Majalah Biomorfologi

Front Matter Vol. 35 No. 1 January 2025

2025-02-10T14:24:27+07:00

Microanatomical and Biochemical Influences of Lycopene on The Renal Status in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats

2024-07-22T03:02:30+07:00

Highlights:
1. The histoarchitecture of the kidney revealed significant derangements in the renal tissue, such as widening of the urinary space and loss or effacement of podocytes and mesangial cells, which were restored to near normal in the treated groups.
2. The biochemical parameters such as blood glucose, insulin, and antioxidant levels in this study were observed to be altered in the diabetic groups, but with administration of the intervening agent, these biochemical parameters were normalized.
3. The intervening agent was found to be a better prophylactic than curative therapy.

Abstract

Introduction: Chronic hyperglycemia is pathognomonic of diabetes mellitus; however, this is not responsible for many of the morbidities. Blood glucose is fairly readily regulated by drugs; however, this is not inhibiting the long-term complications despite euglycemic control, there is still damage in virtually every organ system. Hence, this study evaluated the beneficial effect or otherwise of lycopene on the histoarchitectural and biochemical layout of the kidney in diabetic wistar rats. Objective: To assess the histoarchitecture and biochemical parameters of the kidney of diabetic Wistar rats after intervention with lycopene as well as to determine whether lycopene is more efficacious as curative than prophylactic agent. Materials and Method: The rats were grouped into five sects (a, b, c, d, and e) of six animals per group. Group a is the normal control that was given 2ml/kg/day of citrate buffer per oral for 30 days. Group b was given 60mg /kg of streptozotocin. Group c was treated with lycopene 20mg/kg/day p.o for 30 days after diabetes induction. Group d is the group that was pretreated with lycopene 20mg/kg/day orally for 30 days. Group e was treated with Insulin 5 IU/kg for 30 days after diabetes induction. The rats were sacrificed under ketamine anaesthesia at the end of the experiment. Result: The histological outline of the kidney revealed significant widening of the urinary space in the untreated diabetic group (b) and the test groups (c and d) when compared with the normal control group (a). It was observed that the blood glucose levels in the test groups significantly reduced in value (p<0.05) below diabetic range. There was significantly higher level (p<0.05) of antioxidants in the curative than the prophylactic group, Conclusion: This study showed that lycopene conferred better ameliorative effect when used prophylactically than curatively.

Effect of Vasicine on Kidney Histomorphology in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats

2024-11-18T14:36:12+07:00

Highlights
1. Justicia adhatoda leaves can be used as herbal medicine to treat diabetes and its associated conditions.
2. Vasicine in Justicia leaves helps protect kidney health in individuals with diabetes.

Background: Justicia adhatoda is a perennial shrub with various potential quinazoline alkaloids viz., vasicine, vasicinone, deoxyvasicine, vasicol, adhatodinine and vasicinol. Objective: The present study aimed to study the effect of vasicine, a quinazoline alkaloid on diabetic nephropathy induced with Streptozotocin in rats. Material and Method: The vasicine was extracted from the leaves of Justicia adhatoda. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Negative control group (plain water orally), Positive control (single dose of streptozotocin 55mg/ kg b wt dissolved in citrate buffer pH 4.5 intraperitoneally), treatment groups III and IV respectively (Glibenclamide, 5mg/kg body weight dissolved in 0.5% DMSO; Vasicine @v0.9 mg/kg dissolved in 0.5% DMSO respectively). The blood glucose was monitored every week). Serum analysis for creatinine and Blood Urea Nitrogen was done. On day 28, the kidneys were removed and prepared for routine histopathological observation using H&E staining. The histopathological changes of the kidneys complied with the biochemical values. Result: Vasicine treatment helped restoring the renal histoarchitecture and reduced serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. Conclusion: Vasicine extracted from Justicia adhatoda can help in protecting diabetic nephropathy.

The Effect of Intravenous Glutamine Administration in Lowering AIF Expression in Renal Tubular Cells

2023-12-30T09:52:52+07:00

Highlights

Glutamine, an amino acid, can help mitigate the side effects of cisplatin by boosting glutathione (GSH) levels, an antioxidant that counteracts oxidative stress.
By reducing AIF protein expression and apoptosis, glutamine may protect kidney cells from cisplatin toxicity, potentially improving the safety of chemotherapy.

