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Back Matter National Nutrition Journal Vol. 20 No. 3

Media Gizi Indonesia — Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

THE ZINC STATUS IN CHILDREN WITH ALLERGIES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

Rusdian Ningsih, Zahrah Hikmah, Anang Endaryanto — Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Allergies pose significant health concerns, particularly in children, where they can adversely affect growth and quality of life. Recent studies have suggested that zinc deficiency may play a critical role in the immune dysregulation associated with allergies. The method used in This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines and analyzed studies on the relationship between zinc levels and allergies in children, using data from PubMed, Science Direct, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library, and a meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect size and risk of bias assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to examine the relationship between zinc levels and allergies in children. Our findings indicate that children with allergies may exhibit different zinc levels compared to healthy controls, with a pooled effect size of -0.56 (95% CI: [-0.99, -0.13]). The analysis revealed significant heterogeneity (Tau² = 0.39; Chi² = 79.41, df = 8, p < 0.00001; I² = 90%), highlighting the variability across studies and the necessity for further research to standardize the methodologies. These results were statistically significant (Z = 2.54, p = 0.01), suggesting a potential association between zinc levels and allergies in children. Further investigations are needed to explore whether zinc supplementation can support immune function and alleviate allergic symptoms.

EATING BEHAVIORS AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS: A SCOPING REVIEW

Alimni Mayang Fauni, Zahroh Shaluhiyah, Sri Winarni — Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Adolescent girls in developed and developing countries currently are prone to face malnutrition, both over- and under-nutrition. One of the causes is the shift from traditional to modern diets. This study aimed to determine the factors that influence the dietary behavior of adolescent girls in developed and developing countries. Scoping review performed following the PRISMA-ScR protocol with the Population, Exposure, and Outcome (PEO) approach. Described articles were published between 2014 and 2024, including abstracts and full texts from PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct databases. The search used the keywords “eating habits*” OR “diet*” OR “dietary intake”, “adolescent girls*” OR “adolescent women*” OR “young women”. The results showed that diets of adolescent girls in both developed and developing countries correlated with malnutrition, characterized by high consumption of fast food that high in sodium and low in fiber. In developed countries, this resulted in obesity, while in developing countries it caused iron and calcium deficiencies. In developed countries, adolescent diets influenced by bullying and media pressure that idealizes thin bodies, thus triggered irregular eating patterns. Meanwhile, in developing countries, low family income, limited access to healthy food in school canteen, lack of time and cooking skills triggered low-nutrition diets. Parental support played an important role in increasing the consumption of healthy foods. Unhealthy diets increased the risk of anemia, obesity, malnutrition, and other eating disorders. Adolescent girls’ eating behavior influenced by nutritional, social, economic, lifestyle, and psychosocial factors.

HEALTH POLICY TOWARDS OBESITY HAS AN IMPACT ON NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) OVER THE LAST 10 YEARS: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS

Salma Widya Azhari, Dea Tiany Violeta, Vetrisia Sitorus, Ikeu Tanziha — Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The prevalence of obesity has significantly increased, affecting millions of people worldwide. Obesity is a growing public health concern worldwide. According to the statistical data, millions of individuals were classified as obese. Policy plays a crucial role as a macro-level factor in shaping behavioral changes. This study aimed to analyze global trends in health policy research on obesity and its impact on Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) from a bibliometric perspective using Scopus-indexed documents. Data analysis methods and visualization techniques were applied to publications from 2014 to 2023 using the keywords (overweight OR obesity OR obes* OR over$weight) AND (health AND (policy OR regulation OR procedure OR system) AND ncd*). RStudio and VOSviewer were utilized for bibliometric publication statistical analysis, resulting in 132 publications from the Scopus metadata. We used bibliometric analysis to examine the published literature and visualize development trends regarding the effects of health policies on obesity. These findings indicate that health policies related to obesity focus on the mechanisms that affect NCDs. The identified policies included taxes on unhealthy foods and food subsidies. Health policies play a crucial role in preventing obesity and reducing its impact on NCDs. Collaboration between the government and various sectors of society is necessary to implement effective policies for the prevention of obesity. Future policies are expected to be adopted by each country regarding unhealthy food tax policies, food subsidy policies, Early Care and Education (ECE) policies, and Health in All Policies (HiAP).

SITUATION ANALYSIS AND SPATIAL MAPPING STUDY OF STUNTING INCIDENTS IN TUBAN REGENCY, INDONESIA

Deti Rahmawati, Sutikno, Sigit Ari Saputro — Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The prevalence of stunting in various regions of East Java, particularly in the Tuban Regency, necessitates targeted intervention. This study aimed to assess the incidence of stunting in Tuban Regency using diverse analytical methods. It utilizes geographic mapping to illustrate the spatial distribution of stunting rates, and histograms to represent the percentage of stunting across individual villages. Notably, Mander Village in Tambakboyo District exhibits the highest prevalence, with 43.59% of toddlers affected by stunting. In 2023, the average stunting rate across the Tuban Regency was 11.53% per village, with a median of 9.69%. Alarmingly, over half of the villages failed to meet the 2024 RPJMN target, and 112 of 328 communities (34.15%) reported stunting rates exceeding 14%. Furthermore, the analysis revealed a Moran's I value of 0.216 and a p-value of 0.001, indicating significant geographical clustering of stunting cases within the region. This suggests that the prevalence of stunted toddlers in each village is influenced by similar rates in neighboring communities, highlighting the importance of a collaborative approach in addressing this public health challenge.

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE MOM UUNG BREASTMILK BOOSTER SUPPLEMENT IN ENHANCING BREASTMILK PRODUCTION AMONG WORKING AND NON-WORKING MOTHERS

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition for infants and offers significant health benefits to both mother and child. However, challenges such as perceived low milk production and workplace constraints hinder breastfeeding practices among mothers. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the Mom Uung Breastmilk Booster Supplement (BBS) in enhancing breastmilk production among working and non-working mothers. Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 665 breastfeeding mothers in Indonesia via a validated online questionnaire. Mothers who consumed X BBS reported increased breastmilk volume, breastfeeding frequency, and pumping efficiency, with significant improvements observed in both working and non-working groups (p<0.001). Non-working mothers demonstrated higher breastmilk production compared to working mothers. Key barriers identified included perceived low milk supply (30.3%) and work-related time constraints (11.6%). The study highlights the potential of X BBS to support breastfeeding practices and underscores the need for workplace policies that promote breastfeeding. Further research is recommended to validate these findings and objectively assess the impact of BBS on breast milk quantity and quality.

EATING OUTSIDE HOME DURING PANDEMIC: PERSPECTIVE BASED ON HEALTH BELIEF MODEL AND FUTURE IMPLICATIONS

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a significant decline in eating outside the home (EOH). This study aimed to compare eating habits before and after the pandemic using the Health Belief Model (HBM) to explore the implications of EOH and its potential long-term effects. A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed, involving 401 young adults aged 18–25 years living in Indonesia, selected through accidental sampling. Data on the participants’ general characteristics, EOH frequency, and health beliefs were collected online using SurveyMonkey. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize each variable, and binary logistic regression was conducted to identify the predictors of EOH behavior and frequency. The majority of the respondents were female, unmarried, and held a diploma or undergraduate degree. Nearly 40% reported weight gain during the pandemic, although the frequency of EOH significantly declined (p < 0.000). The frequency of EOH was significantly associated with self-efficacy in eating at home, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers (p < 0.05). In conclusion, understanding the underlying factors contributing to reduced EOH is crucial. Enhancing self-efficacy, emphasizing the benefits of home eating, and addressing perceived risks and barriers may help promote healthier eating behaviors among young adults.

VARIATIONS IN FOOD NORMS AND PRACTICES BY MEAL TIMES AMONG INDIVIDUALS AGED 18-35 IN URBAN INDONESIA: AN ANALYSIS OF THE 2018 INDONESIAN FOOD BAROMETER

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The culinary history of Indonesia reflects its rich diversity, influenced by cultural, social, and economic factors. In this context, food norms and practices vary across the country, particularly in terms of food selection and consumption. Food norms refer to cultural expectations and rules surrounding food choices, while food practices include the actual behavior of individuals during consumption. This study aimed to identify, analyze, and understand the differences between food norms and practices based on meal times in urban areas of Indonesia. To achieve this objective, a quantitative method with a cross-sectional design was adopted, utilizing data from the 2018 Indonesian Food Barometer (IFB). The study was conducted in 6 provinces- West Java, East Java, South Sulawesi, West Sumatra, Jakarta, and Bali-, with subjects aged 18 to 35 years. Furthermore, the collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistical software and the McNemar Test. The results showed that there were differences between food norms and food practices at breakfast, lunch, and dinner. In particular, the largest gap occurred at breakfast, where food norms tended to be healthier than actual practices. In addition, consumption patterns at dinner showed a greater influence of social factors compared to other meal times.

NUTRITIONAL ASSISTANCE THROUGH DIARY NUTRIME APPLICATION ON ENERGY AND FAT INTAKE IN OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE ADOLESCENTS AT MAN TANJUNG BALAI

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Overweight or obese adolescents tend to consume food without noticing its nutritional content, which results in food selection defects. Adolescent food intake requires full support from the media for nutritional assistance. This study aimed to determine the difference in energy and fat intake before and after nutritional assistance through Diary NutriMe application. This study applied a quasi-experimental method using a One Group Pretest-Posttest design. The participants in this study were 36 high school students from MAN Tanjung Balai who were overweight or obese and were selected by purposive sampling. All data were analyzed using a Paired Sample t-test for energy intake (distributed data were normal) and the Wilcoxon test for fat intake (distributed data were non-normal). This study found that the average energy intake after receiving nutritional assistance was 1440.9 ± 195.2 kcal, while the average fat intake was 36.8 ± 10.8 g. According to the paired sample t-test, a significant decrease (p = 0.000) in energy intake was observed after nutritional assistance through Diary NutriMe application. Similarly, the Wilcoxon test showed a significant decrease (P = 0.000) in fat intake after the intervention. Therefore, the Diary NutriMe application is suitable as a nutritional assistant to reduce energy and fat intake in overweight and obese adolescents in MAN Tanjung Balai.

THE EFFECT OF BALANCED NUTRITION COUNSELING USING ANIMATED VIDEOS ON KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES OF STUDENTS AT PUCANG 1 SIDOARJO

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The lack of knowledge about balanced nutrition is a factor in malnutrition among school-aged children. About 32.3% of elementary school children in East Jawa, Indonesia, experience malnutrition, including those at Pucang 1 Sidoarjo. Efforts to handle this issue can be made through counseling using animated videos. This study aimed to determine the effect of balanced nutrition counseling through an animated video on students' knowledge and attitudes at Pucang 1 Sidoarjo. This study involved 27 fifth-grader respondents who were recruited using a purposive sampling technique. This type of research is pre-experimental with a one-group pretest-posttest design. This study was conducted in August 2023. Data were analyzed using the Paired Sample T-Test and Wilcoxon Rank Test. The counseling significantly affected students’ knowledge (p=0.000) and attitudes (p=0.000).. The average knowledge score of students increased from 59.81±13.48 to 79.63±11.92 after the counseling. The average attitude score of students also increased from 79.66±4.72 to 85.37±7 after the counseling. Counseling on balanced nutrition using animated videos effectively improves the knowledge and attitudes of fifth-grade students at Pucang 1 Sidoarjo.

THE DUAL BENEFITS OF HIGH-INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING: IMPROVING COGNITION AND REDUCING BODY WEIGHT IN SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS ON RISPERIDONE

Ismi Irfiyanti Fachruddin, Nur Asmi — Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This quasi-experimental study investigated the effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on weight loss and cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia treated with risperidone. Conducted at Dadi Regional Special Hospital, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, the study included 40 participants who met the inclusion criteria, including males aged 20–40 years, with disease onset of fewer than five years, and receiving risperidone therapy (4–6 mg/day). The exclusion criteria included severe organic comorbidities and recent substance use. The participants were divided into treatment and control groups, with the former undergoing 30 HIIT sessions over 10 weeks. Each session lasted 25 min, incorporating warm-up, core HIIT, and cool-down phases, with heart rates monitored to ensure anaerobic intensity (80–90% of maximum heart rate). The results showed a significant weight reduction in the treatment group (mean decrease: 0.475 kg, p < 0.001), indicating the potential of HIIT to mitigate risperidone-induced weight gain. Cognitive performance, assessed via the Schizophrenia Cognitive Rating Scale (SCoRS v BI), improved in both groups, with no significant differences between them (p > 0.05). However, greater improvement was observed in the treatment group. This study supports the integration of HIIT as adjunct therapy for schizophrenia, offering the dual benefits of cognitive enhancement and weight management. Further research incorporating genetic factors and advanced monitoring tools is needed to refine these findings.

ADOLESCENT MENTAL HEALTH AND LIFESTYLE CHANGES: EXPLORING EATING DISORDERS AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DURING COVID-19

Anastasia Meilida, Inayah Aprilia Hidayatunnufus, Siti Helmyati, Leny Latifah — Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background: Mental health, diet, and physical activity play an important role in adolescents development. However, previous studies have reported inconsistent findings on the relationship between mental health, eating disorders, and physical activity. The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted mental health, potentially contributing to eating disorders and reducing physical activity. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the association between mental health, eating disorders, and physical activity in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross sectional quantitative study was conducted in 2022, involving 236 high school adolescents. Mental health was assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), eating disorders were evaluate with the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), and physical activity levels were measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Results: More than 50% of adolescents experienced depression, anxiety, or stress with severity ranging from mild to very severe. While 82.6% of adolescents did not exhibit eating disorders, 63.6% had low physical activity levels. A significant association was found between depression and eating disorders (p=0.024), but no significant relationship was observed between anxiety (p=0.080) or stress (p=0.232) and eating disorders. Additionally, depression (p=0.411), anxiety (p=0.547) and stress (p=0.097) were not significantly associated with physical activity. Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, most adolescents experinced mental health challenges, maintened normal eating behaviors, and exhibited low physical activity. Depression was significantly correlated with eating disorders, while no significant associations were found between mental health variables and physical activity levels.

EFFECT OF VEGETARIAN DIET ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

A vegetarian diet is a pattern of food consumption that comes from plants in the form of vegetables, nuts, seeds, fruits, and does not or still consume dairy products and eggs. The implementation of a vegetarian diet in school-age children can have a positive impact on reducing the risk of certain diseases. In addition, the restriction of animal food sources causes vegetarians to be at risk of having a lower nutritional status. This literature review aims to analyze the effect of a vegetarian diet on the nutritional status of school-age children. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) approach was used in this literature review study. The steps taken consisted of identification, analysis, evaluation, classification and categorization of previously produced articles. Data and information sources were obtained through electronic databases published on Google Scholar, ProQuest, and Scopus. The selection category is articles that have been published in the last 10 years (2014-2024) and 251 journals were obtained. After several elimination processes, a total of 6 articles met the criteria to be selected. It was found that there was a significant difference based on BMI (p value<0.001), weight for height z-score (p=0.006 and p=0.103), BMI for age (p<0.001), and BMI (p = 0.004 and p = 0.001) in the effect of a vegetarian diet on the nutritional status of school-age children.

SLEEP DURATION, ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS AND METABOLIC SYNDROME IN OVERWEIGHT/OBESE ADOLESCENTS

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Adolescents have sleep problems, as their sleep duration does not meet the recommended sleep duration of 8-10 hours, leading to various sleep-related problems. Sleep duration is suspected to have detrimental effects on health, such as non-communicable diseases including obesity, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the correlation between sleep duration and the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) is still conflicting, especially in the adolescent population. This study aimed to examine and analyze the effect of sleep duration on anthropometric measurements and MetS in overweight/obese adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving healthy overweight/obese adolescents was conducted from September to October 2019 to evaluate the effect of sleep duration on anthropometric measurements, lipid profiles, fasting blood glucose levels, and blood pressure in overweight/obese adolescents. Results and discussion: A total of 197 subjects showed no significant differences in body height, BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, and lipid profile based on sleep duration categories. Subjects with short sleepers were older than those with sufficient sleep (p<0.05). However, long sleepers were heavier, had larger BMI-for-age z-scores, and larger waist circumferences than sufficient and short sleepers (p<0.05). However, the differences between the short, sufficient, and long sleepers were U-shaped. Sleep duration was not correlated with MetS or MetS components (abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, and low HDL-c). Conclusion: Long sleepers (>11 h/night) were heavier, had greater BMI-for-age z-scores, and larger waist circumference than (<sufficient sleeper (6-10 h/night), or short sleepers 6 h/night).

THE INFLUENCE OF MATERNAL KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PARENTING PRACTICES ON THE INCIDENCE OF STUNTING IN THE CAPITAL CITY OF CENTRAL LAMPUNG REGENCY, INDONESIA

Reni Zuraida, Dian Isti Angraini, Andi Eka Yunianto, Mutiara Nurtandhee — Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The World Health Organization (WHO, 2021) classifies stunting as a major global health issue with a prevalence of 22% or around 149.2 million children in 2020. Factors such as maternal knowledge about nutrition, maternal attitudes towards meeting children's nutritional needs, and parenting practices are important in determining children's nutritional status and the risk of stunting, which can hurt adulthood. This study aims to examine the impact of maternal knowledge, attitudes, and childcare practices on the incidence of stunting in Central Lampung Regency. This study used a cross-sectional survey design involving 360 children aged 0–59 months selected by purposive sampling from six sub-districts. The data collected included child characteristics, nutritional status, maternal nutritional knowledge, attitudes, and practices using a validated questionnaire from previous studies. The LAZ/HAZ, WLZ/WHZ, and WAZ indicators measured children's nutritional status. Data analysis was done using the Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) method with SmartPLS 3.0. The results showed maternal knowledge significantly affected attitudes (p = 0.001 for Attitude1; p = 0.026 for Attitude2) but not parenting practices (p = 0.986). Maternal parenting practices had a significant effect on children's meal frequency (p = 0.000) but not on the incidence of malnutrition (p = 0.259) and stunting (p = 0.174). These findings emphasize the importance of interventions that improve maternal knowledge and parenting practices to reduce the risk of stunting.

THE ASSOCIATION OF FOOD FLAVOR AND APPEARANCE WITH FOOD WASTE IN HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS AT NGIMBANG LAMONGAN HOSPITAL

Salsabila Qurrotu A’yun, Ninna Rohmawati, Nur Fitri Widya Astuti — Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Food waste at Ngimbang Lamongan Regional Hospital during the first semester of 2022 exceeded 20%, with the highest food waste was in May at 29.12%. Meanwhile, the results of a preliminary study in 2024 showed food waste in May was 23.04%, June 24.34%, and July 24.46%. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between flavor and appearance of food and food waste among inpatients at Ngimbang Lamongan Hospital. This study used a cross-sectional approach and was conducted at Ngimbang Lamongan Hospital in August 2024 and October 2024. A total of 96 respondents were selected through purposive sampling. Data on food flavor and appearance collected through interview, while food waste measured using a visual Comstock form. Over a 10-day menu cycle, food waste average was 29.48%, with 60.42% of respondents reporting food waste exceeding 20%. The highest food waste occurred during lunch (32.36%), while staple foods being the most waste category (37.90%). The results of Chi-square test indicated that the most components of food flavor and appearance had a significant relationship with food waste (p-value <0.05). Specifically, food flavor attributes (aroma, seasoning, cooking level of the food, temperature, and texture of food) and appearance factors (color, shape, and presentation of food) were significantly associated with food waste, while portion size showed no significant relationship.

IS THE INCIDENCE OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT IN INDONESIA DUE TO PREECLAMPSIA DURING PREGNANCY?: A META-ANALYSIS

Demsa Simbolon, Lisma Ningsih, Lusi Andriani, Kamsiah — Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy disorder characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria. Preeclampsia remains one of the main causes of maternal death in Indonesia. Preeclampsia can cause stunting of fetal growth because of unbalanced nutrition. Preeclampsia can result in insufficient blood flow to the placenta, reducing the intake of nutrients and oxygen by the fetus, which affects its weight. The long-term impact is that infants may have low birth weights (LBW). This study aimed to determine the estimated combined effect of preeclampsia in pregnant women and the incidence of LBW. This study used a meta-analysis method to analyze articles from Google Scholar using the following criteria: published between 2012 and 2024, full-text availability, case-control or cross-sectional studies, multivariate analysis, and reported odds ratios (OR). Articles were collected using the PRISMA diagram and analyzed using Review Manager 5.4 application with a random-effects analysis model. This study analyzed 36 cross-sectional results (OR 95% CI: 2.16; 1.51–3.08) and 22 case-control results (OR 95% CI: 3.15; 1.76–5.64), showing a significant association between preeclampsia in pregnant women and the incidence of low birth weight in infants (p-value < 0.00001, which is < 0.05). Pregnant women with high levels of preeclampsia were at a higher risk of giving birth to infants with low birth weight (odds ratio [OR 95% CI: 4.66; 1.76–12.31, p-value < 0.00001).

Front Matter Jurnal MGI Vol 20 No 3

Media Gizi Indonesia — Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700