Media Gizi Kesmas

The Correlation between Body Mass Index and Total Fat Percentage with Random Blood Glucose Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at Kotaagung Public Health Centre, 2024

2025-07-07T09:30:21+07:00

Background: The chronic metabolic condition known as type There is a positive correlation between the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and Body Mass Index (BMI) and body fat percentage. Signs of type 2 diabetes mellitus are hyperglycemia caused by insulin resistance or insulin deficiency. Pro-inflammatory adipokines are produced as adiposity increases, which interferes with insulin sensitivity, causing blood glucose to accumulate. As a result, the body has difficulty absorbing blood sugar. When blood sugar continues to rise, diabetes develops.

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the correlation between Body Mass Index (BMI), total body fat percentage, and random blood glucose levels in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Methods: This study used a cross-sectional approach, an analytical design, and quantitative methodology. The research was conducted at the Kotaagung Public Health Centre from October to December 2024 with a population of 87 and a research sample of 58 Diabetes Mellitus patients using the method of random sampling. A questionnaire was employed as the research tool, measuring body weight and body fat percentage with a Karada scan tool, measuring height using a microtome, and measuring blood sugar levels with a glucometer. Data analysis used the Pearson test.

Results: The respondent characteristics by gender showed 19 men (32.8%) and 39 women (67.2%). The mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was 22.23±3.25 kg/m² for men and 25.36±3.58 kg/m² for women. For total body fat percentage, the mean was 20.93±2.95% for men and 36.65±5.82% for women. The mean Random Blood Glucose (RBG) level was 211.00±67.4 mg/dL for men and 258.05±96.24 mg/dL for women.

Conclusion: In type 2 diabetes patients treated at Kotaagung Health Center, there was a correlation between random blood sugar levels with body mass index and body fat percentage, with a p-value=0.000.

The Effect of Nutrition Literacy on Food Labels through Audio Visual Media on the Behavior of Students at SMA Negeri 4 Kendari in Choosing Packaged Foods

2025-07-14T09:58:01+07:00

Background: Packaged food is a very popular food among teenagers because it is part of teenage socialization. Teenage consumers generally choose food according to taste without paying attention to nutritional content. The ability to understand labels on food products is expected to increase teenagers awareness of being more selective in choosing packaged foods. Increased understanding is achieved through nutrition education in an effort to improve food label reading behavior. Audio-visual learning media was chosen because it is able to activate the senses of sight and hearing, thus helping to increase focus in learning.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of food label literacy nutrition education through audiovisuals on the behavior of high school students of SMA Negeri 4 Kendari in choosing packaged food.

Method: This research used a pre-experimental method with one group pretest-posttest, which involved 93 students of classes X and XI in SMA Negeri 4 Kendari. Samples were selected using proportional random sampling. Data analysis in this study was carried out with the McNemar test at the α=0.05 significance level. The event took place at SMA Negeri 4 Kendari using audiovisual media. A validated questionnaire instrument was used to measure food labeling behavior before and after the intervention.

Results: Based on the research, it was found that all respondents had sufficient knowledge (100%), good attitudes (100%), and good actions (100%). Thus, there is an effect of food label literacy nutrition education through audiovisual on knowledge (ρ=0.000), attitudes (ρ=0.000), and actions (ρ=0.000) in choosing packaged food at SMA Negeri 4 Kendari students.

Conclusion: Thus, food label literacy nutrition education through audio visuals can significantly affect knowledge, attitudes, and actions about food labels in choosing packaged foods.

Analysis of The Quality of Health Services in Improving The Utilization of Health Services at Puskesmas Jaddih, Bangkalan Regency

2025-07-14T09:40:31+07:00

Background: Puskesmas (Primary Health Care) is the entry point or basic services accessible to all levels of society at the village level. However, the utilization of health services in Indonesia, including Madura, remains low.

Objectives: To analyze community perceptions of the quality of health services and their influence on the utilization of health services at Puskesmas Jaddih, Bangkalan Regency, Madura.