Background: Cisplatin, a widely used chemotherapy that is effective for many forms of cancer, has nephrotoxic qualities that can reduce renal function. Due to its side effects, the usage of cisplatin is limited by its dose. Glutamine, an amino acid, possesses properties that can counteract the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of intravenous glutamine administration on the decrease of AIF expression and apoptosis in intraglomerular mesangial cells of cisplatin-exposed rats. Material and Method: Samples (n) consisting of 30 rats were divided into 3 groups, with each group containing 10 rats. Group P0 received no treatment, group P1 received an injection of cisplatin on the 7th day, and group P2 received glutamine on the 1st–7th day and an injection of cisplatin on the 7th day. After 72 h, the tissue samples were immunohistochemically processed and then observed under a light microscope with 400x magnification. AIF expression and apoptosis were measured in the Allred/H score. Result: AIF expression results were: P0 = 4,35(2,2-5,4); P1 = 5,9(4,8-6,3); P2 = 5,25(2,4-5,8). The AIF expression of P2 was found to be significantly lower (p = 0.008) than P1. Apoptosis results were: P0 = 5,2(4,7-5,5); P1 = 6,4(6,1-7,1); P2 = 5,7(4,8-5,9). The apoptosis level of P2 was found to be significantly lower (p = <0.0001) than P1. Strong correlations between the decrease in AIF expression and the apoptosis level were found (p = <0.0001). Conclusion: Glutamine contributes to the decreased AIF expression and apoptosis in intraglomerular mesangial cells of cisplatin-exposed rats.

Albumin Levels before Therapy and Clinicopathological Parameters of Lung Cancer Patients

2024-08-16T02:30:41+07:00

Highlights

A notable finding was the significant relationship between albumin levels and ECOG scores, emphasizing the potential of albumin as an indicator of functional status in lung cancer patients.
The research provided a comprehensive analysis of the correlation between albumin levels and various clinicopathological conditions.

Background: Serum albumin levels provide an objective measure of malnutrition. Albumin plays crucial roles in maintaining intravascular oncotic pressure, facilitating substance transport, and acting as a free radical scavenger. The progression of tumors, including lung cancer, is closely associated with malnutrition and cancer-related inflammation, which suppress albumin synthesis. Therefore, albumin can serve as a biomarker for assessing lung cancer progression. Low albumin levels are linked to poor prognosis. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between albumin levels and lung cancer. Material and Method: This study included 130 lung cancer patients who underwent albumin testing. A cross-sectional study was conducted using medical records of patients diagnosed with lung cancer from January 2023 to December 2023. Data were collected on various factors, including age, gender, smoking status, cancer history, clinical symptoms, histopathological type, cancer stage, EGFR mutation status, ECOG score, clinical pleural effusion, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and Body Mass Index (BMI). Result: The study sample was predominantly male (71.5%), aged over 50 years (76.9%), and active smokers (34.6%). Common symptoms included cough (83.8%) and shortness of breath (72.3%), with pleural effusion present in 53.8%. The majority had a moderate VAS score (46.9%) and were classified as underweight based on BMI (54.6%). Most patients were at stage IVA (63.0%), had an ECOG score of 1 (43.8%), and were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma (73.8%). A significant relationship was found between ECOG scores and albumin levels, with 70.6% of hypoalbuminemic samples having an ECOG score of 3 (p < 0.005). Conclusion: A significant relationship was observed between albumin levels and ECOG scores in lung cancer patients.

In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Eco Enzyme of Eucalyptus (Melaleuca leucadendra) against Escherichia coli

2024-12-19T09:37:09+07:00

Highlights

It has been proven that the eucalyptus eco-enzyme from Lamongan does not exhibit strong enough antibacterial activity against E. coli at any concentration.
The eucalyptus eco-enzyme method is less effective at extracting active compounds compared to distillation processing.

Abstract

Background: Eucalyptus (Melaleuca leucadendra) is known to have antimicrobial potential due to its bioactive terpenoid compounds, including 1,8-cineole. This compound has the potential to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, a bacterium responsible for various infectious diseases. The eco-enzyme method, which utilizes fermentation, is simple to perform and does not require complex materials. Objective: This study aimed to assess the antibacterial activity of eucalyptus eco-enzyme against Escherichia coli. Material and Method: The M. leucadendra used in this study was sourced from Candisari Village, Lamongan, Indonesia and E. coli was obtained from laboratory isolates. Antibacterial activity was measured by observing the zone of inhibition in the well diffusion test on Muller-Hinton agar, with chloramphenicol as the positive control and distilled water as the negative control. The incubation period was 24 hours at 36°C. Result: The inhibition zone around the positive control was 25.94±1.1 mm. No inhibition zone (0 mm) was observed around the negative control or the eucalyptus eco-enzyme solution at concentrations ranging from 10% to 100%. However, a clearer zone was observed around the eco-enzyme well. The inability of the eco-enzyme to inhibit the growth of E. coli may be attributed to several factors, including the ingredients, processing method, acidity level, and bacterial resistance. Conclusion: The eucalyptus eco-enzyme did not exhibit sufficient antibacterial activity against E. coli at any of the tested concentrations.

Back Matter Vol. 35 No. 1 January 2025

2025-02-10T14:28:00+07:00

Surgical vs. Non-Surgical Management of Mandibular Condyle Fractures in Adolescent

2024-08-19T08:24:14+07:00

Highlights

Non-surgical treatments can involve various appliances. However, all non-surgical treatments are typically supplemented with mouth-opening exercises.
Surgical treatments usually consist of open reduction and internal fixation, which can be implemented using various anatomical approaches.

Abstract

Background: Mandibular condyle fractures are common among adolescents, often resulting from trauma such as falls or road traffic accidents. These fractures, which involve the articular surface of the mandible, can lead to complications like malocclusion, restricted mouth opening, and temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Treatment for mandibular condyle fractures varies, with non-surgical management, including closed reduction and functional therapy, often favored for its less invasive nature, especially in growing adolescents. Surgical interventions, such as open reduction and internal fixation, are considered for more complex fractures or when non-surgical methods fail. However, the decision between surgical and non-surgical treatment remains contentious, particularly in adolescents, whose condylar fractures might heal better due to the regenerative capacity of their growing bones. Objective: This review aimed to compare the outcomes of surgical and non-surgical management of mandibular condyle fractures. Material and Method: This review was conducted by searching the Scopus database for case reports published between 2014 and 2024, which described either surgical or non-surgical treatment of adolescent mandibular condyle fractures. Result: A total of 7 case reports were included, highlighting the use of various treatment approaches. Non-surgical methods, including functional appliances and mouth-opening exercises, showed promising results, with improved mouth opening and condylar remodeling. Similarly, surgical approaches, though more invasive, resulted in good functional and aesthetic outcomes, with minimal complications when proper anatomical understanding was applied. Conclusion: Both non-surgical and surgical approaches can be used to treat condylar fractures in adolescents, provided that proper evaluation, planning, and a thorough understanding of the condyle's anatomy and surrounding tissue are ensured.

The Role of Ergonomic Interventions to Prevent the Occurrence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Dentists

2024-12-13T09:17:58+07:00

Highlights

Dentists are at a higher risk of experiencing symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) compared to non-dental healthcare workers. This is due to repetitive movements, the use of vibrating tools, and prolonged exposure to unergonomic postures.
Ergonomic interventions are a key method for preventing CTS in dentists, aiming to reduce the risk of repetitive injuries that can lead to long-term disability.

Abstract

Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a peripheral mononeuropathy caused by compression of the median nerve. Dentists are susceptible to CTS due to awkward static body postures and ergonomic issues with the wrist, including the use of vibrating instruments, repetitive movements, large muscle forces, and awkward postures such as flexion, extension, and ulnar and radial deviation. Objective: This study aimed to review various studies on ergonomic interventions to prevent CTS in dentists. Material and Method: This research followed PRISMA-ScR guidelines and used PCC framework (Population, Concept, and Context) for article selection process. Inclusion criteria consisted of articles with an experimental research design published between 2011 and 2021. Exclusion criteria included scoping reviews, rapid reviews, systematic reviews, gray literature, and articles that were not fully accessible. All keywords were taken from MeSH terms, and literature searches were conducted using Boolean searches on the PubMed, Wiley, and Google Scholar databases on August 17, 2021. Result: There were limited experimental research articles on CTS in dentists. Out of 887 articles obtained, only five were selected, with a total of 357 participants. The research subjects included general dentists, specialist dentists, and dental hygienists, both with and without CTS. Conclusion: Ergonomic interventions play a crucial role in preventing CTS in dentists. Clinically, these interventions are associated with improved hand function, reduced pain in the wrist/hand, and increased pinch and grip strength.

Efficacy of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients Undergoing Maxillofacial Surgery

2024-05-30T13:39:40+07:00

Highlights

SLE is the most common autoimmune disease that requires management after maxillofacial surgery.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is a treatment that can help accelerate recovery in patients.

Abstract

Background: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a common multifactorial autoimmune disease that carries a high risk of osteoporosis and fractures. The delivery of oxygen to the body's tissues through hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) promotes the healing of wounds and shortens the typical recovery time for patients. The way tissues react to illnesses and injuries can be altered by HBOT. Objective: This article aimed to determine the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) post-maxillofacial surgery in SLE patients. Materials and Method: This research used a scoping review approach, accessing electronic databases like PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Elsevier, and Google Scholar. Discussion: SLE is characterized by producing various autoantibodies that interact with endogenous antigens, favoring widespread inflammatory injury. SLE impacts the immune system, diminishing its ability to defend against infections. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy refers to administering 100% oxygen to a patient inside a pressurized chamber with a pressure higher than one atmosphere at sea level. The surgical placement of the implant into the mandible or maxilla allows it to be retained during functional loading, as the bone integrates with the implant during growth. Conclusion: HBOT can improve the host response by activating inflammatory cells and ensuring optimal oxygen tension in people with SLE. This can help with osteogenesis and neovascularization, which fill empty spaces with new blood vessels or bone tissue.

Gut-Brain Axis, Notch, and Brain Cancer: ‘The Rising Three’

2023-12-05T20:01:21+07:00

Highlights

The gut-brain axis (GBA) is a bidirectional communication network linking the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system (CNS), involving neurons and various signaling molecules such as endocrine, humoral, metabolic, and immunological factors.
The Notch signaling pathway is implicated in the development of brain tumors, including gliomas, which show elevated Notch receptor levels. This pathway is critical in tumor cell proliferation, survival, and invasiveness.

Abstract

Background: The gut-brain axis (GBA) facilitates reciprocal communication between the central and enteric nervous systems. The connection between the GBA, Notch, and brain cancer is a complex and intricate subject that warrants further exploration. Brain cancer has a multifaceted pathophysiology and structure, making the journey from diagnosis to treatment challenging. The involvement of Notch in the signaling pathway could be relevant to both brain cancer and the gut-brain axis. Objective: This research aimed to examine the complex interplay between the gut-brain axis (GBA), Notch signaling, and brain cancer, specifically gliomas. Material and Method: This study was a scoping review conducted using multiple search engines, including PubMed, ProQuest, and Cambridge Core, spanning from 2018 to 2023. The collected materials were filtered and subsequently analyzed. Result: The existence of the gut-brain axis is a fascinating topic for in-depth exploration. The complex relationship between Notch and the gut-brain axis may offer valuable insights into the pathogenesis of brain cancer. The literature review identified two publications, which were analyzed in more detail. The gut-brain axis (GBA) refers to a bidirectional communication network between the central nervous system and the enteric nervous system, regulating gastrointestinal functions. The identification of the Notch signaling pathway suggests its role in the development of brain tumors. Conclusion: The connections between the gut-brain axis, Notch, and brain cancer are evident. The Notch pathway, as a signaling mechanism, is linked to brain cancer, and the gut-brain axis is also associated with it. This interconnected relationship has the potential to uncover novel avenues for diagnosis and therapy, warranting further research.