The Role of Thromboelastography in Heparin Therapy for COVID-19 Patients
Downloads
The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-associated coagulopathy one of the significant complications often found in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. A hypercoagulable and prothrombotic state characterize coagulopathy with an increased risk of thrombotic events. Abnormal coagulation tests could predict bleeding risk, thrombosis, and disease severity. In addition to increasing the D-dimer, prolonged prothrombin time has decreased survival and increased treatment requirements. Based on laboratory findings, it was reported that 70% of patients with COVID-19 had disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and 30% had thrombosis. Approximately 8% of patients with COVID-19 have hemorrhagic complications, the most common one is gastrointestinal bleeding. Variations in hypercoagulability and bleeding occur in COVID-19 patients. Therefore, the anticoagulant drug should be considered to minimize bleeding risk. An anti-bleeding agent for bleeding complications should be considered for the potential increase of coagulopathy. Thromboelastography (TEG) is a tool that is used to analyze the characteristics of viscoelastic clots, platelet function, and fibrinolysis in whole blood, providing a complete picture of the patient's coagulation status. From various therapeutic guidelines for COVID-19 patients, heparin is used as an anticoagulant drug to prevent thrombosis in COVID-19 patients. Starting from prophylactic doses to therapeutic doses, heparin is used to prevent the severity of COVID-19 patient course. The effect of coagulation on COVID-19 patients varies from no impact to hypercoagulation in TEG results.
Sohrabi C, Alsafi Z, O'Neill N, et al. World Health Organization Declares Global Emergency: A Review of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19). Int J Surg 2020; 76: 71–76.
Letícia de Oliveira Toledo S, Sousa Nogueira L, das Graças Carvalho M, et al. COVID-19: Review and Hematologic Impact. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 510: 170–176.
Al-Samkari H, Karp Leaf RS, Dzik WH, et al. COVID-19 and Coagulation: Bleeding and Thrombotic Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Blood 2020; 136: 489–500.
Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, van der Meer NJM, et al. Incidence of Thrombotic Complications in Critically Ill ICU Patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res 2020; 191: 145–147.
Cui S, Chen S, Li X, et al. Prevalence of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Severe Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18: 1421–1424.
Hartmann J, Ergang A, Mason D, et al. The Role of TEG Analysis in Patients with COVID-19-Associated Coagulopathy: A Systematic Review. Diagnostics 2021; 11: 172.
Connors JM, Levy JH. Thromboinflammation and the Hypercoagulability of COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18: 1559–1561.
Nakashima R, Nishihara M, Iyonaga T, et al. Efficacy of Thromboelastography in the Management of Anticoagulation for Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in a Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patient: A Case Report. Medicine (Baltimore); 100.
Muzaffar SN, Siddiqui SS, Chakraborty N, et al. The Evolution of Clot Strength in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: A Prospective Observational Thromboelastography Study. Thromb J 2022; 20: 8.
Connors JM, Levy JH. COVID-19 and Its Implications for Thrombosis and Anticoagulation. Blood 2020; 135: 2033–2040.
Merad M, Martin JC. Pathological Inflammation in Patients with COVID-19: A Key Role for Monocytes and Macrophages. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20: 355–362.
Joly BS, Siguret V, Veyradier A. Understanding Pathophysiology of Hemostasis Disorders in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19. Intensive Care Med 2020; 46: 1603–1606.
Tyler PD, Yang LM, Snider SB, et al. New Uses for Thromboelastography and Other Forms of Viscoelastic Monitoring in the Emergency Department: A Narrative Review. Ann Emerg Med 2021; 77: 357–366.
Corporation H. TEG Analysis Tree. Insert Kit.
Asakura H, Ogawa H. Perspective on Fibrinolytic Therapy in COVID-19: The Potential of Inhalation Therapy against Suppressed-Fibrinolytic-Type DIC. J Intensive Care 2020; 8: 71.
Kwaan HC, Lindholm PF. The Central Role of Fibrinolytic Response in COVID-19”A Hematologist's Perspective. International Journal of Molecular Sciences ; 22. Epub ahead of print 2021. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031283.
Ortega"Paz L, Capodanno D, Montalescot G, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019–Associated Thrombosis and Coagulopathy: Review of the Pathophysiological Characteristics and Implications for Antithrombotic Management. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10: e019650.
Abou-Ismail MY, Diamond A, Kapoor S, et al. The Hypercoagulable State in COVID-19: Incidence, Pathophysiology, and Management. Thromb Res 2020; 194: 101–115.
Wool GD, Miller JL. The Impact of COVID-19 Disease on Platelets and Coagulation. Pathobiology 2021; 88: 15–27.
Santana MF, Frank CHM, Almeida TVR, et al. Hemorrhagic and Thrombotic Manifestations in the Central Nervous System in COVID-19: A Large Observational Study in the Brazilian Amazon with a Complete Autopsy Series. PLoS One 2021; 16: e0255950.
Hippensteel JA, LaRiviere WB, Colbert JF, et al. Heparin as a Therapy for COVID-19: Current Evidence and Future Possibilities. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319: L211–L217.
Therapeutic Anticoagulation with Heparin in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19. N Engl J Med 2021; 385: 777–789.
Terpos E, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Elalamy I, et al. Hematological Findings and Complications of COVID-19. Am J Hematol 2020; 95: 834–847.
Bocci MG, Maviglia R, Consalvo LM, et al. Thromboelastography Clot Strength Profiles and Effect of Systemic Anticoagulation in COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Prospective, Observational Study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020; 24: 12466–12479.
Copyright (c) 2022 Yosua Butar Butar, Yetti Hernaningsih, Narazah Mohd Yusoff
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
1. The journal allows the author to hold the copyright of the article without restrictions.
2. The journal allows the author(s) to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
3. The legal formal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike (CC BY-SA).
4. The Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike (CC BY-SA) license allows re-distribution and re-use of a licensed work on the conditions that the creator is appropriately credited and that any derivative work is made available under "the same, similar or a compatible license”. Other than the conditions mentioned above, the editorial board is not responsible for copyright violation.