Methods: This was an explanatory research with a cross-sectional design. The population included all residents in the working area of Puskesmas Jaddih, with an average of 500 patient visits per month. A total of 149 patients who used health services at the Puskesmas Jaddih and met the inclusion criteria participated in the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Spearman test with a significance level of p<0.05. This study was conducted from January to December 2024.

Results: Most patients had a primary education. More than half of the patients were not working. The majority rated the competence of health workers as very good. In terms of affordability, effectiveness, continuity, safety, convenience, and information, most rated it as excellent or good. In the SERVQUAL assessment, it was found that almost half of the total patients rated it as excellent (45.3%), just under half of the total patients rated it as good (44.1%), and a small proportion reported it as poor (10.6%). Most patients reported health care utilization in the order category (73.2%). A small proportion reported repeat orders (8.9%) and recommendations (17.9%). The results of statistical analysis showed that competence, affordability, effectiveness, continuity, safety, comfort, and information were related to health care utilization with p<0.05. Overall, in the SERVQUAL assessment, it was found that the results of SERVQUAL analysis with health care utilization showed p<0.05.

Conclusion: The quality of health services at Puskesmas Jaddih is perceived by the community, effectiveness, and convenience. However, service utilization remains limited to initial use, with low levels of repeat visits and recommendations. All quality dimensions showed a significant relationship with healthcare utilization, indicating that community perceptions of service quality strongly influence decisions to use, re-use, and recommend health services.

Effectiveness of Pop-up Demonstration and Card Game Methods on Students Balanced Nutrition Knowledge at SMPN 44 Semarang

2025-10-29T09:50:31+07:00

Background: Nutritional problems among junior high school adolescents in Indonesia remain high due to a lack of knowledge about balanced nutrition, which is caused by suboptimal counseling due to the use of less interactive methods. Modifications to more interactive methods, such as pop-up demonstrations and card games, are needed.

Objectives: To determine the difference in effectiveness between the pop-up demonstration and card game methods in improving students knowledge about balanced nutrition at SMP Negeri 44 Semarang.

Methods: A quantitative method with a true-experimental design of two-group pretest-posttest without control and a proportional stratified random sampling technique. The sample consisted of 64 ninth-grade students, with each group consisting of 32 students. Data analysis used the Wilcoxon test to determine the difference in knowledge before and after the counseling of each method, as well as the Mann-Whitney test to determine the difference in effectiveness of the two methods. The instruments needed for this study are a balanced nutrition tumpeng pop-up, game cards, and a 30-question pretest-posttest questionnaire.

Results: Before the pop-up demonstration method, only 5 (15.6%) of the sample were in the good category, which increased to 20 (62.5%) after the pop-up demonstration method. There was a difference in student knowledge before and after the pop-up demonstration method (p<0.001). Before the card game method, only 7 (21.9%) of the sample were in the good category, which increased to 20 (62.5%) after the card game method. There was a difference in student knowledge before and after the card game method (p<0.001). There was no difference in effectiveness between the pop-up demonstration and card game methods (significance 0.478>0.05). Based on the mean rank, the pop-up demonstration method was more effective.

Conclusion: The pop-up demonstration method and the card game were equally effective in increasing student knowledge.

Analysis of Facility and Safety Management Implementation for Hazardous Materials at Hospital X

2025-10-21T10:35:48+07:00

Background: The management of hazardous and toxic materials is an essential component of Hospital Occupational Safety and Health standards. In addition, it is included in the Hospital Accreditation Standards, specifically in Facility and Safety Management Standard No. 5. However, in practice, some hospitals—including Hospital X—still do not meet these requirements.

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the implementation of facility and safety management standard elements related to hazardous and toxic materials at Hospital X in order to provide appropriate recommendations for improvement.

Methods: This study employed a descriptive observational design. Data were collected through observations and interviews with relevant staff across 15 service units assessed against the facility and safety management standard elements for hazardous and toxic materials, as outlined in the Ministry of Health Regulation No. HK.01.07/MENKES/1596/2024. The study was conducted from June to August 2025 at Hospital X.

