Pediomaternal Nursing Journal

Addition of human milk fortifier in breast milk on increasing body weight of premature infants

Mon, 24 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Human Milk Fortifier (HMF) is an additional supplement for breast milk that can meet the nutritional needs of premature. One of the efforts to support the growth of premature babies is to fulfill their nutritional intake. Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of giving HMF to breast milk on increasing the weight of premature babies in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

Methods: The research design used a quasi-experiment design with a pre-test and post-test nonequivalent control group design. The samples are premature babies treated in the NICU in Surabaya. The sample technique used purposive sampling of 25 respondents as the treatment group (breast milk + HMF) and 20 respondents as the control group (breast milk only). The instrument uses a questionnaire and observation sheet. Data were analyzed using the repeated measures ANOVA test and the independent sample t-test. The repeated measures ANOVA test results indicate a statistically significant difference in weight gain over time (P-value <0.05), demonstrating that HMF supplementation contributes more effectively to weight gain compared to breast milk alone.

Results: The study demonstrated a significant increase in body weight over time in both the treatment group and the control group, as measured by the Fenton chart (weight on days 7, 14, 21, and 28) with a P-value = 0.000. Notably, the treatment group (HMF+breast milk) exhibited a more pronounced weight gain by day 28 compared with control group (breast milk only), with a P-value = 0.015, indicating the superior efficacy of breast milk+HMF in promoting weight gain.

Conclusion: Adding human milk fortifier to breast milk effectively increases weight in premature infants due to its high calorie content. It is particularly beneficial for infants requiring fluid restrictions.

Keywords: fenton chart, human milk fortifier, premature baby's weight, quasi-experiment non-equivalent control group design

The level of knowledge about polycystic ovary syndrome and lifestyle among female college students

Cornelia Bunga Wiradhika, Yosi Maria Wijaya, Henri Suntoro — Mon, 24 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: PCOS is a global reproductive health problem that often occurs in women of reproductive age. Factors that can influence the occurrence of PCOS include a lack of knowledge about PCOS disease and an unhealthy lifestyle. Knowledge can be defined as something that is known, understood, and applied about PCOS, while lifestyle includes food consumption behaviour, physical activity, sleep rest and stress management. Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge about PCOS and the lifestyle of female students.

Methods: The research used a quantitative method with a correlation design through a cross-sectional approach on 196 female college students. Data were collected using two questionnaires, namely the PCOS Knowledge Level questionnaire and the Lifestyle Measurement questionnaire. Data analysis used Chi-square statistical test.

Results: The results showed that 172 respondents (87.8%) had good knowledge about PCOS, and 99 respondents (50.5%) had an unhealthy lifestyle. The bivariate analysis's findings indicated a relationship (P-value=0.019) between female students' lifestyle and their degree of PCOS knowledge.

Conclusion: The current study offers insightful information about female students' understanding of PCOS and a healthy lifestyle, serving as a resource for further research and directing the creation of successful health promotion campaigns. There needs to be an extensive sharing of knowledge about PCOS risks and preventive actions to lessen its impact on women's health.

Keywords: female; knowledge; lifestyle; pcos; polycystic ovary syndrome

Factors related to pap smear test among female health workers based on the health belief model

Mon, 24 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: A Pap smear test is crucial for cervical cancer. However, in Indonesia, the awareness of women to perform cervical screening is still low, including among female health workers. This study aimed to analyze the factors correlating with the Pap smear test among female health workers by using the Health Belief Model.

Methods: This study used a descriptive-analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. The population was 184 female health workers and the samples were 125 female health workers from the selected Public Health Centre (PHC) recruited using simple random sampling. The dependent variable was the Pap smear test while the independent variables were perceived susceptibility, perceived seriousness, perceived benefit, perceived barrier, cues to action, and self-efficacy. Data were collected by using a structured questionnaire and analyzed by using a chi-square test with a level significance of α≤ 0.05.

Results: The results showed that the P-value for perceived susceptibility was 0.766, P-value=0.190 for perceived seriousness, P value=0.027 for perceived benefits, P-value=0.007 for perceived barriers, P-value=0.033 for cues to action, and P-value=0.033 for self efficacy.

Conclusion: Perceived susceptibility and perceived seriousness are not associated with Pap smear tests among female health workers in this study, whereas perceived benefit, perceived barrier, cues to action, and self-efficacy are associated with Pap smear tests among female health workers. It is expected to conduct research related to factors that influence perceived susceptibility and perceived seriousness in health workers to a Pap smear test.

Keywords: cervical cancer; female health workers; health belief model; pap smear; women’s health

Survival analysis of COVID-19 outcomes in pregnant and non-pregnant women: A secondary data study

Mon, 24 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Pregnant women are a population vulnerable to health problems. The morbidity and mortality of pregnant women with COVID-19 are higher compared with the rest of the population. This study aims to determine the survival rate of pregnant versus non-pregnant women with COVID-19.

Methods: The study used a retrospective observational cohort design. Data were collected from Dr Soeradji Tirtonegoro and Penembahan Senopati hospitals on patients treated between March 2020 and June 2022. A total of 923 women diagnosed with COVID-19 were included in the study. Sociodemographic and clinical data on patient characteristics were extracted from medical records. Data analysis was conducted using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses to estimate survival probability and investigate predictors of death, with a 5% significance level.

Results: Among 932 women with COVID-19, 231 deaths occurred. The median survival time for all participants was 30.56 days, while for pregnant women, it was 11.21 days, and for pregnant women with comorbidities, it was 9.68 days. Years of treatment, age, comorbidities, number of comorbidities and pregnancy were associated with survival rate (P-value < 0.001). Consistent results were also obtained for pregnant women’s age and number of comorbidities (P-value < 0.05). Significant differences between pregnant and non-pregnant patients remained after adjustment for year, sex, age and hospital type (P-value < 0.001).

Conclusion: Pregnant women with COVID-19 have a higher risk of death compared with non-pregnant women.

Keywords: comorbidity; COVID-19, female; pregnant women; survival analysis

The perception of midwives on the implementation of South Africa's maternal care guidelines in postnatal health in KwaZulu-Natal Province: A qualitative study

Ngozichika Obiageli Okeke, Roinah Ngunyulu — Mon, 24 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Midwives are essential to the advancement of maternal and postnatal health in any society. Despite this importance, postnatal care for mothers should follow basic guidelines that midwives must adhere to. As key members of the medical team, midwives are crucial collaborators in implementing postnatal care guidelines, which may help lower preventable deaths and improve quality of life. Objectives: This study investigated midwives' perspectives on implementing maternal care standards following childbirth at a district hospital in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Methods: A descriptive qualitative design was used with 25 licensed midwives: 17 attending midwives and 8 midwifery managers who were purposively selected from the public sector. Data were gathered through interviews and field recordings. The study lasted 16 weeks, and interviews ranged from 20 to 45 minutes. Data were transcribed and analyzed thematically using Braun and Clarke's approach.

Results: The study found that despite the indispensable role of midwives, maternal care standards did not adequately meet postnatal health outcomes. This was attributed to workforce and resource shortages, inadequate training and support, ineffective communication, supervision, and monitoring, as well as poor system coordination and capacity building. Policy guideline revision is necessary to address these challenges and discrepancies in the formulation and implementation of guidelines within the healthcare sector with the largest burden on postnatal health.

Conclusion: Midwives require training to increase their awareness and competence in implementing maternal care guidelines. Both legislators and healthcare providers should give careful consideration to implementing South African maternal care standards in postnatal health.

Keywords: midwives' perception; postnatal health; south africa maternal care guidelines

Developing nursing care protocols for hypertensive pregnancies using the delphi method and a cultural belief framework

Kusila Devia Rahayu, Liwayway T Vallesteros — Mon, 24 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: The failure of hypertension therapy during pregnancy and the absence of standardized nursing interventions that incorporate cultural beliefs highlight the need for expert consensus. Objective: This study aims to develop a nursing care framework for hypertensive pregnancy based on a cultural belief approach using the Delphi Method.

Methods: The Delphi Method was employed to gather expert opinions on hypertensive pregnancy care. Ten senior maternity nurse managers from Maternity and Children's Hospitals in Bandung, Indonesia, participated in two rounds of interviews. Data were analyzed for validity and reliability.

Results: A nursing intervention instrument was developed based on the NANDA-NOC-NIC Standard. The first round identified seven nursing diagnoses: (1) Readiness for enhanced self-management, (2) Imbalanced nutrition influenced by cultural beliefs, (3) Fatigue, (4) Readiness for enhanced hope, (5) Ineffective role performance due to inadequate resources and psychosocial support, (6) Ineffective coping resulting from poor adaptation and limited social support, and (7) Impaired comfort due to restricted environmental control and adaptation challenges. The second round refined the instrument, leading to the development of a nursing intervention checklist.

Conclusion: Standardizing hypertension care in pregnancy through a cultural belief approach may improve adaptation and coping. Nurses should integrate cultural beliefs into discharge planning, empowering pregnant women to independently implement nursing interventions as part of their daily care.

Keywords: cultural belief; hypertensive pregnancy care; nursing intervention

The effectiveness of peer information toward a change in knowledge and attitude toward child marriage: A literature review

Sri Wahyuningsih, Musviro Musviro, Nurul Hayati — Mon, 24 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Child marriage is a serious global problem because it can have negative consequences for children, families, and communities. Peer information has been considered as one strategy to reduce child marriage. Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of peer information in changing knowledge and attitudes towards child marriage.

