Artificial Intelligence Sebagai Subjek Hukum: Tinjauan Konseptual dan Tantangan Pengaturan di Indonesia
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Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an invention that is changing the face of the world. The emergence of machines with AI certainly has a disruptive effect on various social structures of society. Conceptually, the more intelligent a system is, the more likely it is that the system will take actions that have legal consequences. So, if this smart system can act and think like humans, does that mean the system must also have legal rights and protections like humans? Therefore, to meet the legal need for regulation of AI, it is necessary to have a deep understanding of how the concept of AI is a legal subject and the challenges in regulation that must be answered if AI is recognized as a legal subject in Indonesia. The research method used in this paper is descriptive analysis. This method uses literature research on the rules of law and legislation in force, and the data collected is analyzed descriptively. It is supported by using a statute approach and a conceptual approach to get complete results. The conclusion put forward in this paper is that several concepts allow AI to be considered a legal subject, in particular, the theory of legal entities and organ theory, which essentially states that the law can recognize legal subjects other than humans naturally (naturalijk person). Then, several challenges were found in the effort to regulate it, namely related to criminal liability and copyright.
Keywords: Conceptual Review; Artificial Intelligence; Legal Subject.
Abstrak
Artificial Intelligence (AI) merupakan penemuan yang mengubah wajah dunia. Munculnya mesin dengan AI tentu menimbulkan efek disruptif terhadap berbagai tatanan sosial masyarakat. Secara konseptual, semakin cerdas suatu sistem, maka semakin besar kemungkinan sistem tersebut untuk melakukan tindakan yang menimbulkan akibat hukum. Maka, apabila sistem cerdas ini memiliki kapasitas bertindak dan berpikir sebagaimana manusia, apakah itu berarti sistem juga harus memiliki hak dan perlindungan hukum selayaknya manusia. Oleh karena itu, dalam rangka memenuhi kebutuhan hukum akan pengaturan tentang AI, maka diperlukan suatu pemahaman yang mendalam tentang bagaimana konsep AI sebagai subjek hukum dan tantangan dalam pengaturan yang harus dijawab apabila AI diakui sebagai subjek hukum di Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam makalah ini adalah deskriptif analisis. Metode ini menggunakan penelitian kepustakaan terkait dengan kaidah-kaidah hukum dan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku serta data yang terkumpul dianalisa secara deskriptif. Untuk mendapatkan hasil yang komprehensif, maka ditunjang dengan menggunakan pendekatan pendekatan statute approach dan conceptual approach. Kesimpulan yang dikemukakan dalam makalah ini adalah terdapat beberapa konsep yang memungkinkan AI dianggap sebagai subjek hukum, khususnya adalah teori badan hukum dan teori organ, yang intinya menyatakan bahwa hukum dapat mengakui subjek hukum selain manusia secara natural (naturalijk person). Kemudian, dalam upaya pengaturannya ditemukan beberapa tantangan, yaitu terkait pertanggungjawaban pidana dan hak cipta.
Kata Kunci: Tinjauan Konseptual; Artificial Intelligence; Subjek Hukum.
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