Results: Service units that met the facility and safety management standard elements for hazardous and toxic materials (>80%) included radiology (87.50%), hemodialysis (95.65%), pharmacy (95.65%), laundry (95.65%), Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) & sanitation (95.65%), emergency department (91.30%), central surgical unit (91.20%), and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (91.30%). Units that did not meet the standard elements (<80%) were nutrition (39.13%), laboratory (65.21%), inpatient care (60.86%), outpatient care (65.21%), forensic (60.86%), medical rehabilitation (34.78%), and IPSRS (34.78%).

Conclusion: Only 8 out of 15 service units met the facility and safety management standard elements for hazardous and toxic materials. Therefore, improvement efforts should prioritize the provision of MSDS, proper material inventory recording, classification-based labeling, and chemical segregation according to their characteristics.

Sleep Quality, Stress Level, and Eating Patterns are Associated with the Incidence of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease among University Students in Yogyakarta

2025-10-22T09:49:07+07:00

Background: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a prevalent digestive disorder among university students. The factors included impaired lifestyle habits, including inadequate sleep, elevated stress, and unhealthy eating patterns.

Objective: To examine the correlation between sleep quality, stress levels, and eating patterns with the incidence of GERD among university students in Yogyakarta.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to April 2025 in PGRI Yogyakarta University, involving 410 university students. We used validated questionnaires for data collection, including the GERD-Q, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-21), and an eating pattern questionnaire. We used chi-square tests and correlation tests with a 5% level of significance for the statistical analysis.

Results: About 20% of respondents were identified as having GERD symptoms. Students with poor sleep quality were 2.94 times to develop GERD (p=0.001). There was a strong association between stress levels and GERD (p<0.001; r=0.382). Students who have disordered eating were 3.2 times more likely to get GERD (p=0.000).

Conclusion: The prevalence of GERD among university students is significantly associated with poor sleep quality, increased stress levels, and disordered eating patterns. Health education aimed at promoting lifestyle changes plays a crucial role in preventing GERD among university students.

Association between Knowledge and Attitudes and Practices of Sugar, Salt, and Fat Consumption among Junior High School Students

2025-07-02T09:27:28+07:00

Background: Junior High School (JHS) students are teenagers who are vulnerable to having health problems with the occurrence of problems in their nutritional status. One of the causes of abnormal nutritional status is through eating patterns such as excessive consumption of food with additional food ingredients such as sugar, salt, and fat (oil). Recommendations for consuming these additional ingredients have been written in Ministerial Regulation of the Ministry of Health No. 30 of 2013.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between knowledge and attitudes with practices about sugar, salt, and fat consumption of students at State Junior High School 17 Surabaya.

Methods: This study is included in quantitative research with a cross-sectional research design. The sample used was 82 students. Data collection included anthropometric measurements and filling out questionnaires regarding sugar, salt, and fat. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test.

Results: The results showed that there was an association between knowledge and practices regarding sugar, salt, and fat consumption (p=0.000) as well as attitudes and practices regarding sugar, salt, and fat consumption (p=0.000).

Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that knowledge and attitudes are related to practices regarding sugar, salt, and fat consumption, and practices about sugar, salt, and fat consumption have a relationship with the nutritional status of students. Suggestions that can be given are that schools can evaluate school canteens related to food and drinks with high sugar, salt, and fat content to reduce the chances of students having poor consumption behavior, and students are expected to always increase their insight and be careful in consuming food and drinks that contain additional food ingredients.

Dietary Pattern and Nutritional Intake: Implications for the Nutritional Status of Papuan University Students in Surabaya

2025-08-14T09:47:02+07:00

Background: The double burden of malnutrition, including rising obesity rates, has become a global health challenge, including in Indonesia. In 2024, 23.4% of Indonesian adults were classified as obese, exceeding the national target of 21.8%. Papuan students pursuing higher education in Surabaya City face a similar situation, which is closely linked to unbalanced dietary habits and inadequate nutritional intake.

