THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF SURVIVORS OF THE EARTHQUAKE, TSUNAMI, AND LIQUEFACTION: A QUALITATIVE STUDY
Downloads
Introduction: Natural disasters in the form of earthquakes, tsunamis, and liquefactions in Central Sulawesi in 2018 had several impacts on disaster survivors' psychology. These psychological problems have developed as an effect from serious injuries or loss of family members of the survivors. Psychological disorders, such as anxiety, depression, to Post traumatic stress disorder, can affect long-term quality of life. This study aims to explore the psychological impacts experienced by survivors of the earthquake, tsunami, and liquefaction in Central Sulawesi.
Method: A qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. In-depth interviews were conducted using semi-structured guideline, observation and voice recording of 18 survivors of the earthquake, tsunami, and liquefaction disasters. The determination of the sample is using a purposive sampling technique based on inclusion criteria. The results of the interviews were transcribed, member checking, and analyzed using the Van Mannen method.
Results: This study produced four themes and fifteen sub-themes. The research themes consist of the grieving phase, post-traumatic stress disorder, social support and health services support.
Conclusions: Further screening of disaster survivors who experienced psychological disorders is needed, not only as a preventive measure but also as a psychological support to improve their quality of life.
Abu-El-Noor, M. K., Abu-El-Noor, N. I., Alswerki, M., Naim, F. N., Elessi, K. A., Al-Asmar, Y. Z., & Afifi, T. (2022). Post-traumatic stress disorder among victims of great march of return in the Gaza Strip, Palestine: A need for policy intervention. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 36(November 2021), 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2021.10.009
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). APA PTSD Fact Sheet. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Edition), 5–6. http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/PTSD Fact Sheet.pdf
Barone, D. A. (2020). Dream enactment behavior”a real nightmare: a review of post-traumatic stress disorder, REM sleep behavior disorder, and trauma-associated sleep disorder. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 16(11), 1943–1948. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.8758
Bromet, E. J., Atwoli, L., Kawakami, N., Navarro-Mateu, F., Piotrowski, P., King, A. J., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Bunting, B., Demyttenaere, K., Florescu, S., De Girolamo, G., Gluzman, S., Haro, J. M., De Jonge, P., Karam, E. G., Lee, S., Kovess-Masfety, V., Medina-Mora, M. E., ... Kessler, R. C. (2017). Post-traumatic stress disorder associated with natural and human-made disasters in the World Mental Health Surveys. Psychological Medicine, 47(2), 227–241. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716002026
Cohen, G. H., Tamrakar, S., Lowe, S., Sampson, L., Ettman, C., Kilpatrick, D., Linas, B. P., Ruggiero, K., & Galea, S. (2019). Improved social services and the burden of post-traumatic stress disorder among economically vulnerable people after a natural disaster: a modelling study. The Lancet Planetary Health, 3(2), e93–e101. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30012-9
Dai, W., Chen, L., Lai, Z., Li, Y., Wang, J., & Liu, A. (2016). The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors after earthquakes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S12888-016-0891-9
Dell'Osso, L., Cremone, I. M., Carpita, B., Dell'Oste, V., Muti, D., Massimetti, G., Barlati, S., Vita, A., Fagiolini, A., Carmassi, C., & Gesi, C. (2019). Rumination, posttraumatic stress disorder, and mood symptoms in borderline personality disorder. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 15, 1231–1238. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S198616
El Hajj, M. (2021). Prevalence and associated factors of post-traumatic stress disorder in Lebanon: A literature review. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 63(June), 102800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102800
Fong, K. N. K., Law, Y. M., Luo, L., Zhao, Z. E., Chen, H., Ganesan, B., Lai, A. W. Y., Lee, B. H. C., Leung, A. N. T., Liu, K. Y. S., Wong, C. S. M., Li, C. W. P., Wong, M. S., & Shum, D. H. K. (2022). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after an earthquake experience: A cross-sectional survey of Wenchuan earthquake victims with physical disabilities 10 years later. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 80, 103225. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJDRR.2022.103225
Geng, F., Yang, W., Nadimi, S., Han, B., & Huang, G. (2023). Study for predicting the earthquake-induced liquefaction around the monopile foundation of offshore wind turbines. Ocean Engineering, 268(November 2022), 113421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.113421
Guo, J. C., Tian, Z. L., Wang, X. D., Guo, M., Li, M. Y. W., Gao, Y. S., Jiang, X. L., Fu, L. M., Huang, T., Li, X., Yu, S. F., & You, L. (2016). Post-traumatic stress disorder after typhoon disaster and its correlation with platelet 5-HT concentrations. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 9(9), 913–915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.07.011
Hashemi Dezaki, Z., Eyni, S., & Ebadi Kasbakhi, M. (2021). Life satisfaction of veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: The predictive role of cognitive flexibility and alexithymia. Annales Medico-Psychologiques, 179(10), 901–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amp.2021.02.007
Hu, X., Cao, X., Wang, H., Chen, Q., Liu, M., & Yamamoto, A. (2016). Probable Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Its Predictors in Disaster-Bereaved Survivors: A Longitudinal Study After the Sichuan Earthquake. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 30(2), 192–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2015.08.011
Koffel, E., Khawaja, I. S., & Germain, A. (2016). Sleep disturbances in posttraumatic stress disorder: Updated review and implications for treatment. Psychiatric Annals, 46(3), 173–176. https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20160125-01
Lee, S. H., Noh, J. W., Kim, K. B., Kim, E. J., Oh, J., & Chae, J. H. (2021). Factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder among bereaved family members and surviving students two and half years after the Sewol ferry accident in South Korea. Psychiatry Research, 296(January), 113666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113666
Ma, I. C., Chang, W. H., Wu, C. L., & Lin, C. H. (2020). Risks of post-traumatic stress disorder among emergency medical technicians who responded to the 2016 Taiwan earthquake. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 119(9), 1360–1371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2019.11.021
Puechlong, C., Weiss, K., Le Vigouroux, S., & Charbonnier, E. (2020). Role of personality traits and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder among flood victims. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 50(May), 101688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101688
Rasido, I., & Patodo, M. (2020). Post disaster: Earthquake, tsunami, liquefaction mental health prevalence of Tadulako University students. Enfermeria Clinica, 30, 214–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.10.071
Sepahvand, H., Hashtjini, M. M., Salesi, M., Sahraei, H., & Jahromi, G. P. (2019). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Iranian population following disasters and wars: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 13(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs.66124
Sipon, S., Sakdan, M. F., Mustaffa, C. S., Marzuki, N. A., Khalid, M. S., Ariffin, M. T., & Nazli, N. N. N. N. (2015). Spirituality and Social Support in Flood Victims. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 185, 361–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.409
Suriastini, N. W., Sikoki, B., Sumantri, C., & Umaroh, R. (2022). Longitudinal outcomes of post-traumatic stress disorder among the Indian Ocean tsunami survivors in Indonesia. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 82, 103358. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJDRR.2022.103358
Swann, C., Crust, L., & Allen-Collinson, J. (2016). Surviving the 2015 Mount Everest disaster: A phenomenological exploration into lived experience and the role of mental toughness. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 27, 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.08.012
Wakhid, A., & Hamid, A. Y. S. (2020). Family resilience minimizes post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. Enfermeria Clinica, 30, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.01.002
Xian-Yu, C. Y., Deng, N. J., Zhang, J., Li, H. Y., Gao, T. Y., Zhang, C., & Gong, Q. Q. (2022). Cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder: meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 308(March), 502–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.111
Copyright (c) 2024 Nur Arifah, Ismunandar Ismunandar, Gustini, Sukmawati, Dian Kurniasari Yuwono, Nitro Galenso, Helena Pangaribuan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
1. The journal allows the author to hold the copyright of the article without restrictions.
2. The journal allows the author(s) to retain publishing rights without restrictions
3. The legal formal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY).
