SLEEPING PATTERNS AND ONLINE GAMING HABITS: UNRAVELLING THEIR INFLUENCE ON ANGER TOLERANCE AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Anger tolerance among university students
Downloads
Introduction: The relationship between student’s anger tolerance and daily gaming habits has a significant impact on their emotional and academic well-being; excessive gaming may increase anger issues and lead to negative psychological outcomes, which are further affected by individual sleeping patterns. This study aims to add to deeper strategies for emotional regulation and mental well-being by investigating the effects of sleep duration and online gaming on students’ ability to cope with anger.
Method: The cross-sectional research design included 149 students selected from various departments at Rajshahi University based on their gender and place of residence. This research uses the Anger Tolerance Scale (ATS) as the study material. The sample was collected using the convenience sampling method, as well as information compiled using a questionnaire technique. For this research, correlation analysis was performed, and SPSS Statistics was used to analyses the data. The study's Cronbach's alpha was 0.82, which indicates acceptable internal consistency.
Results: The findings revealed a positive correlation between the average number of hours students sleep every day and their capacity for anger tolerance. On the other hand, findings revealed that students' daily gaming habits have a significant negative impact on their anger tolerance. Furthermore, there is a negative correlation between the quantity of sleep students get and the amount of time they spend on online games.
Conclusions: The study concluded that students' anger tolerance has a complex connection to both their sleep patterns and gaming habits, suggesting that lack of sleep and excessive gaming significantly decrease their ability to manage anger effectively. The findings emphasize the importance of assessments that address sleep patterns and online gaming habits to help students control their emotions, providing important information for mental health experts and educational institutions.
American Medical Association. Featured report: emotional and behavioral effects of video games and internet overuse. Council on Science and Public Health (CSAPH) report 12 at the 2007 AMA annual meeting; 2007.
Anderson, C. A., and Bushman, B. J. (2018). Media violence and the general aggression model. Journal of Social Issues, 74(2), 386-413. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12275
Anderson, C. A., Carnagey, N. L., Flanagan, M., Benjamin, A. J., Eubanks, J., and Valentine, J. C. (2004). Violent video games: Specific effects of violent content on aggressive thoughts and behavior. Advances in experimental social psychology, 36, 200-251.
Anderson, C. A., Sakamoto, A., Gentile, D. A., Ihori, N., Shibuya, A., Yukawa, S., ... and Kobayashi, K. (2008). Longitudinal effects of violent video games on aggression in Japan and the United States. Pediatrics, 122(5), e1067-e1072. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-1425
Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., ... and Saleem, M. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: a meta-analytic review. Psychological bulletin, 136(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018251
Anestis, M. D., Anestis, J. C., Selby, E. A., and Joiner, T. E. (2009). Anger rumination across forms of aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(2), 192-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.09.026
Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., Allen, H. K., Bugbee, B. A., Vincent, K. B., and O'Grady, K. E. (2017). Prevalence and incidence of drug use among college students: An 8-year longitudinal analysis. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 43(6), 711-718. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2017.1310219
Baglioni, C., Spiegelhalder, K., Nissen, C., and Riemann, D. (2011). Clinical implications of the causal relationship between insomnia and depression: how individually tailored treatment of sleeping difficulties could prevent the onset of depression. Epma Journal, 2, 287-293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13167-011-0079-9
Berkowitz, L. (1990). On the formation and regulation of anger and aggression: A cognitive-neoassociationistic analysis. American Psychologist, 45(4), 494 –503. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.45.4.494
Besharat, M. A., and Shahidi, S. (2010). Perfectionism, anger, and anger rumination. International Journal of Psychology, 45(6), 427-434. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2010.501336
Blake, C. S., and Hamrin, V. (2007). Current approaches to the assessment and management of anger and aggression in youth: A review. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 20(4), 209-221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2007.00102.x
Blinka, L., Å kaÅ™upová, K., Å evÄíková, A., Wölfling, K., Müller, K. W., and Dreier, M. (2015). Excessive internet use in European adolescents: What determines differences in severity? International journal of public health, 60, 249-256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-014-0635-x
Busching, R., and Krahé, B. (2013). Charging neutral cues with aggressive meaning through violent video game play. Societies, 3(4), 445-456. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc3040445
Bushman, B. J., and Anderson, C. A. (2001). Media violence and the American public: Scientific facts versus media misinformation. American Psychologist, 56(6-7), 477. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.6-7.477
Bushman, B. J., and Anderson, C. A. (2002). Violent video games and hostile expectations: A test of the general aggression model. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 28(12), 1679-1686. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616702237649