Objectives: This study aims to analyze the relationship between balanced nutrition, nutrient intake, and nutritional status among Papuan college students in Surabaya City.

Methods: This quantitative observational study employed a cross-sectional design. A total of 97 Papuan students enrolled in universities in Surabaya City were selected using probability sampling. Data collected included respondent characteristics, height, weight, dietary patterns, and nutrient intake. Dietary patterns were assessed using a 5-point scoring system based on Isi Piringku compliance. Data were gathered through questionnaires and 24-hour dietary recalls. Chi-square and Spearman’s rho tests were used for statistical analysis.

Results: The findings showed that most respondents were 19 years old (24.7%), female (56.7%), and had a monthly allowance greater than IDR 1,000,000 (66%). More than half of the respondents had imbalanced dietary patterns, excessive nutrient intake, and were categorized as obese. There were significant relationships between dietary patterns (p=0.001; r=0.017), nutrient intake (p=0.001; r=0.869), and nutritional status among Papuan university students.

Conclusion: This study concludes that balanced dietary patterns and adequate nutrient intake are associated with nutritional status. The more inappropriate the dietary intake, the higher the risk of abnormal nutritional status. Efforts to increase nutrition knowledge among Papuan students are necessary to promote healthy and balanced eating behaviors.

Correlation between Mental Workload and Work Stress in Nurses at Hospital X

2025-11-13T14:41:59+07:00

Background: A mismatch between job requirements and individual abilities can lead to reduced performance due to work-related stress. Work stress affects many professions, but nurses at Hospital X experience it most frequently. A national Indonesian survey reported that 50.9% of nurses across the country experienced work stress in 2018. Previous studies have also examined how stress levels among nurses are associated with individual characteristics (such as age, gender, and length of service) and the mental workload they face.

Objectives: This study examined which nurse characteristics, combined with their mental workload, influence their work-related stress levels.

Methods: This study used a cross-sectional quantitative design to collect data from nurses at Hospital X in August 2025 through the distribution of the NASA-TLX and ENSS questionnaires. A total of 30 nurses participated through purposive sampling. Frequency distribution tables were used for univariate analysis, while chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were performed for bivariate analysis.

Results: The univariate analysis showed that 63.3% of participants were under 29 years old, 90.0% were female, and 53.3% had worked for less than four years. The results also indicated that 56.7% of participants experienced a high mental workload, while 60.0% reported low levels of work stress. Bivariate analysis using the chi-square test revealed a significant relationship between mental workload and work stress (p=0.035). However, no significant relationships were found between age and work stress (p=0.266), gender and work stress (p=0.548), or length of service and work stress (p=0.765).

Conclusion: This study found that mental workload significantly affects work stress levels among nurses at Hospital X. However, age, gender, and length of service were not found to influence work stress among nurses in this setting.

Association of Body Image and Nutritional Adequacy with Chronic Energy Deficiency among Future Brides in Cibiru District

2025-09-22T10:34:49+07:00

Background: Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) is a significant nutritional issue affecting women of reproductive age, including future brides. This condition can have negative effects on reproductive health and the well-being of future descent. CED often arises from insufficient nutrient intake and negative perceptions of body image, which can result in unhealthy eating behaviors. In Bandung City, the Cibiru District has the highest prevalence of malnutrition among future brides.

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between body image perception and nutrient adequacy (energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate) with the incidence of chronic energy deficiency among future brides.

Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design and involved 41 respondents who were recruited through consecutive sampling. Data collection included Measuring Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC), conducting 2x24-hour food recall interviews, and administering the MBSRQ-AS. The dataset was examined using both univariate and bivariate analyses, with Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation tests employed to assess relationships.

Results: Among the respondents, 29.3% were identified as experiencing chronic energy deficiency, while over half reported a positive body image. However, most respondents did not meet the recommended intake levels for energy and macronutrients. Of all the variables assessed, only adequate fat intake was significantly related to chronic energy deficiency in future brides (p=0.029; r=0.341).

