ‘Stunting of children under two from repeated pregnancy among young mothers’, Scientific Reports, pp. 1–9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-71106-7.
Marshall, N. E. et al. (2022) ‘The importance of nutrition in pregnancy and lactation: lifelong consequences’, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 226(5), pp. 607–632. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.12.035.
Mate, A. et al. (2021) ‘Impact of maternal nutrition in viral infections during pregnancy’, Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis, 1867, p. 166231. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166231.
Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia (2018) Riset Kesehatan Dasar.
Moediarso, B. N. et al. (2020) ‘Differentiate factors of pregnant women with chronic energy deficiency occurence in Bajulmati village, Wongsorejo District, Banyuwangi Regency 2019’, J Community Med Pub Health res, 1(1), pp. 24–32. doi: 10.20473/jcmphr.v1i1.20297.
Musa, I. R. et al. (2023) ‘Mid-upper arm circumference as a screening tool for identifying underweight adolescents’, Front Nutr, 10, p. 1200077. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1200077.
Musa, I. R., Omar, S. M. and Adam, I. (2022) ‘Mid-upper arm circumference as a substitute for body mass index in the assessment of nutritional status among adults in eastern Sudan’, BMC Public Health, 22(1), p. 2056. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-14536-4.
Novelia, S., Rukmaini, R. and Annisa, E. (2021) ‘Factors Related to Chronic Energy Deficiency among Pregnant Women’, NHSJ, 1(3), pp. 237–241. doi: 10.53713/nhs.v1i3.54.
Petry, C. J. (2022) ‘Iron Supplementation in Pregnancy and Risk of Gestational Diabetes : A Narrative Review’, Nutrients, 14, p. 4791. doi: 10.3390/ nu14224791.
Prameswari, F. S. P., Marliyati, S. A. and Dewi, M. (2020) ‘A Supplementary Protein Food for Pregnant Women with Chronic Energy Deficiency to Improve Fetal Growth’, J Gizi Pangan, 15(28), pp. 1–10. doi: 10.25182/jgp.2020.15.1.1-10.
Putri, R. S. et al. (2022) ‘Effectiveness of Supplementary Feeding in Pregnant Women with Chronic Energy Deficiency: A Systematic Article Review’, IJRP, 115(1), pp. 122–129. doi: 10.47119/IJRP10011511220224285.
Rahmah, H., Nurlinda, A. and Kurnaesih, E. (2022) ‘The Effect of Supplementary Feeding on Body Weight of Pregnant Women Who Have Chronic Energy Deficiency in Indonesia’, Journal of Aafiyah Health Research (JAHR), 3(1), pp. 44–51. doi: 10.52103/jahr.v3i1.947.
Rahmati, S. et al. (2017) ‘Maternal Anemia during pregnancy and infant low birth weight: A systematic review and Meta-analysis’, Int J Reprod BioMed, 15(3), pp. 125–134. doi: 10.29252/ijrm.15.3.125.
Rahmati, S. et al. (2020) ‘The relationship between maternal anemia during pregnancy with preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med., 33(15), pp. 2679–2689. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1555811.
Rahmawati, W. et al. (2021) ‘Indonesian antenatal nutrition education: A qualitative study of healthcare professional views’, Women Health, 17, pp. 1–17. doi: 10.1177/17455065211066077.
Retnaningtyas, E. et al. (2023) ‘Provision of supplementary foods and diet against weight gain in pregnant women with chronic energy deficiency’, Science Midwifery, 11(2), pp. 366–373. doi: 10.35335/midwifery.v11i2.1296.
Rizkah, Z. and Mahmudiono, T. (2017) ‘Hubungan Antara Umur, Gravida, Dan Status Bekerja Terhadap Resiko Kurang Energi Kronis (KEK) Dan Anemia Pada Ibu Hamil’, Amerta Nutr, 1(2), pp. 72–79. doi: 10.20473/amnt.v1.i2.2017.72-79.
Robiyati, R., Aisyah, S. and Anggraini, H. (2022) ‘Factors Associated with the Incidence of Chronic Energy Deficiency ( CED ) in Pregnant Women in the Working Area of the UPT Health Center Inpatient Banding Agung in 2021’, Sci Midwifery, 10(2), pp. 559–565.
Saleh, A. et al. (2021) ‘Role of Maternal in Preventing Stunting: a Systematic Review’, Gaceta Sanitaria, 35, pp. S576–S582. doi: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.10.087.
Salih, Y. et al. (2023) ‘The Mid-Upper Arm Circumference as a Substitute for Body Mass Index in the Assessment of Nutritional Status among Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Study’, Medicina (Lithuania), 59, p. 1001. doi: 10.3390/medicina59061001.
Seaharattanapatum, B. et al. (2021) ‘Effectiveness of Balanced Diet-Iron Supplement Program among Pregnant Women with Anemia : A Quasi-Experimental Study’, Pacific Rim Int J Nurs Res, 25(4), pp. 653–665.
Supadmi, S., Kusrini, I. and Kusumawardani, H. D. (2020) ‘The Influence of Iron Depletion and Chronic Energy Deficiency on the Risk of Hypothyroidism in Pregnant Women Living in Iodine Deficiency Disorders Endemic Areas in Badegan Ponorogo District East Java , Indonesia’, J Nutr Sci Vitaminol, 66, pp. 456–462. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.66.S456.
Tejayanti, T. (2020) ‘Determinants of Chronic Energy Deficiency and Low Body Mass Index of Pregnant Women in Indonesia’, Jurnal Kesehatan Reproduksi, 10(2), pp. 173–180. doi: 10.22435/kespro.v10i2.2403.
The ESHRE Capri Workshop Group (2006) ‘Nutrition and reproduction in women’, Hum Reprod Update, 12(3), pp. 193–207. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmk003.
UNDP (2024) Sustainable Development Goals.
United Nations Children’s Fund (2023) Undernourished and overlooked. A global nutrition crisis in adolescent girls and women. New York.
Wiyono, S. et al. (2020) ‘Study causes of chronic energy deficiency of pregnant in the rural areas’, Int J Community Med Public Health, 7(2), pp. 443–448. doi: 10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20200412.
World Health Organization (2023) Malnutrition.
Copyright (c) 2024 Jurnal Ners
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Jurnal Ners agree to the following terms:
- Authors transfer the Copyright and grant Jurnal Ners the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License that allows others to remix, adapt and build upon the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and of the initial publication in Jurnal Ners.
- Authors are permitted to copy and redistribute the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in Jurnal Ners.
Jurnal Ners requires a formal written declaration and transfer of copyright from the author(s) for each article published. We, therefore, ask you to complete and return this form, retaining a copy for your own records. Your cooperation is essential and appreciated. Any delay will result in a delay in publication. The form can be downloaded HERE.
