Factors influencing modern contraceptive usage among women aged 15-49 years: a cross-sectional study
Downloads
Introduction: This study aimed to examine the factors that influence modern contraceptive use among married women of reproductive age in Kirkuk City, Iraq.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to gather data from a convenience sample of 500 married women of reproductive age attending family planning units at 10 healthcare facilities, Azadi, Kirkuk Teaching Hospital, and private gynecological and obstetric clinics. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from October 1st, 2023, to February 1st, 2024. The statistical analysis involved descriptive and inferential techniques.
Results: The prevalence of contraceptive use among participants was 74.6%, with about (21%) reporting condom use and (16.0%) withdrawal usage. However, intrauterine devices were reported in (12.6%). Side effects were significantly (p<0.001) associated with contraceptive method choices, with 52% of the users experiencing adverse effects. External pressures to have additional children or become pregnant significantly (p=0.037) influenced contraceptive method choices. There were fewer modern contraceptive methods due to unsafety (30.9%), discomfort (23.6%), and side effects, such as headache (18%), weight gain (16%), and irregular bleeding (14%).
Conclusions: Modern contraceptive use is affected by healthcare, safety, side effects, reproductive health, and personal choices. Providing complete knowledge and access to modern contraceptives helps couples make informed reproductive health decisions, empowers women to regulate their fertility, supports their personal and reproductive objectives, and promotes their health and well-being.
Keywords: birth control, childbearing age, Iraq, modern contraceptive, side effects
Ahinkorah, B. O. (2020) ‘Predictors of modern contraceptive use among adolescent girls and young women in sub-Saharan Africa: a mixed effects multilevel analysis of data from 29 demographic and health surveys’, Contraception and Reproductive Medicine, 5(1), p. 32. doi: 10.1186/s40834-020-00138-1.
Ahmed, N., Al-Wandawi, M. and Tahir, S. (2019) ‘Pattern of Contraceptive Use Among Women Attending Family Planning Clinic in Kirkuk Governmental Hospitals, Kirkuk-Iraq’, Kirkuk University Journal-Scientific Studies, 14(3), pp. 68–78. doi: 10.32894/kujss.2019.14.3.7.
Akamike, I. C. et al. (2020) ‘Perception, pattern of use, partner support and determinants of uptake of family planning methods among women in rural communities in Southeast Nigeria’, Contraception and Reproductive Medicine, 5(1), p. 14. doi: 10.1186/s40834-020-00120-x
Alenezi, G. G. and Haridi, H. K. (2021) ‘Awareness and use of family planning methods among women in Northern Saudi Arabia’, Middle East Fertility Society Journal, 26(1), p. 8. doi: 10.1186/s43043-021-00053-8.
Alrawi (2021) ‘Exploring barriers to family planning service utilization and uptake among women in Iraq’, EMHJ – Vol. 27 No. 8 – 2021, p. 825.
Alsanity, M. A. and Hasan, C. Y. (2023) ‘Factors Affecting Contraceptive Choice and Discontinuation Among Married Women in Iraqi Kurdistan’, Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Cancer Research, 8(3), pp. 240–248.
Alyahya, M. S. et al. (2019) ‘Do modern family planning methods impact women’s quality of life? Jordanian women’s perspective’, Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 17(1), p. 154. doi: 10.1186/s12955-019-1226-6.
Andi, J. R. et al. (2014) ‘Modern contraceptive use among women in Uganda: An analysis of trend and patterns (1995-2011)’, Etude de la population africaine = African population studies, 28(2), pp. 1009–1021. doi: 10.11564/28-0-553.
Baird, D. T. and Glasier, A. F. (1993) ‘Hormonal contraception’, The New England Journal of Medicine, 328(21), pp. 1543–1549. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199305273282108.
Berglas, N. F. et al. (2021) ‘“It’s Worked Well for Me”: Young Women’s Reasons for Choosing Lower-Efficacy Contraceptive Methods’, Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 34(3), pp. 341–347. doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2020.12.012.
Bongaarts, J. and Hardee, K. (2019) ‘Trends in contraceptive prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa: the roles of family planning programs and education’, African Journal of Reproductive Health, 23(3), pp. 96–105.
Creinin, M. D. et al. (2021) ‘Estetrol-drospirenone combination oral contraceptive: North American phase 3 efficacy and safety results’, Contraception, 104(3), pp. 222–228. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2021.05.002.
Daniel, Wayne. and Cross, Chad Lee (2018) Biostatistics: a foundation for analysis in the health sciences. Eleventh edition .| Hoboken. NJ: Wiley.
Gebremariam, A. and Hadush (2017) ‘Contraceptive use among lactating women in Ganta-Afeshum District, Eastern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, 2015: a cross sectional study’, BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(1), p. 421. doi: 10.1186/s12884-017-1613-0.
Geremew, A. B. and Gelagay, A. A. (2018) ‘Modern contraceptive use and associated factors among married women in Finote Selam town Northwest Ethiopia: a community based cross-sectional study’, Women’s Midlife Health, 4(1), p. 13. doi: 10.1186/s40695-018-0044-z.
Hussain and Lefta (2020) ‘Influence Factors Utilization of Family Planning Services among Reproductive Age Women’s in Primary Health Care.’, 14(3), pp. p2506-2511. 6p.
Ibrahim, P. and Abdulsahib, S. (2022) ‘Reasons Associated With Common Contraceptive Methods Used among Women in Qaladze District | Kufa Journal for Nursing Sciences’. doi: https://doi.org/10.36321/kjns.vi20222.10568.
Imam, M. A. and Khan, B. (2019) ‘Challenges and prospects of contraceptives use among women attending family planning services in Yobe State, Nigeria’, World Scientific News, (122), pp. 122–132.
Kantorová, V. et al. (2020) ‘Estimating progress towards meeting women’s contraceptive needs in 185 countries: A Bayesian hierarchical modelling study’, PLOS Medicine. Edited by A. L. Drake, 17(2), p. e1003026. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003026.
Littler, S. (2015) ‘The Importance and Effect of Sample Size’, Select Statistical Consultants, 27 October. Available at: https://select-statistics.co.uk/blog/importance-effect-sample-size/ (Accessed: 17 July 2024).
Memon, M. et al. (2020) ‘Sample Size for Survey Research: Review and Recommendations’, 4, pp. i–xx. doi: 10.47263/JASEM.4(2)01.
Mushy, S. E. et al. (2020) ‘Barriers to the uptake of modern family planning methods among female youth of Temeke District in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A qualitative study’, Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 24, p. 100499. doi: 10.1016/j.srhc.2020.100499.
Mustafa, D. Y. (2019) ‘Knowledge of Displaced Women in Relation to Family Planning in Kirkuk City’, Kufa Journal for Nursing Sciences, 9(1). doi: 10.36321/kjns.vi20191.2248.
United Nation. (2020) World Fertility and Family Planning 2020: Highlights(Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division).
Salih, H. S. (2022) ‘Prevalence of Maternal Mortality in Babylon Governorate for the Period of 2014-2018’, Bahrain Medical Bulletin, 44(1).
Schmalenberger, K. M. et al. (2021) ‘How to study the menstrual cycle: Practical tools and recommendations’, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 123, p. 104895. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104895.
United Nation Population Division (2019) ‘Contraceptive use by method 2019 : data booklet’. doi: 9789211483291 9789210046527 (e-ISBN).
UNICEF (2018) 2018 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS6 ) Briefing | UNICEF Iraq. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/iraq/reports/2018-multiple-indicator-cluster-survey-mics6-briefing (Accessed: 22 September 2023).
United Nations Population Fund (2024) World Population Dashboard.New York. Available at: https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard (Accessed: 17 May 2024).
Wasti (2017) ‘Side-Effects and Social Norms Influencing Family Planning Use in Nepal’, KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL JOURNAL, 15(3).
WHO (2022) World Family Planning 2022 Meeting the changing needs for family planning: Contraceptive use by age and method. Available at: https://books.google.iq/books/about/World_Family_Planning_2022.html?id=SxsT0AEACAAJ&redir_esc=y (Accessed: 16 September 2023).
WHO (2023) Family planning/contraception methods. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/family-planning-contraception (Accessed: 16 September 2023).
Yland, J. J. et al. (2023) ‘Preconception contraceptive use and miscarriage: prospective cohort study’, BMJ Medicine, 2(1), p. e000569. doi: 10.1136/bmjmed-2023-000569.
Copyright (c) 2024 Jurnal Ners
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Jurnal Ners agree to the following terms:
- Authors transfer the Copyright and grant Jurnal Ners the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License that allows others to remix, adapt and build upon the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and of the initial publication in Jurnal Ners.
- Authors are permitted to copy and redistribute the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in Jurnal Ners.
Jurnal Ners requires a formal written declaration and transfer of copyright from the author(s) for each article published. We, therefore, ask you to complete and return this form, retaining a copy for your own records. Your cooperation is essential and appreciated. Any delay will result in a delay in publication. The form can be downloaded HERE.
