COMPARISON OF SARS-COV-2 RNA CONCENTRATION AND PURITY VALUES IN NASOPHARYNGEAL SWAB WITH GARGLE SALIVA
Background: The sample employed as the gold standard for diagnosing COVID-19 is the nasopharyngeal swab. Nevertheless, patients typically experience discomfort during sampling and face various risks. Therefore, alternative methods that are less risky and more comfortable for patients, such as gargle saliva, are required. Purpose: This research aims to compare the concentration and purity of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in nasopharyngeal swabs in comparison to gargle saliva. Method: This study employs a descriptive comparative design with a post-only approach. Nasopharyngeal swabs and gargle saliva samples were collected from participants confirmed to have COVID-19 in the vicinity of Bandung and Cimahi City. The samples were then processed using the magnetic beads method, with each sample type replicated four times. The concentration and purity of RNA were assessed using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer. The obtained measurement data were averaged and subsequently subjected to comparison. Result: The average concentration values for nasopharyngeal swab Samples 1, 2, and 3 are 10.95 ng/μL, 7.98 ng/μL, and 7.18 ng/μL, respectively. Correspondingly, the average purity values for these samples are 1.07, 1.23, and 1.21 for gargle saliva, the average purity values for Samples 1, 2, and 3 are 21.1 ng/μL, 6.7 ng/μL, and 8.4 ng/μL, respectively. The mean purity values for these samples are 0.88, 1.24, and 1.17. Conclusion: The concentration of gargle saliva surpasses that of the nasopharyngeal swab, while the purity of the nasopharyngeal swab exceeds that of the gargle saliva.
Beringer, R.W., Ash, D.L., Page, A.F., 2012. Thermo Scientific NanoFrop Products NanoDrop Lite User Guide. URL : https://www.thermofisher.com/document-connect/document-connect.html?url=https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets%2FCAD%2Fmanuals%2FUser-Guide-2752-NanoDrop-Lite-UG.pdf (accessed 1.25.23).
Biofarma, 2021. BioSaliva. website. URL https://www.biofarma.co.id/id/our-product/detail/biosaliva (accessed 8.13.22).
Fleige, S., Pfaffl, M.W., 2006. RNA Integrity and The Effect on The Real-Time QRT-PCR Performance. Mol Aspects Med Vol. 27(2-3), Pp. 126-139.
Genelhoud, G., Adamoski, D., Spalanzani, R.N., Bochnia-Bueno, L., de Oliveira, J.C., Gradia, D.F., Bonatto, A.C., Wassem, R., Raboni, S.M., Nogueira, M.B., de Araujo-Souza, P.S., 2022. Comparison of SARS-Cov-2 Molecular Detection in Nasopharyngeal Swab, Saliva, and Gargle Samples. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis Vol. 103(2), Pp. 115678.
Goldfarb, D.M., Tilley, P., Al-Rawahi, G.N., Srigley, J.A., Ford, G., Pedersen, H., Pabbi, A., Hannam-Clark, S., Charles, M., Dittrick, M., Gadkar, V.J., Pernica, J.M., Hoang, L.M.N., 2021. Self-Collected Saline Gargle Samples as An Alternative to Health Care Worker-Collected Nasopharyngeal Swabs for COVID-19 Diagnosis in Outpatients. J Clin Microbiol Vol. 59(4), Pp. e02427-20.
Hewitt, S.M., Badve, S.S., True, L.D., 2012. Impacto of Preanalytic Factors on The Design and Application of Integral Biomarkers for Directing Patient Therapy. Clin Cancer Res Vol. 18(6), Pp. 1524-1530.
Justo, A.F.O., Bueno, M.S., Barbosa, G.R., Perosa, A.H., Carvalho, J.M., Bellei, N., 2021. Comparison of Viral Load Between Saliva and Nasopharyngeal Swabs For SARS-Cov2: The Role of Days of Symptoms Onset on Diagnosis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz Vol. 116, Pp. e210018.
Kim, D.H., Kim, D., Moon, J.W., Chae, S.-W., Rhyu, I.J., 2022. Complications of Nasopharyngeal Swabs and Safe Procedures for COVID-19 Testing Based on Anatomical Knowledge. J Korean Med Sci Vol. 37(11), Pp. e88.
Kuang, J., Yan, X., Genders, A.J., Granata, C., Bishop, D.J., 2018. An Overview of Technical Considerations When using Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis of Gene Expression in Human Exercise Research. PLoS One Vol. 13(5), Pp. e0196438.
Loo, J.A., Yan, W., Ramachandran, P., Wong, D.T., 2010. Comparative Human Salivary and Plasma Proteomes. J Dent Res Vol. 89(10), Pp. 1016-1023.
McLennan, K., Barton, E., Lang, C., Adams, I.R., McAllister, G., Reijns, M.A.M., Templeton, K., Johannessen, I., Leckie, A., Gilbert, N., 2022. User Acceptability of Saliva and Gargle Samples for Identifying COVID-19 Positive High-Risk Workers and Household Contacts. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis Vol. 104(1), Pp. 115732.
Ministry of Health, 2020. Pedoman Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Coronavirus Disesase (COVID-19). HK.01.07/MENKES/413/2020
Ministry of Health, 2022. Infeksi Emerging. URL https://infeksiemerging.kemkes.go.id/dashboard/covid-19 (accessed 8.13.22).
Ministry of Health, 2023. Perkembangan Situasi Penyakit Infeksi Emerging Minggu Epidemiologi ke-37 URL: https://infeksiemerging.kemkes.go.id/weekly-update/perkembangan-situasi-penyakit-infeksi-emerging-minggu-epidemiologi-ke-37-tahun-2023#perkembangan_situasi_penyakit_infeksi_emerging_minggu_epidemiologi_ke-37_tahun_2023 (accessed 9.20.23).
Nurhayati, B., Darmawati, S., 2017. E-book Biologi Sel dan Molekuler, 1st ed. Pusat Pendidikan Sumber Daya Manusia Kesehatan, Badan Pengembangan dan Pemberdayaan Sumber Daya Manusia Kesehatan.
Pratiwi, E., Widodo, L., 2020. Kuantifikasi Hasil Ekstraksi Gen sebagai Faktor Kritis untuk Keberhasilan Pemeriksaan RT-PCR. Indonesian Journal for Health Sciences Vol. 4(1), Pp. 1-9.
Promega, 2012. Methods of RNA Quality Assessment. URL https://worldwide.promega.com/resources/pubhub/methods-of-rna-quality-assessment// (accessed 6.13.22).
Rabaan, A.A., Tirupathi, R., Sule, A.A., Aldali, J., Mutair, A.A., Alhumaid, S., Muzaheed,, Gupta, N., Koritala,T., Adhikari, R., Bilal, M., Dhawan, M., Tiwari, R., Mitra, S., Emran, T.B., Dhama, K., 2021. Viral Dynamicsand Real-Time RT-PCR CT Values Correlation withDisease Severity in COVID-19. Diagnostics (Basel)Vol. 11(6), Pp. 1091.
Schmid, F.-X., 2001. Biological Macromolecules: UV-Visible Spectrophotometry. In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Setyawati, R., Zubaidah, S., 2021. Optimasi Konsentrasi Primer dan Suhu Annealing dalam Mendeteksi Gen Leptin pada Sapi Peranakan Ongole (PO) menggunakan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Indonesian Journal of Laboratory Vol. 4(1), Pp. 36-40.Thermo Scientific, 2012.
Thermo Scientific Nanodrop Products NanoDrop Lite User Guide.
Tianglong, 2022. Viral DNA and RNA Extraction Kit User Guide. China.
Uršič, T., Kogoj, R., Šikonja, J., Roškarič, D., Jevšnik Virant, M., Bogovič, P., Petrovec, M., 2022. Performanceof Nasopharyngeal Swab and Saliva in Detecting Delta and Omicron SARS-Cov-2 Variants. J Med Virol Vol. 94(10), Pp. 4704-4711.
Wacharapluesadee, S., Kaewpom, T., Ampoot, W., Ghai, S., Khamhang, W., Worachotsueptrakun, K., Wanthong, P., Nopvichai, C., Supharatpariyakorn, T., Putcharoen, O., Paitoonpong, L., Suwanpimolkul, G., Jantarabenjakul, W., Hemachudha, P., Krichphiphat, A., Buathong, R., Plipat, T., Hemachudha, T., 2020. Evaluating The Efficiency of Specimen Pooling for PCR-Based Detection of COVID-19. J Med Virol Vol. 92(10), Pp. 2193-2199.
WHO, 2020. Tes Diagnostik untuk SARS-CoV-2.
WHO, 2020. WHO Director-General’s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19. URL https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020 (accessed 8.13.20).
Wyllie, A.L., Fournier, J., Casanovas-Massana, A., Campbell, M., Tokuyama, M., Vijayakumar, P., Warren, J.L., Geng, B., Muenker, M.C., Moore, A.J., Vogels, C.B.F., Petrone, M.E., Ott, I.M., Lu, P.,Venkataraman, A., Lu-Culligan, A., Klein, J., Earnest, R., Simonov, M., Datta, R., Handoko, R., Naushad,N., Sewanan, L.R., Valdez, J., White, E.B., Lapidus, S.,Kalinich, C.C., Jiang, X., Kim, D.J., Kudo, E., Linehan,M., Mao, T., Moriyama, M., Oh, J.E., Park, A., Silva,J., Song, E., Takahashi, T., Taura, M., Weizman, O.-E.,Wong, P., Yang, Y., Bermejo, S., Odio, C.D., Omer,S.B., Dela Cruz, C.S., Farhadian, S., Martinello,R.A., Iwasaki, A., Grubaugh, N.D., Ko, A.I., 2020.Saliva or Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens forDetection of SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med Vol. 383(13),Pp. 1283-1286.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Vocational Health Studies
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
- The authors agree to transfer the transfer copyright of the article to the Journal of Vocational Health Studies (JVHS) effective if and when the paper is accepted for publication.
- Legal formal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (CC BY-NC-SA), implies that publication can be used for non-commercial purposes in its original form.
- Every publications (printed/electronic) are open access for educational purposes, research, and library. Other that the aims mentioned above, editorial board is not responsible for copyright violation.
Journal of Vocational Health Studies is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