Bushman, B. J., Coyne, S. M., Anderson, C. A., Björkqvist, K., Boxer, P., Dodge, K. A., ... and Ybarra, M. L. (2018). Risk factors for youth violence: Youth violence commission, International Society for Research on Aggression (ISRA). Aggressive behavior, 44(4), 331. 10.1002/ab.21766
Byrd, D. R., and McKinney, K. J. (2012). Individual, interpersonal, and institutional level factors associated with the mental health of college students. Journal of American College Health, 60(3), 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2011.584334
Cain, N., and Gradisar, M. (2010). Electronic media use and sleep in school-aged children and adolescents: A review. Sleep medicine, 11(8), 735-742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2010.02.006
Cleary, M., Walter, G., and Jackson, D. (2011). "Not always smooth sailing”: mental health issues associated with the transition from high school to college. Issues in mental health nursing, 32(4), 250-254. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2010.548906
Cleary, M., West, S., and Visentin, D. (2020). The mental health impacts of smartphone and social media use. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 41(8), 755-757. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2020.1748484
Crowley, S. J., Acebo, C., and Carskadon, M. A. (2007). Sleep, circadian rhythms, and delayed phase in adolescence. Sleep medicine, 8(6), 602-612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2006.12.002
Dang-Vu, T. T., Salimi, A., Boucetta, S., Wenzel, K., O'Byrne, J., Brandewinder, M., ... and Gouin, J. P. (2015). Sleep spindles predict stress-related increases in sleep disturbances. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 9, 68. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00068
de Paula, H. M. G., and Hoshino, K. (2002). Correlation between the fighting rates of REM sleep-deprived rats and susceptibility to the ‘wild running ‘of audiogenic seizures. Brain research, 926(1-2), 80-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(01)03306-6
den Hamer, A. H., and Konijn, E. A. (2015). Adolescents' media exposure may increase their cyberbullying behavior: a longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(2), 203-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.09.016
Denson, T. F., Moulds, M. L., and Grisham, J. R. (2012). The effects of analytical rumination, reappraisal, and distraction on anger experience. Behavior therapy, 43(2), 355-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.08.001
Dewald, J. F., Meijer, A. M., Oort, F. J., Kerkhof, G. A., and Bögels, S. M. (2010). The influence of sleep quality, sleep duration and sleepiness on school performance in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Sleep medicine reviews, 14(3), 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2009.10.004
Diestel, S., Rivkin, W., and Schmidt, K. H. (2015). Sleep quality and self-control capacity as protective resources in the daily emotional labor process: results from two diary studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(3), 809. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038373
DiGiuseppe, R., and Tafrate, R. C. (2003). Anger treatment for adults: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.10.1.70
Dimitriou, D., Le Cornu Knight, F., and Milton, P. (2015). The role of environmental factors on sleep patterns and school performance in adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1717. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01717
Dodge, K. A., and Pettit, G. S. (2003). A biopsychosocial model of the development of chronic conduct problems in adolescence. Developmental psychology, 39(2), 349. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.39.2.349
Dworak, M., Schierl, T., Bruns, T., and Strüder, H. K. (2007). Impact of singular excessive computer game and television exposure on sleep patterns and memory performance of school-aged children. Pediatrics, 120(5), 978-985. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-0476
Eckhardt, C. I., Kassinove, H., Tsytsarev, S. V., and Sukhodolsky, D. G. (1995). A Russian version of the state-trait anger expression inventory: Preliminary data. Journal of personality assessment, 64(3), 440-455. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6403_4
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., and Eggum, N. D. (2010). Emotion-related self-regulation and its relation to children's maladjustment. Annual review of clinical psychology, 6, 495-525. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131208
Eisenberg, N., Sulik, M. J., Spinrad, T. L., Edwards, A., Eggum, N. D., Liew, J., ... and Hart, D. (2012). Differential susceptibility and the early development of aggression: interactive effects of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and environmental quality. Developmental psychology, 48(3), 755. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026518
Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Peters, J. R., Pond, R. S., and DeWall, C. N. (2016). Both trait and state mindfulness predict lower aggressiveness via anger rumination: A multilevel mediation analysis. Mindfulness, 7, 713-726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0508-x
Elson, M., and Ferguson, C. J. (2014). Twenty-five years of research on violence in digital games and aggression. European Psychologist. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000147
Engin, E., G. Keskin, S. Dulgerler, and A. Bilge. 2010. "Anger and Alexithymic Characteristics of the Patients Diagnosed with Insomnia: A Control Group Study.” Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 17 (8): 692–699. https://10.1111/j.1365-2850.2010.01604.x.
