Journal of Public Health Research and Community Health Development

HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG BLOOD DONORS IN ETHIOPIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Abdifetah Abdulahi Sheik — 2024-09-30

Background: Blood transfusion is a mandatory therapeutic maneuver that provides life-saving benefits to patients who are suffering from severe anemia due to medical disorders. Purpose: this study was aimed to determine HBV infection and associated factors among blood donars in Jigjiga zone Somali region. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study design was conducted among a sample blood donor in Jigjiga city Blood Bank Somali regional state of Ethiopia. A standardized questionnaire using Epidata was used. A bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the independent predictors association (pvalue<0.25) in bivariate as candidate of multivariable logistic regression model-A significant (pvalue<0.05) was considered as statistical significance. Results: A total of 323 blood donars participated with a response rate of 95.5%. The overall prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection was (7.1%) (95% CI: 4.3-10.2)After adjusted analysis, marital status being single (AOR=5.3 CI: 1.018-27.859), unsafe therapeutic drug injections (AOR=10.1 CI: 2.791-36.566) unprotected sex (AOR4.6=CI: 1.533-14.116), razor and sharp material sharing (AOR=5.5 CI: 0.852-16.530), having poor knowledge on hepatitis B virus infection (AOR=3.4 CI: 1.107-10.485) were identified as statistically significant associated with hepatitis virus infection. Conclusion: Overall prevalence of the study was 7.1%, which needs intervention by the government and other stakeholders.

PREVALENCE OF CESARIAN DELIVERY AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG MOTHERS WHO GAVE BIRTH AT PUBLIC HOSPITALS IN ETHIOPIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Abdulahi Mohamud Yusuf — 2024-09-30

Background: Caesarean delivery is a procedure used to save a mother’s and foetus’s lives when the labour situation becomes complicated. However, a wrong decision can substantially increase the rates of morbidity and mortality of the woman and the fetus. Purpose: the study aimed to assess the prevalence of cesarean delivery and associated factors. Methods: A health facility-based cross-sectional study has been conducted. A systematic random sampling technique was used. A face-to-face interview was employed to collect data through a pre-tested and structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were counted on. A binary logistic regression was employed to assess factors associated with cesarean delivery. The odds ratio and corresponding 95% confidence interval 95% confidence intervals were used. Results: The prevalence of cesarean delivery in this study is 27.4% (95% CI 23.3, 31.8%). monthly income 3,000-6,000 birr [AOR = 3.91 (95% CI: 1.50, 10.17)], previous cesarean delivery [AOR = 15.86 (95% CI: 8.01, 31.40)] and mother not directed counselling [AOR = 2.87 (95% CI: 1.46, 5.68)] are factors significantly associated. The prevalence of cesarean delivery uses is high. Conclusion: The obstetric factors occurring around delivery are the master ground leading cesarean delivery rather than the background characteristics. There is a low rate of pregnant mother counselling. We recommend interventions for the prevention of unnecessary primary cesarean delivery, counselling for pregnant mothers, particular emphasis on training all health care providers, and further investigation.

ASSESSMENT OF ATTITUDES TOWARD MENTAL ILLNESS AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS IN INDIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Lav Patel — 2024-09-30

Background: Positive patient care attitudes for mental illness cases must be developed in the early stages of medical education since those affected by mental illness or having some mental disorder suffer negative attitudes from other people in the community. Earlier studies identified several factors that affect medical students' attitudes toward patients with mental illnesses. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine the attitude of medical students toward patients of mental illness. Methods: In this cross-sectional study using convenience sampling, 3rd and 4th year medical students (220) were assessed for attitudes toward mental illness using a pretested and pre-designed questionnaire which included details of socio-demographic variables such as age, gender, year of study, personal experience with mental illness, family history of mental illness or having direct contact with mental illness cases and knowledge about mental illness. Percentage and proportion were calculated, and the chi square test was applied to assess significance of the results. Results: The factors significantly associated with medical students’ attitudes toward mental illness were age, year of study, and knowing or having direct contact with mental illness patients. Those knowing mental illness cases in their family or friends had good attitude toward such patients. Conclusion: Education and direct contact with cases of mental illness serve as intervention strategies to reduce negative attitudes associated with mental illness among medical students.

FACTORS OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION SYMPTOMS AMONG WOMEN IN NORTH SUMATERA, INDONESIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Aulia Salmaddiina — 2024-09-30

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are illnesses that spread from person to person through sexual activity. In Indonesia, STI cases increased between 2016 and 2017. One of the high cases reported in North Sumatra with 1,183 STIs cases which ranked seventh in Indonesia and second on Sumatera Island. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the risk factors related to women with STIs symptoms in North Sumatra. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using the 2017 Indonesian Demographic Health Survey data which included a total sample of 2,440 women aged 15-49 years domicile in North Sumatera. Then, using IBM SPSS 25 to perform a multivariate analysis utilizing logistic regression. Results: This study showed that women with a genital ulcer were associated with living in rural areas (OR: 2.68, 95% CI: 1.67-4.31), poor economic status (OR: 1.47, 95% CI: 0.94-2.29), and the spouse having other sex partners (OR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.31-0.94). Moreover, women who lived in rural areas (OR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.38-2.20), had poor economic status (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.05-1.68), and their spouse has STIs (OR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.39-0.66) were associated with vaginal discharge. Conclusion: Findings indicated that STIs symptoms were higher among women who lived in rural areas with poor economic status and had negative attitudes toward negotiating safe sex with partners. It is advised that intervention programs focus more on conducting mass STIs testing and safe sex campaign in rural areas.

UNDERSTANDING PUBLIC COMPLIANCE WITH COVID-19 HEALTH PROTOCOLS IN INDONESIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Nada Karisma Oktavia — 2024-09-30

Background: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 has become a global pandemic, affecting many countries, including Indonesia. The number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia, particularly in Jakarta, continues to increase. Purpose: This study aimed to identify the factors influencing compliance with the COVID-19 prevention protocol among Jakarta's residents. Methods: An accidental sampling technique was used in this study, with the calculation of hypothesis testing of the difference between two proportions, resulting in a total sample of 440 respondents. Data was collected through an online survey using Google Forms. Results: The study found that education level (p-value=0.003; OR=1.818), knowledge (p-value=0.01; OR=6.669), attitude (p-value=0.01; OR=7.789), perception of vulnerability to COVID-19 (p-value=0.01; OR=3.307), social support (p-value=0.01; OR=3.733), and supervision (p-value=0.01; OR=3.435) had a significant relationship with compliance with the COVID-19 prevention protocol. However, facilities and infrastructure (p-value=0.341; OR=0.453) had no significant relationship with compliance. From the odds ratio data, knowledge and attitude significantly influence adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures. Individuals well-informed about COVID-19 are 6.6 times more likely to comply, and a positive attitude increases this likelihood by 7.8-fold. This underscores the strong link between awareness and adherence to recommended protocols. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of understanding the factors affecting adherence to COVID-19 prevention protocols. It guides policymakers and public health professionals in devising effective strategies to curb the spread of the disease.

QUALITY OF THE ELDERLY AND AVAILING OF NON-FOOD-BASED NATIONAL SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SCHEMES IN INDIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Sourav Lo — 2024-09-30

Background: Health and quality of life (QOL) are crucial constituents. In providing social safety for older people, the weakening social support system and rising burdens are having huge impact. Purpose: To assess the QOL of old age people and their relationship with availing of non-food-based social assistance schemes. Methods: This was a descriptive community-based study which was conducted in urban slums of Bankura district, West Bengal among all individuals aged ≥60 years fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria. WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used for assessing QOL. Results: A total of 107 participants were recruited for the study. Most common morbidities were hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic bronchitis, etc. The majority (80.5%) of participants were receiving non-food-based NSAS for less than 10 years. Overall QOL was ‘Good’ in 69.2% of study subjects. Most of the elderly had ‘Good’ QOL in Physical, Psychological, Social, and Environment domains. Participants availing non-food-based NSAS had good physical, social, environmental health of QOL and overall QOL. Conclusion: Despite good QOL among the elderly, appropriate and relevant health indicators need to be developed.

RISK COMMUNICATION IN CIGARETTE HEALTH WARNING LABELS AND BEHAVIOR CHANGE IN KENYA: A QUALITATIVE STUDY

Maureen Khaoya — 2024-09-30

Background: The introduction of three-picture health warnings on cigarette packs, approved in 2014 and implemented in 2018, aimed to raise awareness and educate the public about the dangers of smoking. Therefore, the effectiveness of health warning labels on tobacco products is being questioned due to consumer reluctance to pay attention to the visuals or textual content. Purpose: This paper examines risk communication messages on cigarette warning labels that promote behavior change among adult smokers. Methods: The study focused on adults aged between 30 and 40 years who were smokers. Participants were selected from smoking zones in Kitui and Machakos Counties, Kenya. Data were collected through focus group discussions (FGDs). Results: According to FGDs, cigarette warning labels were found to influence how Kenyan adult smokers perceive health risks. The labels were observed to enhance understanding of tobacco-related risks among smokers and evidence of optimism bias among the smokers, indicating that they may be overly optimistic about their own health risks compared to others. While the labels were associated with a reduction in smoking habits, it was noted that this effect had limitations. The warning labels were deemed crucial but insufficient to induce a significant change in behavior. Conclusion: It was concluded that current cigarette warning labels in Kenya have a limited influence on risk perception among adult smokers. Importance of targeted communication strategies addressing optimism bias, to effectively combat risk perception among adult smokers is needed. Also, relatable and clear imagery could help smokers better understand and internalize potential health consequences.

THE INFLUENCE OF HUMIDITY, TEMPERATURE, AND VENTILATION AREA ON THE INCIDENCE OF TUBERCULOSIS AMONG FARMERS IN INDONESIA: A CASE CONTROL STUDY

Aziza Zahrotul Adha — 2024-09-30

Background: Tuberculosis is transmitted through infected droplets. Ponorogo Regency is ranked 8th in TB mortality rates in East Java. The highest TB cases in Ponorogo Regency are in the Kauman Community Health Center and most people with pulmonary TB work as farmers. Purpose: The aim of the research was to analyze the effect of humidity, temperature, and ventilation area on the incidence of pulmonary TB in farmers in the working area of Kauman Health Center, Ponorogo Regency. Methods: The research design is analytical observational with a case control approach. The number of research samples was 39 cases and 39 controls. The sampling technique uses simple random sampling. The research data sources are primary data and secondary data with measurement techniques. The dependent variable in this study is the incidence of pulmonary TB in farmers. Meanwhile, the independent variables are humidity, temperature, and ventilation area. Data analysis uses univariate and bivariate analysis using logistic regression tests. Results: Most respondents have houses with humidity levels that do not meet the requirements (59%), room temperatures that do not meet the requirements (79.5%), and ventilation areas that do not meet the requirements (73.5%). There is a significant influence between humidity (p value 0.007; OR=3.753), temperature (p value 0.032; OR=3.889), and ventilation area (p value 0.025; OR=3.437) on the incidence of pulmonary TB in farmers. Conclusion: There is a significant influence between humidity, temperature, and ventilation area on the incidence of pulmonary TB in farmers.

ANALYSIS OF HEALTH FINANCING PRINCIPLES IN SUPPORTING UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE IN INDONESIA: LITERATURE REVIEW

Frita Ayu Pribadi — 2024-09-30

Background: Health financing is one of the focuses in the National Health System Reform major project in the 2022 Government Work Plan. However, obstacles have been found in health financing in Indonesia, including a lack of promote and preventive financing; less non-governmental involvement; and weak development of national health insurance (JKN) services. Purpose: To understand the principles of health financing for the realization of universal health coverage. This principle uses the concept of Kutzin et al (2017) and Atim et al (2021), namely revenue raising; pooling revenues; purchasing services; benefit design and rationing mechanism; and governance and institutional arrangements, including decentralization. Method: Focuses on the principles of health financing by utilizing secondary data sources through qualitative methods. The data sources were obtained from scientific journals, official government reports, related web pages, and others. Results: The effectiveness of increasing income for health financing cannot yet be measured. Revenue collection was found to overlap with health financing sources. There was a deficit for the JKN budget, and the community was not disciplined in paying contributions in purchasing services and distribution mechanisms. For the principle of decentralization, regional governments still depend on the central government in planning and budgeting health financing. Conclusion: The principles of health financing in Indonesia are not yet optimal in practice. This article contributes to looking at the gaps in information regarding the government's commitment to universal health coverage.

Front Matter

Rika Yunita — 2024-09-30

PROMOTING EDUTOURISM AND SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SANTEN ISLAND BEACH, INDONESIA, THROUGH COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT

Jayanti Dian Eka Sari — 2024-09-30

Santen Island Beach in the Banyuwangi Regency of Indonesia possesses immense potential for beach tourism. Unfortunately, the charm of this destination has been marred by inadequate waste management. This paper outlines a community service program aimed at enhancing awareness, understanding, and active participation of local community groups in addressing waste management issues by transforming waste into ecobrick greenhouses. The program employed various methods, including lectures, discussions, and brainstorming sessions, which were conducted on Pulau Santen Beach with a focus on the local population. The application of a local development model was central to our community service activities, resulting in increased understanding, awareness, and participation among the target groups. The heightened involvement was marked by enthusiastic participation in ecobrick production, effective household waste sorting (particularly plastic waste), and the formation of committed cadres. The local community exhibited increased knowledge through their ability to respond to questions and plan follow-up actions. This initiative significantly improved the knowledge, awareness, and engagement of the target community in managing waste and converting it into ecobricks.

Back Matter

Rika Yunita — 2024-09-30