Methods: The study is carried out by systematically searching academic databases and a bibliography of relevant articles. There are 5 articles discussed from several countries and peer information is presented through group meetings or discussion forums.

Results: Studies in several countries show that information passed on through peers can increase understanding and positive attitudes towards child marriage. Through education, interaction with peers is effective in informing adolescents about the risks of child marriage and encouraging healthy attitudes and behaviors related to reproductive health.

Conclusion: Providing education through peers can be done for adolescents related to the risk of child marriage, so they will be able to determine the steps that must be taken so that the rate of child marriage decreases.

Keywords: attitude; change in knowledge; child marriage; peer information

Stigmatization, life satisfaction, and its associated factors of childfree women: A scoping review

Suhariyati Suhariyati, Shinta Alifiana Rahmawati, Masunatul Ubudiyah — Mon, 24 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Having children during marriage is a way to preserve the family lineage. To be childfree leads to negative stigma from society and even one's own family. However, not all couples want to have children, some of them choose to be childfree. Objective: This study aimed to review literature about the perspective of women who choose to be childfree.

Methods: The literature search about being childfree used electronic databases, namely Scopus and PubMed, with the keywords “childfree," "quality of life" and “life satisfaction.” The studies included discuss the factors, impacts and satisfaction of a childfree life. This search was restricted to articles published in 2018-2023 and were analyzed by qualitative synthesis.

Results: There were 309 articles from both electronic databases, which were then sorted according to the PRISMA diagram, so that there were 14 articles that met the criteria. The articles were grouped into 12 qualitative articles and two quantitative articles. There are five main factors that cause women to be childfree, including individual, health, economic, family and environmental factors. Most women reported experiencing societal stigmatization, social pressure and pressure from the family. Even though they experience the negative impacts of childfree, they still feel satisfaction with life.

Conclusion: The perspectives of childfree women are diverse, ranging from the reasons for choosing to be childless, the social and emotional impacts and the level of life satisfaction.

Keywords: childfree; factors; impact; life satiscation; women

Postpartum care for hypertension prevention in women with a history of preeclampsia: A systematic review

Tiyas Kusumaningrum, Nursalam, Mira Triharini, Domingos Soares — Mon, 24 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Preeclampsia is a risk factor for maternal hypertension, including postpartum hypertension. However, postpartum hypertension is often missed, due to the suboptimal quality of postpartum care and the lack of follow-up in women with a history of preeclampsia. Objective: This systematic review aims to synthesize and evaluate existing interventions for preventing postpartum hypertension in women with a history of preeclampsia, using a narrative synthesis approach to assess their effectiveness and methodological quality.

Methods: This systematic review used articles from Scopus, CINAHL, and PubMed. The search focus was postpartum care for hypertension prevention, particularly in women with a history of preeclampsia. Articles published between 2019 and 2024 were selected based on predefined eligibility criteria. We selected fully accessible articles that focused on postpartum care. The keywords used in the article search were “history of preeclampsia” OR “hypertensive disorder during pregnancy“ AND “postpartum” AND “hypertension.” The selected articles came from various countries in five continents (Asia, Africa, Europe, America, Australia, and Europe). The selection process adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines.

Results: There were 28 articles reviewed. Postpartum care involving education and regular follow-up increased knowledge and ability to control hypertension risk in women with a history of preeclampsia. There were six articles involving participants performing blood measurements independently and reporting them through an online application or in a text based format.

Conclusion: This review confirms that women with a history of preeclampsia, especially severe preeclampsia, are at higher risk of postpartum hypertension. Tailored postpartum care is needed to mitigate the risk of postpartum hypertension and reduce rehospitalization. Continuous follow-up by health workers, either through face-to-face or telehealth monitoring, is important to ensure that mothers receive information and support in managing hypertension risk.

Keywords: hypertension; postpartum care; preeclampsia; prevention; telehealth

Back Matter

Novalia Puspitasary — Mon, 24 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Addressing stunting reduction: The role of midwives and nurses

Pratuma Rithpho, Sirikanok Klankajhon, Pantipa Buakhai — Mon, 24 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Stunting remains a significant public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where it affects millions of children due to chronic malnutrition. This editorial highlights the critical role of midwives and nurses in addressing stunting through maternal education, nutritional support, and healthcare interventions. Midwives play a key role in antenatal care, maternal nutrition counseling, and breastfeeding promotion, while nurses contribute through growth monitoring, nutritional counseling, immunization, and community outreach. Strengthening healthcare professionals' capacity, improving infrastructure, and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration are essential to reducing stunting. Empowerment, family involvement, and social movements can further enhance public health outcomes.
Keywords: child nutrition; maternal health; midwives; nurses; public health interventions; stunting

Front Matter

Novalia Puspitasary — Mon, 24 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0700