Feng, W., Ramo, D. E., Chan, S. R., and Bourgeois, J. A. (2017). Internet gaming disorder: Trends in prevalence 1998–2016. Addictive behaviors, 75, 17-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.06.010
Ganim, Z., and Frydenberg, E. (2006). Attitudes to school, coping, wellbeing and stress: an examination of VCAL students. The Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 23(1), 7-26. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0816512200028844
Gregory, A. M., and Sadeh, A. (2012). Sleep, emotional and behavioral difficulties in children and adolescents. Sleep medicine reviews, 16(2), 129-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2011.03.007
Greitemeyer, T. (2014). Intense acts of violence during video game play make daily life aggression appear innocuous: A new mechanism why violent video games increase aggression. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 52-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.09.004
Greitemeyer, T., and Mügge, D. O. (2014). Video games do affect social outcomes: A meta-analytic review of the effects of violent and prosocial video game play. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 40(5), 578-589. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213520459
Groves, C. L., Plante, C., and Lishner, D. A. (2019). The interaction of contextual realism and fantasy tendency on aggressive behavior following violent video game play: An indirect test of violent content effects. Computers in Human Behavior, 98, 134-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.04.006
Gujar, N., Yoo, S. S., Hu, P., and Walker, M. P. (2011). Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(12), 4466-4474. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3220-10.2011
Haagsma, M. C., Pieterse, M. E., Peters, O., and King, D. L. (2013). How gaming may become a problem: A qualitative analysis of the role of gaming related experiences and cognitions in the development of problematic game behavior. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 11, 441-452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-013-9427-4
Harvey, A. G., Murray, G., Chandler, R. A., and Soehner, A. (2011). Sleep disturbance as transdiagnostic: consideration of neurobiological mechanisms. Clinical Psychology Review, 31 (2), 225 – 235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.003.
Haynes, P. L., Bootzin, R. R., Smith, L., Cousins, J., Cameron, M., and Stevens, S. (2006). Results From an Integrative Behavioral Sleep-Treatment Pilot Program. Sleep, 29(4), 512-520. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/29.4.512
Higuchi, S., Motohashi, Y., Liu, Y., and Maeda, A. (2005). Effects of playing a computer game using a bright display on presleep physiological variables, sleep latency, slow wave sleep and REM sleep. Journal of sleep research, 14(3), 267-273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2005.00463.x
Huesmann, L. R., Moise-Titus, J., Podolski, C. L., and Eron, L. D. (2003). Longitudinal relations between children's exposure to TV violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood: 1977-1992. Developmental psychology, 39(2), 201. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.39.2.201
Ivarsson, M., Anderson, M., í…kerstedt, T., and Lindblad, F. (2013). The effect of violent and nonviolent video games on heart rate variability, sleep, and emotions in adolescents with different violent gaming habits. Psychosomatic medicine, 75(4), 390-396. 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182906a4c
Joinson, A. N. (2005). Internet behaviour and the design of virtual methods. Virtual methods: Issues in social research on the internet, 21-34.
Kamphuis, J., Meerlo, P., Koolhaas, J. M., and Lancel, M. (2012). Poor sleep as a potential causal factor in aggression and violence. Sleep medicine, 13(4), 327-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2011.12.006
Kassinove, H., and Sukhodolsky, D. G. (1995). Anger disorders: Basic science and practice issues. Issues in comprehensive pediatric nursing, 18(3), 173-205. https://doi.org/10.3109/01460869509087270
Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., and Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: a critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological bulletin, 140(4), 1073. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035618
Krahé, B., and Möller, I. (2010). Longitudinal effects of media violence on aggression and empathy among German adolescents. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 31(5), 401-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2010.07.003
Krizan, Z., and Herlache, A. D. (2016). Sleep disruption and aggression: Implications for violence and its prevention. Psychology of Violence, 6(4), 542. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000018
Kuss, D. J., and Lopez-Fernandez, O. (2016). Internet addiction and problematic Internet use: A systematic review of clinical research. World journal of psychiatry, 6(1), 143. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.143
Lai, V. K., Fung, A. W., Lam, L. C., and Lee, A. T. (2022). Is sleep quality a potential predictor of neurocognitive disorders? A 6"year follow"up study in Chinese older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 37(8). https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5783
Lam, L. T., Cheng, Z., and Liu, X. (2013). Violent online games exposure and cyberbullying/victimization among adolescents. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(3), 159-165. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0087
Lee, D., and LaRose, R. (2007). A socio-cognitive model of video game usage. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 51(4), 632-650. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838150701626511
Lenhart, A., Kahne, J., Middaugh, E., Macgill, A. R., Evans, C., and Vitak, J. (2008). Teens, Video Games, and Civics: Teens' Gaming Experiences Are Diverse and Include Significant Social Interaction and Civic Engagement. Pew internet and American life project.
Li, Q., and Pustaka, A. (2017). When cyberbullies meet gamers: what do young adults think? Educational Research, 59(4), 426-443. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2017.1369857
Liu, C. H., Stevens, C., Wong, S. H., Yasui, M., and Chen, J. A. (2019). The prevalence and predictors of mental health diagnoses and suicide among US college students: Implications for addressing disparities in service use. Depression and anxiety, 36(1), 8-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22830
Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Görzig, A., and í“lafsson, K. (2011). Risks and safety on the internet: the perspective of European children: full findings and policy implications from the EU Kids Online survey of 9–16-year-olds and their parents in 25 countries. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33731/
Maquet, P. (2001). The role of sleep-in learning and memory. science, 294(5544), 1048-1052. DOI: 10.1126/science.1062856
Markey, P. M., and Markey, C. N. (2010). Vulnerability to violent video games: A review and integration of personality research. Review of General Psychology, 14(2), 82-91. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019000
Meerlo, P., Sgoifo, A., and Suchecki, D. (2008). Restricted and disrupted sleep: effects on autonomic function, neuroendocrine stress systems and stress responsivity. Sleep medicine reviews, 12(3), 197-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.007
Mezick, E. J., Matthews, K. A., Hall, M., Kamarck, T. W., Buysse, D. J., Owens, J. F., and Reis, S. E. (2009). Intra-individual variability in sleep duration and fragmentation: associations with stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(9), 1346-1354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.04.005
Modrcin"McCarthy, M. A., Pullen, L., Barnes, A. F., and Alpert, J. (1998). Childhood anger: So common, yet so misunderstood. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 11(2), 69-77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.1998.tb00433.x
Mohr, P., Howells, K., Gerace, A., Day, A., and Wharton, M. (2007). The role of perspective taking in anger arousal. Personality and individual differences, 43(3), 507-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.12.019
Moran, A. M., and Everhart, D. E. (2012). Adolescent sleep: review of characteristics, consequences, and intervention. Journal of Sleep Disorders: Treatment and Care, 1(2), 1-8.
Ng, B. D., and Wiemer-Hastings, P. (2005). Addiction to the internet and online gaming. Cyberpsychology and behavior, 8(2), 110-113. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2005.8.110
Novaco, R. W. (1975). Anger control: The development and evaluation of an experimental treatment. Lexington.
Novaco, R. W. (1986). Anger as a clinical and social problem. In Advances in the study of aggression (pp. 1-67). Academic Press.
Ong, A. D., Kim, S., Young, S., and Steptoe, A. (2017). Positive affect and sleep: A systematic review. Sleep medicine reviews, 35, 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2016.07.006
Ottova-Jordan, V., Smith, O. R., Augustine, L., Gobina, I., Rathmann, K., Torsheim, T., ... and Positive Health Focus Group. (2015). Trends in health complaints from 2002 to 2010 in 34 countries and their association with health behaviours and social context factors at individual and macro-level. The European Journal of Public Health, 25(suppl_2), 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckv033
Park, C. L., Edmondson, D., and Lee, J. (2012). Development of self-regulation abilities as predictors of psychological adjustment across the first year of college. Journal of Adult Development, 19, 40-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-011-9133-z
Pedersen, T., Friman, M., and Kristensson, P. (2011). The role of predicted, on-line experienced and remembered satisfaction in current choice to use public transport services. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 18(5), 471-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2011.06.013
Peled, M., and Moretti, M. M. (2010). Ruminating on rumination: Are rumination on anger and sadness differentially related to aggression and depressed mood? Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32(1), 108-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-009-9136-2
Pickett, S. M., Barbaro, N., and Mello, D. (2016). The relationship between subjective sleep disturbance, sleep quality, and emotion regulation difficulties in a sample of college students reporting trauma exposure. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000064
Prescott, A. T., Sargent, J. D., and Hull, J. G. (2018). Metaanalysis of the relationship between violent video game play and physical aggression over time. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(40), 9882-9888. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611617114
Punamäki, R. L., Wallenius, M., Nygård, C. H., Saarni, L., and Rimpelä, A. (2007). Use of information and communication technology (ICT) and perceived health in adolescence: the role of sleeping habits and waking-time tiredness. Journal of adolescence, 30(4), 569-585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.07.004
Quan, F., Yang, R., Zhu, W., Wang, Y., Gong, X., Chen, Y., ... and Xia, L. X. (2019). The relationship between hostile attribution bias and aggression and the mediating effect of anger rumination. Personality and Individual Differences, 139, 228-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.11.029
Randler, C., and Vollmer, C. (2013). Aggression in young adults”a matter of short sleep and social jetlag? Psychological reports, 113(3), 754-765. https://doi.org/10.2466/16.02.PR0.113x31z7
Ray, R. D., Wilhelm, F. H., and Gross, J. J. (2008). All in the mind's eye? Anger rumination and reappraisal. Journal of personality and social psychology, 94(1), 133. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.133
Rice, K. G., and Van Arsdale, A. C. (2010). Perfectionism, perceived stress, drinking to cope, and alcohol-related problems among college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(4), 439. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020221
Roth, T., and Roehrs, T. (2003). Insomnia: epidemiology, characteristics, and consequences. Clinical cornerstone, 5(3), 5-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1098-3597(03)90031-7
Schraml, K., Perski, A., Grossi, G., and Makower, I. (2012). Chronic stress and its consequences on subsequent academic achievement among adolescents. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 2(1), 69. doi:10.5539/jedp.v2n1p69.
Shao, K., Tang, Z., Zhu, Y., Li, N., and Zhao, D. (2019). A survey of deep reinforcement learning in video games. arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.10944.
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1912.10944
Shin, H. Y., Han, H. J., Shin, D. J., Park, H. M., Lee, Y. B., and Park, K. H. (2014). Sleep problems associated with behavioral and psychological symptoms as well as cognitive functions in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Clinical Neurology, 10(3), 203-209. https://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2014.10.3.203
Shochat, T., Cohen-Zion, M., and Tzischinsky, O. (2014). Functional consequences of inadequate sleep in adolescents: a systematic review. Sleep medicine reviews, 18(1), 75-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2013.03.005
Å kaÅ™upová, K., í“lafsson, K., and Blinka, L. (2016). The effect of smartphone use on trends in European adolescents' excessive Internet use. Behaviour and information technology, 35(1), 68-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2015.1114144
Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., and Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 49(4), 376-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x
Spielberger, C. D., Reheiser, E. C., and Sydeman, S. J. (1995). Measuring the experience, expression, and control of anger. Issues in comprehensive pediatric nursing, 18(3), 207-232. https://doi.org/10.3109/01460869509087271
Stevens, C., Liu, C. H., and Chen, J. A. (2018). Racial/ethnic disparities in US college students' experience: Discrimination as an impediment to academic performance. Journal of American college health, 66(7), 665-673. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1452745
Stoia-Caraballo, R., Rye, M. S., Pan, W., Brown Kirschman, K. J., Lutz-Zois, C., and Lyons, A. M. (2008). Negative affect and anger rumination as mediators between forgiveness and sleep quality. Journal of behavioral medicine, 31, 478-488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-008-9172-5
Sultana, S., Shahrier, M. A., and Rani, S. Development of a Scale of Anger Tolerance for Use in Bangladesh.
Tear, M. J., and Nielsen, M. (2013). Failure to demonstrate that playing violent video games diminishes prosocial behavior. PloS one, 8(7), e68382. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068382
Tian, Y., Yu, C., Lin, S., Lu, J., Liu, Y., and Zhang, W. (2019). Sensation seeking, deviant peer affiliation, and internet gaming addiction among Chinese adolescents: The moderating effect of parental knowledge. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2727. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02727
Van den Bulck, J. (2004). Television viewing, computer game playing, and Internet use and self-reported time to bed and time out of bed in secondary-school children. Sleep, 27(1), 101-104. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/27.1.101
Van den Eijnden, R. J., Meerkerk, G. J., Vermulst, A. A., Spijkerman, R., and Engels, R. C. (2008). Online communication, compulsive Internet use, and psychosocial well-being among adolescents: a longitudinal study. Developmental psychology, 44(3), 655. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.655
Van Ryzin, G. G. (2006). Testing the expectancy disconfirmation model of citizen satisfaction with local government. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 16(4), 599-611. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mui058
Walker, M. P. (2008). Cognitive consequences of sleep and sleep loss. Sleep medicine, 9, S29-S34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-9457(08)70014-5
Walker, M. P., and van Der Helm, E. (2009). Overnight therapy? The role of sleep-in emotional brain processing. Psychological bulletin, 135(5), 731. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016570
Walrave, M., and Heirman, W. (2011). Cyberbullying: Predicting victimisation and perpetration. Children and Society, 25(1), 59-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2009.00260.x
Walters, K. S., Bulmer, S. M., Troiano, P. F., Obiaka, U., and Bonhomme, R. (2018). Substance use, anxiety, and depressive symptoms among college students. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 27(2), 103-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/1067828X.2017.1420507
Wilkowski, B. M., and Robinson, M. D. (2008). The cognitive basis of trait anger and reactive aggression: An integrative analysis. Personality and social psychology review, 12(1), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868307309874
Wolfe, J., Kar, K., Perry, A., Reynolds, C., Gradisar, M., and Short, M. A. (2014). Single night video-game use leads to sleep loss and attention deficits in older adolescents. Journal of adolescence, 37(7), 1003-1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.07.013
Yao, M., Zhou, Y., Li, J., and Gao, X. (2019). Violent video games exposure and aggression: The role of moral disengagement, anger, hostility, and disinhibition. Aggressive behavior, 45(6), 662-670. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21860
Zhu, X. W., Chu, X. W., Zhang, Y. H., and Li, Z. H. (2020). Exposure to online game violence and cyberbullying among Chinese adolescents: Normative beliefs about aggression as a mediator and trait aggressiveness as a moderator. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 29(2), 148-166. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2018.1550830
Zych, I., Ortega-Ruiz, R., and Del Rey, R. (2015). Systematic review of theoretical studies on bullying and cyberbullying: Facts, knowledge, prevention, and intervention. Aggression and violent behavior, 23, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.10.001
Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Muzahid Islam, Afshana Mimi, Murshida Khatun, Tafajjal Islam, Md. Abdullah Al Based
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
1. The journal allows the author to hold the copyright of the article without restrictions.
2. The journal allows the author(s) to retain publishing rights without restrictions
3. The legal formal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY).