Conclusion: Adequate fat intake is weakly positively related to chronic energy deficiency among future brides. No significant associations were observed between chronic energy deficiency and body image perception or the adequacy of energy, protein, and carbohydrate intake. Therefore, future brides are recommended to meet their nutritional needs, especially fat intake from healthy sources such as mackerel, skipjack tuna, sardines, avocado, and peanuts, to prevent the occurrence of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED).

The Effect of Snakehead Fish and Potato Starch Biscuits on The Weight of Wasting Toddlers in Makrayu Health Center, Palembang

2025-11-13T14:21:07+07:00

Background: Wasting is a manifestation of chronic malnutrition, with low weight for height. The city of Palembang, especially the operational area of Makrayu Health Center, recorded second-highest prevalence of wasting in Palembang by 54 out of 4.396 toddlers experiencing wasting (1.22%). Local nutrition intervention, such as local food-based supplementary feeding, becomes a focal strategy to solve this problem.

Objectives: The effect of biscuits made of snakehead fish and potato flour on the body weight in wasted toddlers was measured.

Methods: This research is a quasi-experimental study with a one-group pretest-posttest design without a control group. The sample consisted of 33 toddlers aged 12-59 months who were wasting in the Makrayu Palembang Health Center work area. The intervention, in the form of providing snakehead fish biscuits and potato starch, was carried out for 14 days. Data were collected through body weight measurements before and after the intervention and assessment of nutrient intake using the 24-hour recall method. Data were analyzed using a dependent t-test.

Results: Giving snakehead fish biscuits and potato starch showed a significant increase in body weight in wasting toddlers after the intervention, with an average increase of 0.32 kg. In addition, there was an increase in energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake, which supported the improvement of nutritional status.

Conclusion: There is an effect of giving snakehead fish biscuits and potato starch on the weight gain of wasting toddlers in the Makrayu Palembang Health Center work area (p=0.000).

Empowerment of CEMPAKA Cadres to Improve Compliance with Iron Tablet Consumption among Female Students at X Islamic Boarding School, Banyuwangi

2025-11-11T13:54:10+07:00

Background: Anemia remains a serious problem among adolescent girls in Indonesia, with the prevalence rate of 32%. Low adherence to iron tablet consumption, especially in Islamic boarding schools, contributes to this problem, as evidenced by 11 cases identified at the target school. Adolescent girls have a significantly high risk of anemia due to low access to health information, lack of nutrition education, and limited support from health workers. Hence, involving peers as health cadres is an effective way to increase iron tablet intake and health-promoting behavior among the students.

Objectives: To improve compliance with iron tablet consumption among female students by strengthening the role of cadres, creating a supportive school environment, and contributing to anemia free boarding schools in Banyuwangi Regency.

Methods: The activities were conducted through socialization and training under the CEMPAKA (Cermat Pantau Kondisi Anemia) program. The final participants were 50 female students and 15 health cadres. Pre- and post-test questionnaires were used to determine the level of knowledge. Mean differences were calculated using a two-sample t-test with equal variances assumed to test for pre- and post-differences.

Results: There was a statistically significant increase in student’s knowledge about anemia and iron tablet consumption (p=0.009, p<0.05). Similarly, cadre’s knowledge improved significantly (p=0.003, p<0.05). However, improvements in communication skills were not statistically significant (p=0.162, p>0.05), though a positive trend was observed, indicating better communication performance after training.

Conclusion: The empowerment of cadres through the CEMPAKA program demonstrated improvements in knowledge about anemia, the importance of consuming iron supplements, and communication skills. A participative intervention such as this will further establish peer cadres as agents of healthy behavioral change in Islamic boarding schools and represents an initial step toward achieving a healthy, anemia-free Islamic boarding school in Banyuwangi Regency.

Association of Age, Physical Activity, Dietary Patterns, and Smoking Behavior with Hypertension Among Residents of Plosojenar Village, Ponorogo

2025-06-04T14:15:00+07:00

Background: Hypertension is an increasing global health concern, including particularly among adults in community settings. At this stage of life, unhealthy lifestyle habits such as low physical activity and high intake of salty or processed foods directly increase the risk of early hypertension.

Objectives: This study aims to analyze the relationship of age, physical activity, diet, and smoking habits with the incidence of hypertension in Plosojenar Village, Ponorogo.

Methods: This study employed an observational analytic design with a case-control method involving 154 respondents, consisting of 77 individuals with hypertension and 77 individuals in the control group. Data were collected through interviews and questionnaires, then analyzed using the chi-square test. The physical activity questionnaire included three items related to exercise, daily physical movement, and routine activities. The dietary pattern questionnaire included seven items related to high-fat foods, fried foods, fast food, instant food, salted foods, fruit intake, and coffee consumption.

Results: The study showed that age above 45 years (p-value 2.2E-16, OR 71.191710) and lack of physical activity (p-value 3.8E-03, OR 15.73508) was significantly associated with hypertension. Dietary patterns also showed a significant effect (p-value 1.8E-02), although with a more moderate strength of association. In contrast, smoking habits did not show a significant relationship with the incidence of hypertension (p-value 6.2E-01).

Conclusions: Age and physical activity are the main risk factors for hypertension in Plosojenar Village. Therefore, public health interventions should focus on prevention through promoting physical activity and improving diet. With 77 cases of hypertension, including one adolescent case, early prevention efforts and risk management in vulnerable groups are necessary to reduce the future prevalence of hypertension.

Trend and Correlation Between the Scope of Tuberculosis Preventive Therapy (TPT) and Treatment Success Rate (TSR) with the Case Notification Rate (CNR) of Tuberculosis in Indonesia During 2021-2023

2025-11-11T14:00:22+07:00

Background: Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem in Indonesian. The Indonesian TB control program for the 2020–2024 period aims to accelerate the achievement of national TB elimination by 2030 and contribute to ending the global TB epidemic by 2050, aligning with the WHO's End TB Strategy. As part of this national strategy, the government has implemented various interventions, including the provision of Tuberculosis Preventive Therapy (TPT) to high-risk groups and improvements in the Treatment Success Rate (TSR).

Objectives: This research aims to analyze the trends and the correlation between TPT and TSR with the incidence of tuberculosis, measured through the Case Notification Rate (CNR) at the provincial level during 2021-2023.

Methods: This research is an ecological study using quantitative methods. The data in this research are based on tuberculosis prevention reports from the Directorate of Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health of Indonesia, from 2021 to 2023. The variables analyzed in this research are TPT coverage and TSR with CNR in 2021-2023.

Results: The study results show an increasing trend in CNR in Indonesian provinces for three consecutive years. Furthermore, TPT coverage has also increased, although it remains relatively low, and TSR shows variation across provinces. Spearman's analysis indicates a correlation between TPT, TSR, and CNR. However, the correlations are weak and mostly negative.

Conclusion: TPT coverage and TSR in Indonesia showed improvement during 2021–2023, although disparities remained between provinces. The weak correlations between TPT, TSR, and incidence rates indicate that prevention and treatment interventions have not yet fully impacted the reduction of new cases. Strengthening case detection, enhancing contact tracing, and expanding TPT are needed to accelerate the decline in TB incidence nationally.

The Effect of Occupational Ergonomics on the Risk of Low Back Pain in Workers in Indonesia

2025-11-12T11:22:02+07:00

Background: Occupational ergonomics is directly related to all work activities (both formal and informal) and focuses on the interaction between people and their work environment to reduce musculoskeletal injuries and improve worker well-being.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of occupational ergonomics on the prevalence of low back pain among Indonesian workers aged 15–49 years.

Methods: This study used secondary data from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2024, applying the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) approach to measure the risk level of low back pain caused by occupational ergonomics.

Results: The analysis revealed a substantial disparity in the burden of Low Back Pain (LBP) attributed to occupational ergonomics across provinces. West Java, East Java, and Central Java recorded the highest disease burden (DALYs). Meanwhile, the provinces with the highest ergonomic risk exposure levels (Summary Exposure Value/SEV) were North Maluku (29.48%), Maluku (29.27%), and East Nusa Tenggara (29.21%). North Kalimantan consistently showed the lowest exposure levels and disease burden.

Conclusion: Workplace ergonomics substantially contributes to the burden of Low Back Pain (LBP) among workers. Large regional disparities (highest in Java and Maluku/NTT) underscore the need for more targeted health actions. Priority interventions should include strict regulation enforcement, workplace monitoring, and implementation of ergonomic solutions in high-risk industrial sectors to reduce DALYs.

Host Determinants of Diarrhea Incidence among Toddlers in Indonesia: A Systematic Review

2025-10-24T09:25:14+07:00

Background: Toddler diarrhea is a major Indonesian health concern. Toddler diarrhea rates differ in the 2021 SSGI data. West Sulawesi, NTB, and Maluku have the most diarrhea. This study investigates the causes of Indonesian toddler diarrhea.

Objectives: This research is intended to systematically analyze host-related determinants that contribute to the occurrence of diarrhea in Indonesian toddlers from 2021 to 2025.

Methods: PRISMA 2020 guided systematic reviews. Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and PubMed provided data. Eight 2021–2025 studies examined Indonesian toddler diarrhea risk variables. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and internal validation questions rated quality.

Results: From the screening process, eight studies were determined to satisfy the inclusion criteria. The synthesis of these studies showed that several host characteristics, including toddler’s age, practice of exclusive breastfeeding, and immunization completeness, show a meaningful association with diarrhea prevalence among young children in Indonesia.

Conclusion: Age, exclusive breastfeeding, and immunization status significantly affected Indonesian toddler diarrhea incidence, although nutritional condition and gender did not.

Hospital Challenges in Implementing the Standard Inpatient Class Policy: A Literature Review

2025-09-02T13:07:16+07:00

Background: The government is committed to meeting the basic health needs of the Indonesian people through the National Health Insurance (JKN) Program ensuring access to health services without financial burdens. The implementation of the inpatient class system is considered suboptimal, so the government has implemented the Standard Inpatient Class (KRIS) policy to ensure equitable health services for all people in accordance with the principle of equity. This policy requires hospitals to meet 12 specified criteria no later than June 30, 2025. The process of preparing and implementing the policy presents various challenges, so further research is needed.

Objectives: This study aims to identify the challenges faced by hospitals during in implementing the Standard Inpatient Class (KRIS) policy.

Methods: A literature review was conducted using Google Scholar as the primary database, by analyzing nine articles that meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results: The results of the study found that the main challenges for hospitals in the process of implementing the KRIS policy infrastructure that fails to meet the required criteria due to budget limitations, the absence of regulations on the health financing system and KRIS rates, the lack of health human resources, and limited understanding of KRIS. In addition, the uneven dissemination of policies to hospital staff and the community also becomes an obstacle in implementing the policy.

Conclusion: The implementation of standard inpatient class policies presents challenges for hospitals. These challenges can be found both in the preparation process and during policy implementation. The results of the study found that the readiness of facilities and infrastructure, lack of budget, uncertainty in the health financing system, health human resources and policy dissemination are aspects that are challenges for hospitals. These challenges must be managed so that the objectives of policy implementation can be achieved.

The Effect of Nutrition Education on Hemoglobin Levels among Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2025-10-06T14:58:07+07:00

Background: Pregnancy-related anemia is an important women’s health issue with worldwide implications due to its impact on the mother and baby. Nutritional education can increase hemoglobin (Hb) levels through improving women’s knowledge and encouraging more frequent consumption of iron-rich foods and taking folic acid. Despite this, the results that have been produced in previous research are inconsistent. In this regard, the aim of the present systematic review with meta-analysis is to establish whether nutritional counseling is among the best intervention approaches to boost Hb levels and prevent anemia.

Objective: To study the effect of nutrition education on hemoglobin levels of pregnant women.

Methods: The present systematic review and meta-analysis adhere to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A literature review was conducted using the main databases from January 2019 to April 2025. Seven relevant studies were comprised of RCTs and quasi-experimental designs. A statistical analysis using MD of hemoglobin level in the intervention group compared to the control, along with 95% CI was also calculated. The data was analyzed with the aid of a random effect model. Heterogeneity was tested with the aid of the ‘I² statistics and Cochran’s Q test. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted to check the robustness of the pooled data after harassing the study by eliminating each one individually.

Results: The meta-analysis included seven studies, including a total of 1,120 pregnant participants. Combined data indicated that the subjects in the nutrition education group had a greater increase in the level of their hemoglobin compared to those in the control group, with a mean difference of 0.73 g/dL (95% CI=0.62–0.84; p<0.00001). There was marked heterogeneity (I²=94%). Additional research demonstrated the efficacy of an integrated approach in this case, counselling bolstered by digital and visual tools over other methods employing only lectures (MD=0.85 g/dL; 95% CI=0.71–0.99). In this case, lectures yielded weaker results (MD=0.52 g/dL; 95% CI=0.41–0.64). Sensitivity analysis verified that the aggregated data were consistent enough that no single study had a disproportionate impact on the overall findings.

Conclusion: Nutrition education, with systematic nutrition sessions and practice, has been found to be more effective in improving hemoglobin levels in pregnancy as compared to disorganized education. In light of the continued burden of anemia in pregnancy, the inclusion of systematic and comprehensive nutrition education into antenatal care programs holds the main key to reducing this problem.

The Role of Phenolic Compounds in Antioxidant Enhancement in Obese Individuals: A Systematic Literature Review

2025-05-02T10:58:05+07:00

Background: Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are complications of obesity. Consuming phenolic compounds found in plant-based foods can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress. Phenolic compounds are phytochemicals with antioxidant properties that play an important role in health.

Objectives: This article aims to examine the role of phenolic compounds in obese individuals.

Methods: This article uses a literature review method with predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Articles were searched for in several electronic databases, namely PubMed and Wiley Online Library.

Results: Phenolic compounds can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress through several mechanisms. One of these is that fermented flaxseed extract improves neural health and reduces obesity markers in experimental models. Polyphenolic compounds from pigmented rice effectively reduced lipid peroxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The findings highlight the anti-adipogenic, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic regulation properties of phenolic compounds.

Conclusion: Phenolic compounds play an important role in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in obesity. Their effectiveness varies depending on the source of the compounds, with promising results from pigmented rice, fermented black beans, and fermented flaxseed. However, most results are from in vitro or animal studies, so further clinical trials are needed to validate these benefits in humans.

Relationship between Physical Activity of Preconception Women and the Incidence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Systematic Literature Review

2025-05-09T12:14:34+07:00

Background: Glucose intolerance is a hallmark of gestational diabetes mellitus in the early stages of pregnancy. Maternal and perinatal problems such as preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, cesarean delivery, macrosomia, and still birth are frequently caused by gestational diabetes mellitus. Another treatment option for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus is exercise, both before and during pregnancy. Physical activity plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis, indirectly or directly, and impacts insulin sensitivity through several mechanisms.

Objectives: This study to assemble strong evidence regarding the relationship between a woman's preconception or prenatal physical activity and her risk of gestational diabetes mellitus.

Methods: This research was conducted through a systematic literature review using Google Scholar, EMBASE, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, and PubMed, compiled according to the PRISMA guidelines. The literature search used the PICO framework with inclusion and exclusion criteria and found seven studies that were included.

Results: The results showed that physical activity before or in early pregnancy, such as walking, jogging, cycling, aerobics, swimming, yoga, etc., which routinely performed, reduced the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. When doing physical activity, muscles will use glucose to reduce stored glucose. In filling the glucose deficiency, the muscles take blood glucose, causing blood glucose to decrease so that it can control one's blood sugar. The best strategy to reduce the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus is to be physically active both before and throughout pregnancy.

Conclusions: Exercise during preconception and the first few months of pregnancy lowers the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus.