Majalah Biomorfologi

Conservative and Radical Surgery vs. BRAF-Target Therapy for Recurrent Ameloblastoma

Dimas Bramanto Satrya Utama — 2025-07-31

Highlights

Ameloblastoma is a widely discussed odontogenic tumor, yet research on less invasive treatment options for recurrent cases remains limited.
BRAF-targeted therapy offers a less invasive approach that may reduce the extent of surgical intervention required.

ABSTRACT

Background: Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic tumor that can affect surrounding tissues and is prone to recurrence if not completely excised. Surgical therapy is currently the primary treatment modality. However, recurrences are common following prior surgical interventions. Recently, a novel approach involving BRAF (B-Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma)-targeted therapy has been introduced, aiming to prevent molecular mutations. This therapy is non-invasive, but its efficacy in treating recurrent ameloblastoma remains uncertain. Objective: This article aimed to compare the outcomes of conservative and radical surgery with BRAF-targeted therapy in the management of recurrent ameloblastoma. Material and Method: An electronic search was conducted using the PubMed and Scopus databases. Relevant studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria. Results: A total of nine studies were included in the analytical synthesis. Recurrence in ameloblastoma is often due to residual tumor tissue located in anatomically challenging areas following surgery. BRAF-targeted therapy has emerged as a promising option for patients with recurrent disease, offering precise tumor targeting and potentially reducing the need for further surgical intervention. Conclusion: Surgical and BRAF-targeted therapies each offer benefits in managing recurrent ameloblastoma. While recurrence is often linked to residual tumors in complex anatomical areas, BRAF-targeted therapy provides a non-invasive, precise alternative—especially for patients with multiple recurrences. It can reduce tumor size, improve lesion localization, and potentially limit the need for extensive surgery.

Artificial Intelligence in Anatomy Education

Elies Fitriani — 2025-07-31

Highlights

Review of the potential use of AI in anatomy education, including any weaknesses or threats associated with integrating AI into anatomy teaching.
Recommendations for incorporating AI in anatomy education within medical curricula.

ABSTRACT

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to machines capable of performing human tasks and exhibiting intelligent behavior. The application of AI in medical education has increased significantly, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, as remote teaching became widespread across all medical disciplines, including anatomy. Objective: This narrative review aimed to explore the potential use of AI in anatomy education and to identify any associated weaknesses or threats related to its integration. Material and Method: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed and Embase (limited to the past 5 years), and Google Scholar (limited to the past 2 years), employing keywords related to "artificial intelligence" and "anatomy education". Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials and review articles focusing on AI tools in anatomy education, published in English and freely accessible. Exclusion criteria included abstract-only publications, non-human studies, and studies not specifically related to anatomy education. Of the 3,298 articles identified, seven met the inclusion criteria. Result: Seven articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The reviewed literature explored AI applications in anatomy education, highlighting innovations such as blended learning, automated assessments, and digital platforms. Overall, AI demonstrates potential to improve teaching effectiveness and student engagement. However, successful implementation requires strategic planning, adequate infrastructure, and a solid pedagogical framework. Conclusion: AI has emerged as a valuable tool in anatomy education, enhancing learning outcomes, accessibility, and instructional flexibility. Nonetheless, its integration must be carefully managed to overcome current limitations and ensure equitable, effective, and sustainable educational practices.

Investigating the Prospect of C-Type Lectin-like Receptors-2 for Predicting Prognosis of Ischemic Stroke: Rapid Review of Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Study

Rayhan Farandy — 2025-07-31

Highlights

The potential of CLEC-2 as a prognostic biomarker for ischemic stroke is supported by in vivo and clinical studies demonstrating its role in thrombo-inflammatory mechanisms and clinical outcome prediction.
Analysis of clinical studies indicates that elevated plasma CLEC-2 levels are associated with an increased risk of recurrent vascular events and mortality in acute ischemic stroke, suggesting its promise as a noninvasive tool for stroke prognosis assessment.

ABSTRACT

Background: Every year, over 13.7 million individuals experience strokes, resulting in approximately 5.8 million deaths. C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2) plays a significant role in platelet activation, which is elevated in ischemic stroke and is associated with disease progression and prognosis. Objective: To review the literature on the potential of CLEC-2 as a biomarker for assessing the prognosis and progression of ischemic stroke. Material and Method: This rapid review followed the Cochrane interim guidelines and adhered to PRISMA standards. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar to identify original research articles published in English over the past 10 years. Studies at various stages—including in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials—were included if they evaluated the association between CLEC-2 and acute ischemic stroke. Risk of bias was assessed using the QUIPS tool for clinical studies and SYRCLE’s tool for animal studies. Study selection and data extraction were performed independently by three reviewers. Result: The search identified five relevant articles: two experimental studies and three clinical prognostic studies examining CLEC-2 in the context of ischemic stroke. CLEC-2, a receptor for podoplanin expressed in various tumors and lymphatic endothelial cells, induces a calcium surge independent of secondary platelet activation. In vivo studies have demonstrated increased levels of CLEC-2 and podoplanin, which are highly expressed on neurons and microglia in ischemic brain regions. The three clinical studies showed that plasma CLEC-2 levels have prognostic value in predicting recurrent vascular events and mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Conclusion: Plasma CLEC-2 shows potential as a biomarker for evaluating the progression and prognosis of acute ischemic stroke.

Back Matter Vol. 35 No. 2 July 2025

Majalah Biomorfologi — 2025-07-31

Antibacterial Effect of 96% Ethanol Extract of Papaya Seeds (Carica papaya L.) on the Growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae causing Pneumonia

Fernanda Toriq Ainur Rochman — 2025-07-31

Highlights

Papaya seeds are a natural and traditionally used remedy in Indonesia, known for their safety and medicinal properties.
The 96% ethanol extract of papaya seeds exhibits antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

ABSTRACT

Background: Pneumonia is an infectious disease with the highest childhood mortality rate worldwide, commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which have developed resistance to antibacterial agents. Papaya seeds have traditionally been used in Indonesian medicine due to their bioactive compounds, which are expected to exhibit antibacterial properties. Objective: To analyze the antibacterial effect of 96% ethanol extract of papaya seeds against S. aureus and K. pneumoniae in vitro. Material and Method: This study employed a true experimental design with a posttest-only control group. Ethanol extracts of papaya seeds at concentrations of 10%, 30%, and 50% were tested using the well diffusion method. Erythromycin and chloramphenicol were used as positive controls, and 70% alcohol served as the negative control. Inhibition zone diameters were analyzed using SPSS version 29 with the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: The ethanol extract of papaya seeds inhibited the growth of S. aureus starting at a concentration of 10%, with the largest inhibition zone observed at 50%. Against K. pneumoniae, the extract demonstrated the lowest effective inhibitory concentration at 30%, which also produced the largest inhibition zone. However, the extract was less effective than the antibiotics used. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of papaya seeds exhibits antibacterial activity against both S. aureus and K. pneumoniae, with a more pronounced effect on S. aureus.

ESKAPE Pathogens in Hospitalized Patients: A Comprehensive Profiling of Infections and Characteristics at Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia

Dinda Rachma Harlisa — 2025-07-31

Highlights

This study found that ESKAPE pathogenic infections at Universitas Airlangga Hospital were dominated by Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Klebsiella pneumoniae, with sputum as the most commonly collected specimen providing valuable data for infection control strategies.
Most patients exhibited significant clinical manifestations involving neurological disorders, with the respiratory system being the most affected information that may enhance the effectiveness of patient management in the hospital.

ABSTRACT

Background: Infections pose a significant threat in Indonesia, particularly in healthcare settings where healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are prevalent. At a hospital in Jakarta, the prevalence of ESKAPE pathogens was reported to be 69.8%. However, detailed data on the infection profiles of these pathogens remain scarce. This underscores the importance of studying ESKAPE pathogenic bacteria to better understand their characteristics. Objective: This study aimed to determine the infection profile of ESKAPE pathogens in hospitalized patients at Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia in 2022. Material and Method: This descriptive observational study employed a retrospective design using secondary data from non-ICU inpatients at Universitas Airlangga Hospital infected with ESKAPE pathogens in 2022. Total sampling was applied to eligible medical records. Result: The study included 119 specimens from inpatients infected with ESKAPE pathogens that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of these, 78% were Gram-negative bacterial infections, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being the most prevalent (29%). Sputum was the most commonly collected specimen (49%). Most patients were male (57%), aged 56–65 years (29%), and had no comorbidities (46%). Additionally, 63% of patients had used invasive devices during hospitalization. The majority were admitted to low-care inpatient wards. The primary clinical features were neurological complaints (29%) and respiratory disorders (37%), predominantly associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae. Conclusion: ESKAPE infections were primarily caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, a Gram-negative bacterium, most frequently identified in sputum samples. The predominant clinical manifestations were decreased consciousness and respiratory disorders. Affected patients were mainly male, aged ≥56 years, hospitalized in low-care wards, with a history of invasive device use and no comorbidities.

Immunomodulatory Activity of Ganyong Tuber (Canna edulis K.) Extract on Phagocytosis, Leukocytes, and Antibody of Mice against Bacterial Infections

Nadyatul Ilma Indah Savira — 2025-07-31

Highlights

Ganyong tuber exhibits immunomodulatory activity against Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice.
Ganyong tuber extract increases phagocytic activity, leukocyte count, and spleen weight in infected mice.

ABSTRACT

Background: Ganyong tubers (Canna edulis K.) are widely consumed by Indonesians as an alternative food source. However, no studies have investigated the pharmacological properties of ganyong tubers, particularly their immunomodulatory activity. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of ganyong tubers in mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Material and Method: This study used a randomized experimental design involving 30 male BALB/c mice divided into five groups, including a normal control, a negative control (infected with Staphylococcus aureus), and three groups treated with ganyong (Canna edulis K.) extract at doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg BW. The extract was administered orally for seven days, followed by S. aureus injection. Phagocytic activity, leukocyte count, spleen weight, and antibody levels were evaluated using microscopy and ELISA. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s post hoc test. Result: This study evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of ganyong tuber (Canna edulis K.) extract on phagocytosis activity and capacity, leukocyte count, spleen weight, and antibody levels in mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Phagocytosis activity and capacity were highest in the group receiving 50 mg/kg body weight (BW) extract, with decreasing effects at higher doses. Leukocyte counts were highest in the infected untreated group, while spleen weight was significantly increased in the 50 mg/kg BW treatment group compared to controls. Although the 100 mg/kg BW group showed the highest antibody levels, these differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Ganyong tuber extract demonstrated immunomodulatory activity by enhancing innate immune responses against S. aureus infection.

Humerus Length Correlates with Stature among Nias Ethnic Students at HKBP Nommensen University Medan

Athalia Famelinda Gracia — 2025-07-31

Highlights

Robust statistical analyses and substantial sample size contribute to understanding anthropometric patterns and forensic medicine implications.
Humerus length can be used to predict stature for the Nias tribe in North Sumatra, Indonesia.

ABSTRACT

Background: The identification of stature is an essential component of forensic anthropology. The measurement of stature with a single long bone of the upper limbs provided an alternative technique for estimating stature when the commonly used lower limb bone is missing. Objective: To determine the correlation between humerus length and stature among Nias ethnic students at HKBP Nommensen University, Medan, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: The study employed correlational analytics with a cross-sectional design. The study population comprises 100 active Nias ethnic students at HKBP Nommensen University, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, consisting of 50 males and 50 females. Sampling was done by purposive sampling. Conducting a bivariate analysis to ascertain the correlation between humerus length and stature. The linear regression analysis was conducted to derive a formula for predicting stature from humerus length. Results: The length of the male humerus bone was significantly related to stature, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.949 (p<0.001). The length of the female humerus bone showed a significant correlation with stature, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.783 to 0.785 (p<0.001). The precise regression equation is established according to the minimal Standard Error of the Estimate (SEE) value within each sex group. The linear regression equations obtained were the stature of males (cm) = 78.844 + 3.001 x length of left humerus (cm) and the stature of females (cm) = 19.694 + 5.189 x length of right humerus (cm). Conclusion: Among the Nias ethnic students at HKBP Nommensen University, the study discovered a strong correlation between the lengths of the right and left humerus bones and stature. As a result, stature might be calculated using a linear regression equation to measure the humerus length of the bone.

Antibacterial Activity Test of Green Betel Leaf Extract (Piper betle Linn.) against Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus

Syifa Az Zahrah Manaf — 2025-07-31

Highlights

Green betel leaf extract, particularly cultivated in Batu City, can inhibit and kill MSSA.
Green betel leaf extract, particularly cultivated in Batu City, can be developed into a new alternative treatment as an effective antibiotic to kill MSSA bacteria.

ABSTRACT

Background: Asia is one of the regions with the highest prevalence rates of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection. Green betel leaves (Piper betle Linn.) have been shown to possess antibacterial potential due to their active compound content. Objective: To investigate whether betel leaf extract affects methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Material and Method: This research was a descriptive experimental study focusing on the antibacterial activity test of green betel leaf extract against MSSA. The MSSA bacteria used were bacterial preparations in the Microbiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. The green betel leaf extract was obtained in 2023 in Batu City, East Java, Indonesia. The antibacterial activity test technique used was the dilution test. The tool used in data processing was Microsoft Excel. Results: Germs were found in the dilution test, particularly in tubes with concentrations of 50 mg/mL. The study also highlighted that no growth of germs was found based on the results obtained for the increase of MSSA on agar plates at concentrations of 800 mg/mL, 600 mg/mL, 400 mg/mL, and 200 mg/mL. The study also found that the growth of MSSA germs was at 100 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of green betel leaf extract against MSSA were 100 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The extract of green betel leaves, particularly cultivated in Batu City, East Java, Indonesia has been shown to possess antibacterial activity, which can inhibit and kill MSSA bacteria. Further research is needed on the antibacterial activity of green betel leaf extract against other bacterial species.

Front Matter Vol. 35 No. 2 July 2025

Majalah Biomorfologi — 2025-07-31