Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant of Concern AY.57 and Clinical Characteristics of Imported Cases on a Vietnamese Coal Carrier Vessel in East Kalimantan, Indonesia: A Case Report
Downloads
Introduction: The 2019 Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) continues to be a severe public health issue throughout the world. Disease transmission channels exist across all modes of transportation, including land, air, and water. The presence of this disease has been demonstrated by a study conducted in South Korea, which discovered that 90% of ship passengers have also been tested with SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Case: At the port of Samarinda, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing was performed on 20 Vietnamese coal carrier vessel crew members. According to the findings obtained from the RT-PCR test, every single member of the team had been infected with the virus. Since they exhibited symptoms of an infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus (such as coughing, fever, and shortness of breath), a total of 6 members had to be taken to the hospital. According to the results of genomic sequencing, the crew members were found to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus and variant of concern (VOC) of Delta AY.57, Vietnam lineage.
Conclusion: COVID-19 can be transmitted via public transportation, including land, air, and sea travel. Controlling the spread of the virus requires RT-PCR testing at terminals, stations, and ports. SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant is still dominating Southeast Asia region, particulary Delta VOC AY.57.
Lee BU. A High Attack Rate of 90% of SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant Infections in Crew Personnel on a Single Navy Ship. J Travel Med; 28. Epub ahead of print December 2021. DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taab168.
Gabutti G, d'Anchera E, Sandri F, et al. Coronavirus: Update Related to the Current Outbreak of COVID-19. Infect Dis Ther 2020; 9: 241–253.
Winstone H, Lista MJ, Reid AC, et al. The Polybasic Cleavage Site in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Modulates Viral Sensitivity to Type I Interferon and IFITM2. J Virol; 95. Epub ahead of print April 2021. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02422-20.
Srivastava S, Banu S, Singh P, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Genomics: An Indian Perspective on Sequencing Viral Variants. J Biosci; 46. Epub ahead of print 2021. DOI: 10.1007/s12038-021-00145-7.
Biswas SK, Mudi SR. Genetic Variation in SARS-CoV-2 May Explain Variable Severity of COVID-19. Medical hypotheses 2020; 143: 109877.
Duan L, Zheng Q, Zhang H, et al. The SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein Biosynthesis, Structure, Function, and Antigenicity: Implications for the Design of Spike-Based Vaccine Immunogens. Front Immunol 2020; 11: 576622.
Secolin R, de Araujo TK, Gonsales MC, et al. Genetic Variability in COVID-19-Related Genes in the Brazilian Population. Hum genome Var 2021; 8: 15.
Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell 2020; 181: 271-280.e8.
Hussain M, Jabeen N, Raza F, et al. Structural Variations in Human ACE2 May Influence Its Binding with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. J Med Virol 2020; 92: 1580–1586.
Li Q, Wu J, Nie J, et al. The Impact of Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 Spike on Viral Infectivity and Antigenicity. Cell 2020; 182: 1284-1294.e9.
Challen R, Brooks-Pollock E, Read JM, et al. Risk of Mortality in Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern 202012/1: Matched Cohort Study. BMJ 2021; 372: n579.
Rambaut A, Loman N, Pybus O, et al. Preliminary Genomic Characterisation of an Emergent SARS-CoV-2 Lineage in the UK Defined by a Novel Set of Spike Mutations. 2020.
Giandhari J, Pillay S, Wilkinson E, et al. Early Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in South Africa: An Epidemiological and Phylogenetic Report. Int J Infect Dis IJID Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis 2021; 103: 234–241.
West APJ, Wertheim JO, Wang JC, et al. Detection and Characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 Lineage B.1.526 in New York. Nat Commun 2021; 12: 4886.
Zhang W, Davis BD, Chen SS, et al. Emergence of a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Southern California. JAMA 2021; 325: 1324–1326.
Deng X, Garcia-Knight MA, Khalid MM, et al. Transmission, Infectivity, and Antibody Neutralization of an Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variant in California Carrying a L452R Spike Protein Mutation. MedRxiv : The Preprint Server for Health Sciences. Epub ahead of print March 2021. DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.07.21252647.
Vaidyanathan G. Coronavirus Variants are Spreading in India - What Scientists Know So Far. Nature 2021; 593: 321–322.
Starr TN, Greaney AJ, Dingens AS, et al. Complete Map of SARS-CoV-2 RBD Mutations that Escape the Monoclonal Antibody LY-CoV555 and Its Cocktail with LY-CoV016. BioRxiv : The Preprint Server for Biology. Epub ahead of print February 2021. DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.17.431683.
Bertram S, Dijkman R, Habjan M, et al. TMPRSS2 Activates the Human Coronavirus 229E for Cathepsin-Independent Host Cell Entry and Is Expressed in Viral Target Cells in the Respiratory Epithelium. J Virol 2013; 87: 6150–6160.
Hagen A. How Dangerous is the Delta Variant (B.1.617.2)? American Society for Microbiology, https://asm.org/Articles/2021/July/How-Dangerous-is-the-Delta-Variant-B-1-617-2 (2021, accessed 27 February 2022).
Hewings-Martin Y. COVID-19: Which Vaccines are Effective against the Delta Variant? Medical News Today, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/covid-19-which-vaccines-are-effective-against-the-delta-variant (2021, accessed 27 February 2022).
Tellez D, Dayal S, Phan P, et al. Analysis of COVID-19 on Diagnosis, Vaccine, Treatment, and Pathogenesis with Clinical Scenarios. Clinics and practice 2021; 11: 309–321.
Khoury DS, Cromer D, Reynaldi A, et al. Neutralizing Antibody Levels are Highly Predictive of Immune Protection from Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Nat Med 2021; 27: 1205–1211.
Mlcochova P, Kemp SA, Dhar MS, et al. SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 Delta Variant Replication and Immune Evasion. Nature 2021; 599: 114–119.
Thiruvengadam R, Awasthi A, Medigeshi G, et al. Effectiveness of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 Infection during the Delta (B.1.617.2) Variant Surge in India: A Test-Negative, Case-Control Study and a Mechanistic Study of Post-Vaccination Immune Responses. Lancet Infect Dis 2022; 22: 473–482.
Chookajorn T, Kochakarn T, Wilasang C, et al. Southeast Asia is an Emerging Hotspot for COVID-19. Nature medicine 2021; 27: 1495–1496.
Copyright (c) 2022 Marwan Marwan, Wira Winardi , Abdul Mu'ti , Sri Wahyuni, Ridmawan Wahyu Jatmiko , Donni Irfandi Alfian, Muhammad Ikhwan Nur, Satria Sewu
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
1. The journal allows the author to hold the copyright of the article without restrictions.
2. The journal allows the author(s) to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
3. The legal formal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike (CC BY-SA).
4. The Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike (CC BY-SA) license allows re-distribution and re-use of a licensed work on the conditions that the creator is appropriately credited and that any derivative work is made available under "the same, similar or a compatible license”. Other than the conditions mentioned above, the editorial board is not responsible for copyright violation.
JR (