The Relationship between Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and Self-Esteem in Middle Adolescents
Downloads
Introduction: Middle adolescents are closer to their peers as part of their search for identity, so they are easily influenced by social trends, including the use of social media. High intensity of use can trigger fear of missing out (FoMO). FoMO encourages negative social comparisons that lead to decreased self-esteem, especially when adolescents feel that their lives are less ideal than others. This has an impact on the mental health, self-confidence, and social relations of adolescents. This study aims to determine the relationship between FoMO and self-esteem in middle adolescents at Senior High School 2 of Jember.
Method: This research uses a correlational quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. The sampling technique used was total sampling, totaling 1083 students. The instruments used were the FoMOs questionnaire and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Data were analyzed univariately and bivariately with the Kendall Tau-c correlation test.
Results: Bivariate analysis shows the value of ρ = 0.000 < 0.05, indicating a significant relationship between fear of missing out (FoMO) and self-esteem in middle adolescents at Senior High School 2 of Jember with a negative correlation direction.
Conclusions: FoMO triggers a decrease in self-esteem in middle adolescents through upward social comparison of ideal content on social media. The important role of families, schools, and health workers, especially nurses, in helping teenagers manage stress due to FoMO, strengthen self-regulation, and increase self-esteem through digital education and emotional support.
Agam, R., Tamir, S., & Golan, M. (2015). Gender
differences in respect to self-esteem and body image as well as response to adolescents ’ school-based prevention programs. Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry, 2(5), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.15406/jpcpy.2015.02.00092
Ahmed, S., Mishra, A., Akter, R., Shah, M. H., & Sadia,
A. A. (2022). Smartphone addiction and its impact on musculoskeletal pain in neck, shoulder, elbow, and hand among college going students: a cross-sectional study. Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy, 27(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43161-021-00067-3
Akbaş, E., & Işleyen, E. K. (2024). The effect of digital
game addiction on aggression and anger levels in adolescents: A cross-sectional study. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 52, 106–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2024.06.022
Al-Nasa’h, M., & Shadid, Y. (2024). Fear of Missing
Out on Social Media Platforms and its relationship to Self-Esteem among Adolescents in Jordan. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 15(1), 119–148.
Al‑Menayes, J. (2023). The moderating role of FoMO
on mobile‑phone distraction and homework procrastination. Computers in Human Behavior, 140. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107590
Alah, M. A., Abdeen, S., Selim, N., AlDahnaim, L., &
Bougmiza, I. (2023). Computer vision syndrome among students during remote learning periods: harnessing digital solutions for clear vision. Frontiers in Public Health, 11(November), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1273886
Alfaridzi, G. R., Putri, E. M., & Sulistiasih. (2024).
Sosial Media Effect terhadap Mental Health Adolescent di Tengah Transformasi Digital: Studi Komprehensif tentang Psikologis dan Risiko Terkait. Observasi : Jurnal Publikasi Ilmu Psikologi, 2(3), 202–222. https://doi.org/10.61132/observasi.v2i3.491
Almahmoud, O. H., Mahmmod, K. M., Mohtaseb, S. A.,
Totah, N. J., Nijem, D. F. A., & Hammoudeh, A. N. (2025a). Assessment of digital eye strain and its associated factors among school children in Palestine. BMC Ophthalmology, 25(81), 1–11.
Almahmoud, O. H., Mahmmod, K. M., Mohtaseb, S. A.,
Totah, N. J., Nijem, D. F. A., & Hammoudeh, A. N. (2025b). Assessment of digital eye strain and its associated factors among school children in Palestine. BMC Ophthalmology, 25(1), 81. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-025-03919-x
Anjum, R., Nodi, N. H., Das, P. R., Roknuzzaman, A. S.
M., Sarker, R., & Islam, M. R. (2024). Exploring the association between online gaming addiction and academic performance among the school-going adolescents in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. Health Science Reports, 7(9). https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.70043
Anwar, Z., Fury, E. D., & Fauziah, S. R. (2020). The
Fear of Missing Out and Usage Intensity of Social Media. 395(Acpch 2019), 183–187. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200120.038
Ardaningrum, D. Z., & Savira, S. I. (2022). Hubungan
Antara Harga Diri Dengan Perilaku Asertif Mahasiswa Selama Masa Pandemi. Character : Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 9(7), 107–120.
Artigues-barberà, E., Tort-nasarre, G., & Pollina-
pocallet, M. (2025). Key factors in supporting adolescents to achieve high self-esteem and a positive body image : A qualitative community-based study. PLoS ONE, 20(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318989
Aryal, N., & Rajbhandari, A. (2024). Social media use
and anxiety levels among school adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Kathmandu, Nepal. BMJ Public Health, 2(1), e000615. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000615
Aulawi, A. Q., Fitria, Y., Kurniyawan, E. H., Dewi, E., &
Deviantony, F. (2024). Descriptive Analysis of Self-Harm Behavior among Early Adolescents. Health and Technology Journal (HTechJ), 2(3), 257–266. https://doi.org/10.53713/htechj.v2i3.204
Aziz, A. A., Budiyanti, N., Islam, U., Sunan, N., Djati, G.,
& Indonesia, U. P. (2021). Perilaku FOMO di Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Diponegoro Terhadap Kualitas Kepercayaan Diri Mahasiswa. Jurnal Pasopati, 3(2), 73–79.
Azizah, E., & Baharuddin, F. (2021). Hubungan antara
Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) dengan Kecanduan Media Sosial Instagram pada Remaja. Jurnal Psikologi Humanistik ’45, 9(1), 15–25.
Azzahra, S., Nainggolan, T. W. C., Addini, K. N.,
Sahalina, D., & Rahayu, W. F. (2025). Dampak Kecanduan Gadget Terhadap Emosi dan Kepribadian Remaja. JPNM (Jurnal Pustaka Nusantara Multidisiplin), 3(1), 1–8.
Barry, C. T., & Kim, H. (2024). Parental monitoring of
adolescent social media use: relations with adolescent mental health and self-perception. Current Psychology, 43(3), 2473–2485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04434-2
Basabas, M. C., & Sibley, C. G. (2019). It ’ s All Just Fun
and Games … Right ? Habitual Gaming Links with Body Dissatisfaction , Psychological Distress , and Lower Self- Esteem. NZJP, 49(2), 23–33.
Białecka-Pikul, M., Stępień-Nycz, M., Sikorska, I.,
Topolewska-Siedzik, E., & Cieciuch, J. (2019). Change and Consistency of Self-Esteem in Early and Middle Adolescence in the Context of School Transition. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(8), 1605–1618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01041-y
Biernat, M., & Bąk-sosnowska, M. (2018). The impact
of body posture on self-image and psychosocial functioning during adolescence Postawa ciała a obraz siebie i funkcjonowanie psychospołeczne w okresie adolescencji. Pediatr Med Rodz, 14(3), 282–285. https://doi.org/10.15557/PiMR.2018.0031
Bloemen, N., & De Coninck, D. (2020). Social Media
and Fear of Missing Out in Adolescents: The Role of Family Characteristics. Social Media + Society, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120965517
Brailovskaia, J., Stirnberg, J., Rozgonjuk, D., Margraf,
J., & Elhai, J. D. (2021). From low sense of control to problematic smartphone use severity during Covid-19 outbreak: The mediating role of fear of missing out and the moderating role of repetitive negative thinking. PLOS ONE, 16(12), e0261023. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261023
Brailovskaia, J., & Teichert, T. (2020). “I like it” and “I
need it”: Relationship between implicit associations, flow, and addictive social media use. Computers in Human Behavior, 113, 106509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106509
Branje, S. (2022). Adolescent identity development
in context. Current Opinion in Psychology, 45, 101286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.11.006
Burén, J., Nutley, S. B., Crisci, G., & Thorell, L. B.
(2023). Evidence of a two-factor structure for Internet Gaming Disorder and Social Media Disorder: Psychometric properties of a new screening instrument for adolescents and adults. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 45(3), 702–715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-023-10066-4
Burnell, K., Trekels, J., Prinstein, M. J., & Telzer, E. H.
(2024). Adolescents’ Social Comparison on Social Media: Links with Momentary Self-Evaluations. Affective Science, 5(4), 295–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42761-024-00240-6
Caner, N., Efe, Y. S., & Başdaş, Ö. (2022). The
contribution of social media addiction to adolescent LIFE: Social appearance anxiety. Current Psychology, 41(12), 8424–8433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03280-y
Chaidirman. (2019). Journal of Holistic Nursing and
Health Science. Fenomena Kecanduan Penggunaan Gawai (Gadget) Pada Kalangan Remaja Suku Baj, 2(2), 33–41.
Chang, A.-M., Anderson, C., Cain, S. W.,
Reichenberger, D. A., Ronda, J. M., Lockley, S. W., & Czeisler, C. A. (2024). Entrainment to gradual vs. immediate 8-hour phase advance shifts with and without short-wavelength enriched polychromatic green light. Sleep Health, 10(1), S67–S75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2023.09.007
Christina, R., Yuniardi, M. S., & Prabowo, A. (2019).
Hubungan Tingkat Neurotisme dengan Fear of Missing Out ( FoMO ) pada Remaja Pengguna Aktif Media Sosial. 4(2), 105–117.
Chyquitita, T. (2024). Mengurai Fenomena FoMo
dikalangan Remaja. Edukatif : Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, 6(4), 3763–3771. https://doi.org/10.31004/edukatif.v6i4.7406
Creese, H., Saxena, S., Nicholls, D., Pascual Sanchez,
A., & Hargreaves, D. (2023). The role of dieting, happiness with appearance, self-esteem, and bullying in the relationship between mental health and body-mass index among UK adolescents: a longitudinal analysis of the Millennium Cohort Study. EClinicalMedicine, 60, 101992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101992
Cuyan-zumaeta, K., Javier-aliaga, D., Rodríguez-
vásquez, M., Saintila, J., & Javier-aliaga, D. (2025). Do mental wellbeing and emotional eating influence BMI similarly or differently ? Evidence from a sample of Peruvian adolescents. April, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1564656
Dam, V. A. T., Dao, N. G., Nguyen, D. C., Vu, T. M. T.,
Boyer, L., Auquier, P., Fond, G., Ho, R. C. M., Ho, C. S. H., & Zhang, M. W. B. (2023). Quality of life and mental health of adolescents: Relationships with social media addiction, Fear of Missing out, and stress associated with neglect and negative reactions by online peers. PLoS ONE, 18(6 June), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286766
Damodar, S., Lokemoen, C., Gurusamy, V., Takhi, M.,
Bishev, D., Parrill, A., Deviney, M., Person, U., Korie, I., & Branch, R. (2022). Trending: A Systematic Review of Social Media Use’s Influence on Adolescent Anxiety and Depression. Adolescent Psychiatry, 12(1), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.2174/2210676612666220225122720
Davis, J., & Hart, J. L. (2023). Role of Social Media in
Adolescent-Parent Relationships Among At-Risk Youths. Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, 17(1), 181–195. https://doi.org/10.5590/jsbhs.2023.17.1.13
de Goede, I. H. A., de Branje, S. J. T., de Delsing, M. J.
M. H., & Meeus, W. H. J. (2009). Linkages over time between adolescents’ relationships with parents and friends. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(10), 1304–1315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9403-2
Dervishi, E., Peposhi, F., & Ibrahimi, S. (2020). Self-
Esteem in Adolescents and Its Connection with Stressful Experiences. Journal of Psychiatry and Psychology Research JPPR, 3(2), 144–151. www.scitcentral.com
Du, N., Liu, L., Zhang, L., & Yin, S. (2024). The impact
of internet use on adolescents’ health: empirical evidence from China. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15(May), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1404574
Efri Widianti, Lia Ramadanti, Karwati, Chandra
Kirana K., A. M., & Aprilia Aulia Ardianti, Nimas Safitri Ati, Nurhalimah Tri Handayani, H. H. (2021). Studi Literatur: Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Harga Diri Rendah Pada Remaja. Jurnal Keperawatan Komprehensif, 7(1), 39–47.
Eka Sri Handayani, Farial, & Agidya Puput Bertisya.
(2022). Korelasi Antara Fomo Syndrome Dengan Self-Esteem Pada Siswa Kelas XI SMAN 1 Alalak Universitas Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Konseling, 4(5), 4798–4806.
Fassi, L., Ferguson, A. M., Przybylski, A. K., Ford, T. J.,
& Orben, A. (2025). Social media use in adolescents with and without mental health conditions. Nature Human Behaviour. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-025-02134-4
Frielingsdorf, H., Fomichov, V., Rystedt, I.,
Lindstrand, S., Korhonen, L., & Henriksson, H. (2025). Associations of time spent on different types of digital media with self-rated general and mental health in Swedish adolescents. Sci Rep, 15(993), 1–14.
Gabrito, R. C., Ibañez, R. Y., & Velza, J. F. P. (2023).
Impact of Online Gaming on the Academic Performance of DEBESMSCAT-Cawayan Campus Students. Scientific Journal of Informatics, 10(4), 423–434. https://doi.org/10.15294/sji.v10i4.45007
Goering, M., Espinoza, C. N., Mercier, A., Eason, E. K.,
Johnson, C. W., & Richter, C. G. (2024). Moral identity in relation to emotional well-being: a meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 15(March), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1346732
González-Delgado, R., Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A. J.,
Ortega-Ruiz, R., Benítez-Sillero, J. de D., & Murillo-Moraño, J. (2024). Predictors of Social Exclusion among Adolescents: The Weight of Physical Self-Concept Dimensions. Children, 11(10), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11101235
Gu, H., Zhang, P., & Li, J. (2024). The effect of self-
esteem on depressive symptoms among adolescents: the mediating roles of hope and anxiety. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 2–7. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03249-1
Gupta, M., & Sharma, A. (2021). Fear of missing out:
A brief overview of origin, theoretical underpinnings and relationship with mental health. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 9(19), 4881–4889. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i19.4881
Gupta, R., & Sharma, M. (2023). FoMO, perceived
stress, and daytime sleepiness among high‑school students. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 21(5), 419–430. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2023.2182124
Hablaini, S., Lestari, R. F., & Niriyah, S. (2020).
Hubungan Penggunaan Gadget Dengan Kuantitas Dan Kualitas Tidur Pada Anak Sekolah (Kelas Iv Dan V) Di Sd Negeri 182 Kota Pekanbaru. Jurnal Keperawatan Abdurrab, 4(1), 26–37. https://doi.org/10.36341/jka.v4i1.1252
Harnimayanti, & Rosida, L. (2025). Gambaran
Penggunaan Gadget pada Remaja di Kelas XI IPS SMA Negeri 1 Godean. Jurnal Ilmu Psikologi Dan Kesehatan, 1(4), 279–292. https://doi.org/10.54443/sikontan.v1i1.356
Hartanto, A., Wong, J., Lua, V. Y. Q., Tng, G. Y. Q.,
Kasturiratna, K. T. A. S., & Majeed, N. M. (2024). A Daily Diary Investigation of the Fear of Missing Out and Diminishing Daily Emotional Well-Being: The Moderating Role of Cognitive Reappraisal. Psychological Reports, 127(3), 1117–1155. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221135476
Huang, J., Xie, X., Pan, Y., Li, G., Zhang, F., & Cui, N.
(2022). Trajectories of Self-Esteem Development for Adolescence Based on China Family Panel Studies: A Piecewise Growth Mixture Model Analysis. SAGE Open, 12(2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221086611
Jebeile, H., Kelly, A. S., O’Malley, G., & Baur, L. A.
(2022). Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 10(5), 351–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00047-X
Kaloeti, D. V. S., Kurnia S, A., & Tahamata, V. M.
(2021). Validation and psychometric properties of the Indonesian version of the Fear of Missing Out Scale in adolescents. Psicologia: Reflexao e Critica, 34(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-021-00181-0
Kaur, K., Gurnani, B., Nayak, S., Deori, N., Kaur, S.,
Jethani, J., Singh, D., Agarkar, S., Hussaindeen, J. R., Sukhija, J., & Mishra, D. (2022). Digital Eye Strain- A Comprehensive Review. Ophthalmology and Therapy, 11(5), 1655–1680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-022-00540-9
Khajehdaluee, M., Zavar, A., Alidoust, M., & Pourandi,
R. (2013). The relation of self-esteem and illegal drug usage in high school students. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 15(11). https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.7682
Kiyimba, N., Lester, J. N., & O’Reilly, M. (2019). Using
Naturally Occurring Data in Qualitative Health Research (1st ed.). Springer Cham. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94839-3
Krismawati, L. D. E., Andayani, N. L. N., & Wahyuni, N.
(2019). Hubungan Antara Aktivitas Fisik Dengan Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) Pada Remaja Usia 16-18 Tahun Di Sma Negeri 2 Denpasar. Majalah Ilmiah Fisioterapi Indonesia, 7(1), 29–32.
Lakkunarajah, S., Adams, K., Pan, A. Y., Liegl, M., &
Sadhir, M. (2022). A Trying Time: Problematic Internet Use (PIU) and its association with depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 16(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-022-00479-6
Lalngaihawmi, Tungdim, N., Chiinkhualkim, M., &
Niangthiannei, T. (2024). Gender Difference in Self-esteem among School Students. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 12(2), 2403–2408. https://doi.org/10.25215/1202.207
Leonhardt, M., & Overå, S. (2021). Are there
differences in video gaming and use of social media among boys and girls?—a mixed methods approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116085
Lérida-Ayala, V., Aguilar-Parra, J. M., Collado-Soler,
R., Alférez-Pastor, M., Fernández-Campoy, J. M., & Luque-de la Rosa, A. (2023). Internet and Video Games: Causes of Behavioral Disorders in Children and Teenagers. Children, 10(86), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010086
Li, D., Chan, V. F., Virgili, G., Piyasena, P., Negash, H.,
Whitestone, N., O’Connor, S., Xiao, B., Clarke, M., Cherwek, D. H., Singh, M. K., She, X., Wang, H., Boswell, M., Prakalapakorn, S. G., Patnaik, J. L., & Congdon, N. (2022). Impact of Vision Impairment and Ocular Morbidity and Their Treatment on Depression and Anxiety in Children. Ophthalmology, 129(10), 1152–1170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.05.020
Liu, H., Kvintova, J., & Vachova, L. (2025). Parents’
social comparisons and adolescent self-esteem: the mediating effect of upward social comparison and the moderating influence of optimism. Frontiers in Psychology, 16(January), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1473318
Liu, X., Zhang, L., Wu, G., Yang, R., & Liang, Y. (2021).
The longitudinal relationship between sleep problems and school burnout in adolescents: A cross‐lagged panel analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 88(1), 14–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.02.001
Loebis, R., Subakti Zulkarnain, B., & Zahra, N. (2021).
Correlation between the exposure time to mobile devices and the prevalence of evaporative dry eyes as one of the symptoms of computer vision syndrome among Senior High School students in East Java, Indonesia. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 32(4), 541–545. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0478
Marengo, D., Settanni, M., Fabris, M. A., & Longobardi,
C. (2021). Alone, together: Fear of missing out mediates the link between peer exclusion in WhatsApp classmate groups and psychological adjustment in early-adolescent teens. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(4), 1371–1379. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407521991917
Mark, S., Medicine, P., & Hospital, S. (2012).
Assessing the Prevalence of Recurrent Neck and Shoulder Pain in Korean High School Male Students : A Cross-sectional Observational Study. The Korean Journal of Pain, 25(3), 161–167.
Mauki, C. M., & Marandu, D. (2019). The Effect of Age
and Sex on Self-Esteem among Adolescent Students in Secondary Schools in Tanzania. UDSM Journals, 2(37), 69–89.
Maulana, I., Wati, M. A., Wibowo, G. P., Remaja, K. M.,
& Digital, L. (2024). Social Media as a Duble-Edged Sword. Jurnal Multidisipliner BHARASA, 3(1), 62–70.
Mazreku, F., Mazreku, A., Berbatovci-Ukimera, M., &
Mazreku, I. (2025). Dry eye syndrome in teenagers as a result of using digital devices. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 8, 8–12.
Meg Gerrard, P. A. C. M. M. S. E. T. M. J. K., & and
James D. Sargent, M. (2010). Characteristics Associated with Low Self-esteem among U.S. Adolescents. Bone, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2010.03.007.Characteristics
Melati, F. S. A., Wuryaningsih, E. W., & Kurniyawan, E.
H. (2022). Hubungan antara Sense of Self (SOS) dengan Perilaku Merokok. Journal Pustaka Kesehatan, 10(3), 146.
Meng, P. (2020). The Psychological Mechanism of the
Influence of Social Exclusion on Risk-Taking Behavior. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 08(03), 146–164. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.83014
Meng, Y., Shi, X., Cai, D., Ran, M., Ye, A., & Qiu, C.
(2024). Prevalence, predictive factors, and impacts of internet gaming disorder among adolescents: A population-based longitudinal study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 362, 356–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.020
Merhy, G., Akel, M., Kheir, N., Hallit, S., & Obeid, S.
(2023). Computer Vision Syndrome in Lebanese Male Adolescents. The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.21m03180
Mustafa, F., Bibi, S., & Majeed, M. (2024). Impact of
Social Media Use, Social Comparison & Self-Esteem Among Adolescents. Global Mass Communication Review, IX(III), 12–26. https://doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2024(ix-iii).02
Nasrin, A., Azman, M., Shamsudin, J., & Nor, Z. M.
(2024). Self-Esteem , Body Mass Index Status and Risk of Eating Disorders among Health Sciences Students. 19(3), 137–146.
Nikolova, S. (2024). Social Media Addiction and Self-
Esteem in Young Adolescents. KNOWLEDGE-International Journal, 63, 669–673. http://ikm.mk/ojs/index.php/kij/article/view/6756%0Ahttp://ikm.mk/ojs/index.php/kij/article/download/6756/6546
Novarianing Asri, D., Studi Bimbingan dan Konseling
Universitas PGRI Madiun, P., & Madiun, K. (2020). Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Terbentuknya Konsep Diri Remaja (Studi Kualitatif pada Siswa SMPN 6 Kota Madiun). Jurnal Konseling Gusjigang, 6(1), 1–11. http://jurnal.umk.ac.id/index.php/gusjigang
Novitasari, D. (2021). Pengaruh Konsep Diri dan
Interaksi Teman Sebaya Terhadap Percaya Diri. Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, 4(9), 392–408.
Nurhalimah. (2016). Modul Bahan Ajar Cetak
Keperawatan Jiwa (Cetakan pe). Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
Nursalam. (2017). Metodologi Penelitian Ilmu
Keperawatan: Pendekatan Praktis Edisi 5.
Ogihara, Y., & Kusumi, T. (2020). The Developmental
Trajectory of Self-Esteem Across the Life Span in Japan: Age Differences in Scores on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale From Adolescence to Old Age. Frontiers in Public Health, 8(132). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00132
Oktaviani, T. (2021). Hubungan Kecanduan Bermain
game Online pada Smartphone (Mobile Online Gaming) Terhadap Kelelahan Mata Pada Remaja. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.
Opakunle, T., Opakunle, O., Toki, D., Aloba, O., &
Nwozo, C. (2022). Drug abuse among Nigerian high-school adolescents: Exploring the relationship with problematic internet use, suicidality, anxiety, depression, and self-esteem. International Journal of Medicine and Health Development, 27(3), 277. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmh.IJMH
Orben, A., Tomova, L., & Blakemore, S. J. (2020). The
effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health. The Lancet Child and Adolescent Health, 4(8), 634–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30186-3
Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2022). Is High Self-Esteem
Beneficial? Revisiting a Classic Question. American Psychologist, 77(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000922
Papageorgiou, A., Fisher, C., & Cross, D. (2022). “Why
don’t I look like her?” How adolescent girls view social media and its connection to body image. BMC Women’s Health, 22(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-01845-4
Patel, N. M., & Sharma, M. (2023). Self Esteem and
Locus of Control Among Middle Adolescence. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.25215/1104.177
Pollock, C. M., Harries, R. L., Smith, A. J., Straker, L. M.,
Kendall, G. E., & Sullivan, P. B. O. (2011). Neck / shoulder pain is more strongly related to depressed mood in adolescent girls than in boys. Manual Therapy, 16(3), 246–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2010.10.010
Pongdatu, M., & Sinapoy, S. W. (2023). Hubungan
Intensitas Penggunaan Media Sosial dengan Tingkat Harga Diri dan Kecemasan pada Remaja di Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 1 Wawotobi The Relationship Between the Intensity of Social Media Use and the Level of Self-Esteem and Anxiety Among Adolescent. 2(2).
Pratama, D., & Sari, Y. P. (2021). Karakteristik
Perkembangan Remaja | Jurnal Edukasimu. Edukasimu.Org, 1(3), 1–9. http://edukasimu.org/index.php/edukasimu/article/view/49
Przybylski, A. K., & Bowes, L. (2022). Fear of Missing
Out and academic engagement in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 94, 30–40. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2022.06.004
Rizki, D. D. G., & Keliat, B. A. (2021). The relationship
between emotional problems with self-identity in adolescents. Enfermeria Clinica, 31, S161–S164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.12.014
Rostampour, N., Naderi, M., Rostampour, N., & Safavi,
P. (2022). The relationship between body mass index and depression, anxiety, body image, and eating attitudes in adolescents in Iran. Advanced Biomedical Research, 11(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.4103/abr.abr_259_20
Sachiyati, M., Yanuar, D., & Nisa, U. (2023).
Fenomena Kecanduan Media Sosial (Fomo) Pada Remaja Kota Banda Aceh. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FISIP USK, 8(November), 1–18.
Saleem, J., Saleem, S., Ikram, S., Inam, S., Siddiqui, A. ,
& Ain, Q. U. (2023). Self-esteem and Social Intelligence in Visually Impaired Adolescents. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 17(1), 5–7. https://doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs20231715
Santika, G., & Budiarto, Y. (2025). Hubungan
Antara Self-Esteem Dengan Fear Of Missing Out ( Fomo ) Pada Generasi Z. 20–25.
Seresirikachorn, K., Thiamthat, W., Sriyuttagrai, W.,
Soonthornworasiri, N., Singhanetr, P., Yudtanahiran, N., & Theeramunkong, T. (2022). Effects of digital devices and online learning on computer vision syndrome in students during the COVID-19 era: an online questionnaire study. BMJ Paediatrics Open, 6(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2022-001429
Sheng, J., Xiang, Z., & Ban, P. (2024). How do
neighborhood environments impact adolescent health: a comprehensive study from subjective and objective perspectives using machine learning method. Frontiers in Public Health, 12(January). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1507711
Shree, H. D. (2022). Adolescents’ Self-Esteem and
Perception of Social Support. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.25215/1003.062
Siddik, S., Mafaza, M., & Sembiring, L. S. (2020). Peran
Harga Diri terhadap Fear of Missing Out pada Remaja Pengguna Situs Jejaring Sosial. Jurnal Psikologi Teori Dan Terapan, 10(2), 127. https://doi.org/10.26740/jptt.v10n2.p127-138
Sinaj, B. H. D. X. S. K. E. (2023). The Role of Social
Media on Self-Image and Self-Esteem : A Study on Albanian Teenagers. Journal of Education and Social Research, 13(4), 128–139.
Singh, M. (2024). The Impact of Self-esteem on
Subjective Well-being among Adolescents : A Comprehensive Analysis. Indian Journal of Positive Psychiatry, 15(2), 215–219.
Siregar, E., Gismin, S. S., & Nurhikmah. (2023).
Gambaran Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) pada Remaja di Kota Makassar. Jurnal Psikologi Karakter, 3(1), 236–241. https://doi.org/10.56326/jpk.v3i1.1999
Surbakti, T. P. D., Rafiyah, I., & Setiawan, S. (2023).
Level of Online Game Addiction on Adolescents. Journal of Nursing Care, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.24198/jnc.v5i3.39044
Sutisna, D., Widodo, A., Nursaptini, N., Umar, U.,
Sobri, M., & Indraswati, D. (2020). An Analysis of the Use of Smartphone in Students’ Interaction at Senior High School. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference on Education and Social Sciences (ACCESS 2019). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200827.055
Tafdila, M. F. (2024). Analisis Pengaruh Fenomena
FoMO (Fear of Missing Out) Olahraga dalam Kehidupan Remaja Beserta Dampaknya Bagi Kesehatan Mental. LIBEROS: Jurnal Psikologi Dan Bimbingan Konseling, 7(1), 1–10.
Theresia, S., Blestina, M., & Agusalim. (2020).
Hubungan Frekuensi , Lama dan Tingkat Keterikatan Game Online Dengan. Jurnal Keperawatan Tropis Papua, 03(01), 140–144.
Thorisdottir, I. E., Sigurvinsdottir, R., Asgeirsdottir, B.
B., Allegrante, J. P., & Sigfusdottir, I. D. (2019). Active and Passive Social Media Use and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depressed Mood among Icelandic Adolescents. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(8), 535–542. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0079
Tsang, S. M. H., Cheing, G. L. Y., Lam, A. K. C., Siu, A. M.
H., Pang, P. C. K., Yip, K. C., Chan, J. W. K., & Jensen, M. P. (2023). Excessive use of electronic devices among children and adolescents is associated with musculoskeletal symptoms, visual symptoms, psychosocial health, and quality of life: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Public Health, 11(June). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1178769
Urbanova, L. B., Madarasova Geckova, A.,
Dankulincova Veselska, Z., Capikova, S., Holubcikova, J., van Dijk, J. P., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2023). Technology supports me: Perceptions of the benefits of digital technology in adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.970395
van Rooij, A. J., Lo Coco, G., De Marez, L., Franchina,
V., & Abeele, M. Vanden. (2018). Fear of missing out as a predictor of problematic social media use and phubbing behavior among flemish adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102319
Walch, R., & Sabey, A. (2020). Parental Monitoring of
Adolescent Social Media Use and Emotional Regulation. Family Perspectives, 1(1), 12. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/familyperspectivesAvailableat:https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/familyperspectives/vol1/iss1/12
Wang, R., Yin, Y., Zhang, H., Pan, L., Zhu, Y., Wang, M.,
Huang, Z., Wang, W., & Deng, G. (2023). Risk factors associated with the prevalence of neck and shoulder pain among high school students: a cross-sectional survey in China. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 24(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-023-06656-8
Wulandari, A. (2014). Karakteristik Pertumbuhan
Perkembangan Remaja dan Implikasinya Terhadap Masalah Kesehatan dan Keperawatannya. Jurnal Keperawatan Anak, 2, 39–43. https://jurnal.unimus.ac.id/index.php/JKA/article/view/3954
Xu, X., Han, W., & Liu, Q. (2023). Peer Pressure and
Adolescent Mobile Social Media Addiction: Moderation Analysis of Self-Esteem and Self-Concept Clarity. Frontiers in Public Health, 11(April), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1115661
Yang, G., Cao, J., Li, Y., Cheng, P., Liu, B., Hao, Z., Yao,
H., Shi, D., Peng, L., Guo, L., & Ren, Z. (2019). Association Between Internet Addiction and the Risk of Musculoskeletal Pain in Chinese College Freshmen – A Cross-Sectional Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(September), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01959
Yang, L., Chen, Y., Zhang, M., & Zhang, J. (2022).
Pathological online game use of secondary vocational school students : Current situation and its relation to self-esteem and. Front. Psychiatry, 13, 1–9.
Yosep, I., Mardhiyah, A., Fitria, N., Lukman, M., &
Hikmat, R. (2024). Fear of Missing Out Among High School Students in Bandung. Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research, 6(5), 451–458. https://doi.org/10.37287/ijghr.v2i4.250
Young, K. (2009). Understanding online gaming
addiction and treatment issues for adolescents. American Journal of Family Therapy, 37(5), 355–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180902942191
Zhou, J., Li, X., Tian, L., & Huebner, E. S. (2020).
Longitudinal association between low self‐esteem and depression in early adolescents: The role of rejection sensitivity and loneliness. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 93(1), 54–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12207
Copyright (c) 2025 Erti Ikhtiarini Dewi, Halena Laila Fitria, Enggal Hadi Kurniyawan, Emi Wuri Wuryaningsih; Robby Prihadi Aulia Erlando
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
1. The journal allows the author to hold the copyright of the article without restrictions.
2. The journal allows the author(s) to retain publishing rights without restrictions
3. The legal formal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY).
