Anxiety and its Associated Factors among Frontline Nurses during COVID 19 Pandemic in Selected Hospitals of Kathmandu, Nepal
Downloads
Introduction: Frontline warier especially, nursing workforce were at potential risk of anxiety during COVID-19 Pandemic that could affect their well-being and work performance. Thus, this study aimed to assess the level of anxiety and its associated factors among frontline nurses working in selected hospital of Kathmandu, Nepal.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted during period of January 2022 to February 2022 in Shree Birendra Hospital and Nepal Police Hospital of Kathmandu, Nepal. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to select 101 nurses involving in the direct management of COVID-19 patients. Self-administered method using pretested tool was used to collect the data. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used to describe selected variables. Fisher exact test was used to find out the association between anxiety and selected variables.
Results: More than half of the nurses (66.3%) had mild to moderate level of anxiety whereas, only 8.9% of nurses had severe anxiety. Age (p=0.005), high risk group in family (0.048), fear of being infected with COVID 19 (p=0.021), and working department (p=<0.001) were found to be statistically significant with anxiety among frontline nurses.
Conclusion: Frontline nurses are facing high burden of anxiety during COVID 19 Pandemic. It suggests the need of planning of appropriate coping strategies and interventions to safeguard nurses from the physiological distress and consequences of anxiety, ultimately enabling them to provide quality health services.
Alsharif, F. (2021). Nurses' knowledge and anxiety levels toward covid-19 in Saudi Arabia. Nursing Reports, 11(2), 356–363. doi: 10.3390/nursrep11020034
Barello, S., Palamenghi, L., & Graffigna, G. (2020). Burnout and somatic symptoms among frontline healthcare professionals at the peak of the Italian COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 290. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113129
Chowdhury, S. R., Sunna, T. C., Das, D. C., Kabir, H., Hossain, A., Mahmud, S., & Ahmed, S. (2021). Mental health symptoms among the nurses of Bangladesh during the COVID-19 pandemic. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 28(1). doi: 10.1186/s43045-021-00103-x
Cornelio, S., Suseel, S., & Thomas, V. (2021). Covid-19 Related Depression, Anxiety and Stress among Nurses Working as Front Line Workers in a Selected Hospital in Mumbai City. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 11(5), 163–168. doi: 10.52403/ijhsr.20210526
Dhakal, S., & Karki, S. (2020). Early Epidemiological Features of COVID-19 in Nepal and Public Health Response. Frontiers in Medicine, 7. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00524
Dharra, S., & Kumar, R. (2021). Promoting Mental Health of Nurses During the Coronavirus Pandemic: Will the Rapid Deployment of Nurses' Training Programs During COVID-19 Improve Self-Efficacy and Reduce Anxiety? Cureus, 13(5). doi: 10.7759/cureus.15213
Fernandez, R., Lord, H., Halcomb, E., Moxham, L., Middleton, R., Alananzeh, I., & Ellwood, L. (2020, November 1). Implications for COVID-19: A systematic review of nurses' experiences of working in acute care hospital settings during a respiratory pandemic. International Journal of Nursing Studies, Vol. 111. Elsevier Ltd. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103637
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., ... Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497–506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
Jin, Y., Yang, H., Ji, W., Wu, W., Chen, S., Zhang, W., & Duan, G. (2020). Virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of covid-19. Viruses, Vol. 12. MDPI AG. doi: 10.3390/v12040372
Kang, H. S., Son, Y. D., Chae, S. M., & Corte, C. (2018). Working experiences of nurses during the Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 24(5). doi: 10.1111/ijn.12664
Khan, T. M., Tahir, H., Salman, M., Ul Mustafa, Z., Raza, M. H., Asif, N., ... Biag, M. R. (2021). General Anxiety Predictors among Frontline Warriors of COVID: Cross-Sectional Study among Nursing Staff in Punjab, Pakistan. Archives Of Pharmacy Practice, 12(2), 40–44. doi: 10.51847/a0j3y5qmhp
Labrague, L. J., & De los Santos, J. A. A. (2020). COVID-19 anxiety among front-line nurses: Predictive role of organisational support, personal resilience and social support. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(7), 1653–1661. doi: 10.1111/jonm.13121
Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Hu, J., Wei, N., ... Hu, S. (2020). Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Network Open, 3(3). doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
Liu, Q., Luo, D., Haase, J. E., Guo, Q., Wang, X. Q., Liu, S., ... Yang, B. X. (2020). The experiences of health-care providers during the COVID-19 crisis in China: a qualitative study. The Lancet Global Health, 8(6), e790–e798. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30204-7
Luo, M., Guo, L., Yu, M., & Wang, H. (2020, September 1). The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general public – A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, Vol. 291. Elsevier Ireland Ltd. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113190
Maben, J., & Bridges, J. (2020, August 1). Covid-19: Supporting nurses' psychological and mental health. Journal of Clinical Nursing, Vol. 29, pp. 2742–2750. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi: 10.1111/jocn.15307
Mattila, E., Peltokoski, J., Neva, M. H., Kaunonen, M., Helminen, M., & Parkkila, A. K. (2021). COVID-19: anxiety among hospital staff and associated factors. Annals of Medicine, 53(1), 237–246. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2020.1862905
McGinty, E. E., Presskreischer, R., Han, H., & Barry, C. L. (2020, July 7). Psychological Distress and Loneliness Reported by US Adults in 2018 and April 2020. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 324, pp. 93–94. American Medical Association. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.9740
Ministry of Health and Population, N. (2021, August 5). COVID Cases Update. Retrieved August 26, 2023, from Ministry of Health and Population, Nepal website: https://covid19.mohp.gov.np/
Mo, Y., Deng, L., Zhang, L., Lang, Q., Liao, C., Wang, N., ... Huang, H. (2020). Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in fighting against COVID-19 epidemic. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(5), 1002–1009. doi: 10.1111/jonm.13014
Neupane, M. S., Angadi, S., Joshi, A., & Neupane, H. (2020). Stress and Anxiety among Nurses working in tertiary hospitals in Nepal during COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Chitwan Medical College, 10(33), 8–11. doi: 10.54530/jcmc.232
Nguyen, L. H., Drew, D. A., Graham, M. S., Joshi, A. D., Guo, C. G., Ma, W., ... Zhang, F. (2020). Risk of COVID-19 among front-line health-care workers and the general community: a prospective cohort study. The Lancet Public Health, 5(9), e475–e483. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30164-X
Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V. G., Papoutsi, E., & Katsaounou, P. (2020, August 1). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, Vol. 88, pp. 901–907. Academic Press Inc. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026
Pokharel, R., Shah, T., Lama, S., Karki, A., & Shrestha, E. (2022). Psychosocial Responses and Preparedness During Initial Phase of COVID-19 Pandemic Among Nurses Working Different Hospitals of Eastern Nepal: A Pre-Experimental Mixed Method Approach. Journal of Mental Health, 31, 551–559. doi: 10.1080/09638237.2021.2022634
Sabetian, G., Moghadami, M., Hashemizadeh Fard Haghighi, L., Shahriarirad, R., Fallahi, M. J., Asmarian, N., & Moeini, Y. S. (2021). COVID-19 infection among healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study in southwest Iran. Virology Journal, 18(1). doi: 10.1186/s12985-021-01532-0
Salman, M., Ul Mustafa, Z., Asif, N., Zaidi, H. A., Shehzadi, N., Khan, T. M., ... Hussain, K. (2020). Knowledge, attitude and preventive practices related to COVID-19 among health professionals of Punjab province of Pakistan. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 14(7), 707–712. doi: 10.3855/jidc.12878
Shechter, A., Diaz, F., Moise, N., Anstey, D. E., Ye, S., Agarwal, S., ... Abdalla, M. (2020). Psychological distress, coping behaviors, and preferences for support among New York healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. General Hospital Psychiatry, 66, 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.007
Silwal, M., Koirala, D., Koirala, S., & Lamichhane, A. (2020). "Depression, Anxiety and Stress among Nurses during Corona Lockdown in a Selected Teaching Hospital, Kaski, Nepal". Journal of Health and Allied Sciences, 10(2), 82–87. doi: 10.37107/jhas.210
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
Usher, K., Gardner, A., Buttner, P., Woolley, T., Sando, J., White, K., & West, C. (2009, December). The H1N1 influenza 09 and its potential impact on the Australian nursing workforce. Collegian, Vol. 16, pp. 169–170. doi: 10.1016/j.colegn.2009.10.001
Varghese, A., George, G., Kondaguli, S. V., Naser, A. Y., Khakha, D. C., & Chatterji, R. (2021). Decline in the mental health of nurses across the globe during COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Global Health, 11, 1–15. doi: 10.7189/jogh.11.05009
World Health Organization. (2021, August 4). WHO Corononavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Retrieved August 26, 2023, from World Health Organization website: https://covid19.who.int/
Zheng, R., Zhou, Y., Fu, Y., Xiang, Q., Cheng, F., Chen, H., ... Li, J. (2021). Prevalence and associated factors of depression and anxiety among nurses during the outbreak of COVID-19 in China: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 114. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103809
Copyright (c) 2023 Prakash Ghimire, Alisha Khadka
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
1. The journal allows the author to hold the copyright of the article without restrictions.
2. The journal allows the author(s) to retain publishing rights without restrictions
3. The legal formal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY).