Jurnal Promkes: The Indonesian Journal of Health Promotion and Health Education

A Qualitative Analysis of Smoking Behavior from a Gender Perspective in Indonesia

Nurul Kodriati — 2025-03-05

Background: In Indonesia, smoking is very prevalent, mainly among men, causing a high prevalence of smoking-related diseases. In this country, smoking is linked to social construction rooted in how to become men and women. Male smoking is acceptable; otherwise, the social stigma associated with female smokers drives them to conceal their habits, making intervention difficult. Objective: The paper examined the gender aspect of smoking and communication in promoting health within a sensitive issue and context—smoking and gender in Indonesia. Method: This paper employed a thematic analysis of two doctoral theses on gender and smoking, each thesis representing either male or female aspects, to explore the relationship between gender values and smoking. Mutual factors contributing to men's and women's smoking behaviors were gender values related to smoking, the importance of different life stages, and children as an entry point for adult smoking cessation. Results: Tobacco control interventions may be hampered if these influences are undermined. Conclusion: It can be concluded, smoking-related health communication must consider gender variations and empower gender values.

A Scoping Review: Comparison of Cigarette Consumption among Adolescents in Asia

Sella Puspita Sari — 2025-03-05

Background: Adolescent smoking has a significant impact on public health. Adolescent smoking is a global health problem that requires serious attention since it causes long-term public health impacts, including an increased risk of chronic diseases. Objectives: This review aims to examine the comparisons and factors affecting adolescent cigarette consumption in Asian countries. Methods: This study used a scoping review method to explore and understand the level of cigarette consumption among youth in various Asian countries. This study used various sources from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Springer Link databases. The keywords used in this article include youth cigarette consumption, Asia, Factors, Prevalence, and Comparison. This review was conducted on 400 articles that were screened and analyzed into 10 articles. The selected articles were free and full text in English, within five years between 2019 and 2023. The selected articles covered various fields namely medicine, health, healthcare, environmental science, and social science. The selected articles provided data from Malaysia, Japan, China, Taiwan, Indonesia, and East Timor. Results: The results are used to detail a comparison of youth cigarette consumption in Asia countries, thereby supporting more effective and contextualized public health. Conclusion: We identified that personal, environmental, and societal factors are the main causes of youth cigarette consumption in Asia.

Qualitative Study: Health Empowerment Model of Suku Anak Dalam (SAD) Along the Central Crossing Sumatera Indonesia

M.Ridwan — 2025-03-05

Background: Health problems are still a major issue for the Suku Anak Dalam (SAD). Knowledge of health, personal hygiene, trust with migrants, desire to improve themselves and economic ability are still obstacles to healthy living. Efforts have been made but have not shown maximum results. Objectives: The research aims to find strategies for empowerment approaches to improve healthy behavior for SAD along the Central Cross of Sumatera. This research is expected to produce an empowerment strategy to improve health and enable people to behave healthily. Methods: The research design for this study is qualitative, with 43 informants consisting of the Public Health Department, Public Health Center, tumenggung, jenang, Pundi Sumatra NGOs, and SAD residents in four residential areas of the research location. Data collection was done using in-depth interviews and observations. The research locations are in Sarolangun District, Merangin, and Bungo Jambi District. Results: Health empowerment research conducted by the Health Service and Community Health Centers has been carried out with outreach activities, free treatment, and reproductive health, but has not shown success because no special SAD assistants are living in the settlement to provide examples of the healthy behavior they expect. Empowerment is carried out by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) with a strategy of providing special workers as companions in residential locations so that they can meet the needs of the community along with other stakeholders and can increase community trust so that it is easier for community mobilizers to accept change. Conclusion: The strategy of the health empowerment approach is to prepare a companion for each group who lives with them and understands sufficient health knowledge. Tumenggung's role as a mobilizer is becoming a key figure in the SAD community movement.

The Effects of Promotional Efforts Based on Gender Characteristics on Knowledge and Practice of Personal Genital Hygiene among Students of SD Negeri Ledug

Mahfuroh Sulistia — 2025-03-05

Background: Hygiene behavior is very important to prevent children and adolescents from falling into various forms of sexual violence which are increasingly common in this millennial era. It is important to provide sexual education from an early age. Objectives: This research aims to identify the influence of promotive efforts based on gender characteristics on the knowledge and practice of personal genital hygiene in Ledug State Elementary School students. Methods: This was quantitative research with a quasi-experimental design with a Solomon four-group approach. The sample was 70 respondents using the simple random sampling method. Data analysis used the one-way ANOVA test. Results: The results of this research are the results of the one-way ANOVA statistical test which obtained a p-value of 0.000 which means p < 0.05; for knowledge, the average result of the female intervention group was greater, with a score of 29.3. Meanwhile, the skill that had the highest average value was the male intervention group, with a score of 19.4. Conclusion: There is an effect of promotional efforts based on gender characteristics on knowledge and practice of personal genital hygiene among students of SD Negeri Ledug. Ledug Elementary School students are expected to have a greater desire to know and a better way of thinking to gain knowledge, intellectual skills, and problem-solving skills.

Prevention of Early Jaundice in Babies Through Empowerment: Quasi-Experiments with Pregnant Women

Lenny Nainggolan — 2025-03-05

Background: Jaundice is a health problem for newborns that occurs in around 60% of term pregnancies and around 80% of premature pregnancies. Babies who experience severe jaundice need to receive proper examination and treatment to prevent morbidity and death. Mothers' role in overcoming the lack of breast milk in newborn babies is important. Hence, they need to be educated and empowered to avoid health problems that can be prevented if mothers and babies receive timely care. Objectives: This research aims to analyze the effect of maternal empowerment on preventing early jaundice in babies in Pematangsiantar City. Method: The method used was the quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group design model, carried out on 62 pregnant women and jaundice assessment on 62 newborns (31 pregnant women who were given education and monitored for empowerment and 31 mothers who were given education but not monitored). Sampling was taken using consecutive sampling. Data collection used a validated questionnaire and statistical tests with chi-square. Results: Statistical tests showed that, after empowering mothers, 90.3% implemented IMD in the intervention group and 83.9% in the control group (p=0.707). The results showed that after empowering mothers there were 93.5% of babies did not experience jaundice, and in the control group 71.0% did not experience jaundice. Statistically, there was a difference between the two groups (p=0.46). Conclusion: Maternal empowerment can influence the prevention of jaundice in babies. Implementation of empowerment through providing education about IMD, breastfeeding, and jaundice needs to be carried out by health workers.

Development of a Website-Based Online Health Screening and Education Database Related to Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) in Realizing Health Promoting University

La Ode Reskiaddin — 2025-03-05

Background: The use of website-based reporting in reporting screening databases and health services is still rarely used and developed in educational institutions. Websites can also be used as educational services to increase literacy and knowledge of the community, especially the academic community. Objectives: This research aims to develop a website database for noncommunicable disease screening and website-based health education to create a healthy campus. This is in line with the increasing trend of noncommunicable diseases in the university setting. Method: This research uses a quantitative R&D model approach by implementing several development stages. The informants in this study numbered 23, consisting of three experts for website assessment and 20 website users who were selected purposively. Results: The research results showed that the need assessment of a website entailed a) Information systems can be used as a medium for health-related education, especially those related to noncommunicable diseases, b) Information systems are used to record visits by Posbindu participants, c) Information systems are used to process and display data on risk factors for noncommunicable diseases, and d) Information systems process and display information related to healthy campuses. The average assessment validation of professionals was 94.07% (very feasible), and participants validation was 91.44% (very feasible). Conclusion: Development of a noncommunicable disease screening database website and website-based health education to make a healthy campus a viable medium for providing health information.

The Mode of Delivery and Length of Stay among Pregnant Women with Heart Disease in Makassar

Hasdianto Tri Saputra — 2025-03-05

Background: The cardiovascular system undergoes physiological and pathological changes due to pregnancy. Heart disease is the leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality during pregnancy. Pregnancy-related complications are common in mothers, approximately 1-4% of cases. In most countries in the world, including Indonesia, the number of cases and prevalence of heart disease complicating pregnancy is low. Objectives: This study focuses on the relationship of heart disease in pregnancy with the mode of delivery and length of stay among pregnant women in Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital 2017-2022. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 124 pregnant women who were determined through a purposive sampling method and carried out in October 2023 - December 2024 at Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital using secondary data, namely medical records of patients diagnosed with heart disease in pregnancy. Data analysis was performed univariately and bivariately using the chi-square comparative test. Results: Correlation between variables was analyzed using chi-square comparison test and a significant correlation was obtained for heart disease in pregnancy with mode of delivery (p-value; 0.001 <0.05), and length of stay (p-value; 0.000) Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between heart disease in pregnancy with mode of delivery and length of stay in laboring women at Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital Makassar. The severity of heart disease in pregnant women can affect the mode of delivery, so counseling before delivery is very important, it is expected to determine the right choice of delivery to reduce the risk of morbidity, mortality and length of stay in mothers.

The Effects of Cigarette Smoke Exposure on Anthropometric Measurements, Lipid Profile, Fasting Blood Glucose, Fasting Insulin, and Blood Pressure in Overweight/Obese Adolescents

Nur Aisiyah Widjaja — 2025-03-05

Background: Cigarette smoke exposure increases the risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. The nicotine content in cigarettes can acutely increase energy expenditure, decrease appetite, and several other chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, lung disease, cancer, and so on. Objectives: This study aims to determine the effect of cigarette smoke exposure on anthropometric measurements, lipid profiles, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, and blood pressure in overweight/obese adolescents. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving overweight/obese adolescents conducted from September to October 2019 to evaluate the effects of tobacco exposure on anthropometric measurements, lipid profile, fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin, and blood pressure. Results: This study showed no significant differences in the age distribution, body weight, body height, height-for-age z-score (HAZ), hip circumference, body mass index (BMI), BMI-for-age z-score, fasting insulin, FBG, lipid profile, and blood pressure between low, moderate, and high cigarette smoke exposure in overweight/obese adolescents, but the high exposure group had a bigger waist circumference than the moderate exposure group (107,45 + 11,25 vs 99,35 + 11,36 cm, p = 0,019) and low exposure (107,45 + 11,25 vs 99,04 + 12,08 cm, p = 0,015). Conclusion: The degree of exposure to heavy cigarette smoke has a greater waist circumference than exposure to light and moderate cigarette smoke. Cigarette smoke exposure is significantly associated with body weight and hip circumference, and heavy cigarette smoke exposure is prevalent in adolescent boys.

Empowering Women in Pioneering Oral Health Initiatives for Elderly with Hypertension

Gilang Rasuna Sabdho Wening — 2025-03-05

Background: An epidemiology study at Menur Public Health Center revealed that the highest case of hypertension was found in the late elderly (56-65 years) in the period of September-October 2023, most of them have dental and oral problems. Based on data, most elderly (41.82%) don’t seek any treatment when they experience toothache due to limited access and lack of individual awareness. Therefore, an empowerment program of periodic basic oral screening by cadres in Posyandu is needed for early detection to overcome possible obstacles when visiting the dentist experienced by elderly with hypertension. Objectives: To provide training for cadres in Posyandu Werda Asih regarding basic oral screening through the "Srikandi" program to improve oral health-seeking behavior for elderly with hypertension. Method: The program was conducted by providing direct training to cadres through guidebooks and posters. The program was evaluated using post-test related to basic oral screening and checklist sheet for skills. Results: After training, all cadres in Posyandu Werda Asih for the Elderly (100.00%) had a good level of understanding with an average score of 14 (the lowest score was 13 (18.18%), the highest score was 15 (18.18%)). The skills evaluation showed that all cadres (100%) were able to conduct all of the examination. Conclusion: According to post-test and checklist results, the "Srikandi" program can improve cadres' understanding and ability to perform basic oral screening. This will allow cadres to identify early dental and oral health issues and promote oral health-seeking behavior in the elderly with hypertension.

Why Do Most Children Not Walk or Cycle to and from School?

Anna Fitriani — 2025-03-05

Background: Physical activity plays a crucial role in children's health and well-being. Active school commuting (ASC), one of the strategies to enhance physical activity among children, has declined globally. However, no data is available for Indonesian children. None of the determinants of children’s ASC has been examined in Indonesian studies. Objectives: This study aimed to 1) measure the ASC rate and 2) analyze the association between individual, social, and physical environmental factors, and the ASC rate among primary school children in three urban areas in Indonesia (South Jakarta, Central Jakarta, and South Tangerang). Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using an online survey completed by mothers as representatives of their children. The survey was completed by 441 parents from 9 primary schools in South Jakarta, Central Jakarta, and South Tangerang. Results: 1) Only 28.3% of children engage in ASC (walking or cycling), 2) individual factor (‘do not dare to go to school alone’), social factors (‘having a friend for going to school’ and ‘afraid of street crime’), and environmental factors (inadequacy of public transport, broken roads, and school distance) are significantly associated with ASC. Conclusion: less than one-third of primary school children in South Jakarta, Central Jakarta, and South Tangerang walk or bike to go to and back from school. Perceived individual, social, and environmental factors might hinder active school commuting among children. Future interventions need to attenuate negative perceptions toward ASC from individual, social, and environmental perspectives.

Mini Poster Education on Toddler Nutrition Toward Mother’s Knowledge and Attitudes in Batusari Brebes Village

Milhatul Azizah — 2025-03-05

Background: Nutrition is important to support the growth and development of toddlers. Toddlers are an age group that is very susceptible to nutritional disorders because, at the toddler age, the nutrition required is greater for growth and development. Objectives: This research aimed to determine the effect of educational mini posters on toddler nutrition on mothers' knowledge and attitudes in Batursari Village. Methods: This research used a quantitative design with a pre-experimental design, with one group, a pretest, and a post-test. There were 40 samples in the research of mothers with toddlers aged 1-5 years. Samples were taken using total sampling. The instrument used was a questionnaire and the test used was the Wilcoxon test. Results: The results of the Wilcoxon statistical test obtained a p-value of 0.000, which means p < 0.05, to determine the results of the intervention before and after being given education using mini-poster media. The results of the study showed that the average knowledge before being given the mini-poster intervention obtained a value of 4.70, after being given the mini-poster intervention the knowledge score was 9.53, and the average attitude score before being given the mini-poster intervention was 33.48 And after being given the mini-poster intervention the attitude score was 47.75. Conclusion: There is a difference in the effect of providing education to mothers of toddlers using media such as posters compared to providing education without using media.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Perception Towards Condom Use among Female Sex Workers in North Jakarta: A Mixed-Method Study

Achmad Kemal Harzif — 2025-03-05

Background: HIV/AIDS is a significant global health and social issue, particularly affecting sex workers, who are the second most common high-risk population. Efforts have been attempted to address the challenges, including promoting safer sex and increasing sex workers’ awareness of condom use to reduce sexually transmitted disease (STDs) transmission. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the knowledge, attitude, and perception among FSWs in North Jakarta towards condom use to prevent HIV. Method: Using a validated WHO questionnaire, this cross-sectional community-based study was conducted in pubs and lounges in North Jakarta among 182 FSWs. The questionnaire was translated forward and backward to ensure accuracy. The data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics for Windows and transcription in MS Word for qualitative data. Results: The reliability test for knowledge and attitude were 0.427 and 0.456, respectively. The study found that most participants (75%) had good knowledge about the benefits of condom use, and most agreed that condoms are suitable for casual or established relationships. However, due to cultural barriers in Indonesia, most subjects (68.1%) felt embarrassed about buying condoms. Conclusion: The study found that FSWs possess a good knowledge and attitude regarding the utilization of condoms to avert STDs, particularly HIV/AIDS. Nonetheless, there is a need to enhance FSWs’ attitudes towards condom use and perceptions of health services, particularly those related to STDs, given their classification as a population at high risk.

The Phenomenon of Premarital Sex among Adolescents (Study in the Working Area of the Mamboro Health Center)

Aprillia Nurhayati — 2025-03-05

Background: Over time, adolescents in Indonesia are increasingly at risk of changing their lifestyles, as evidenced by the curiosity of adolescents for information that can cause the emergence of premarital sex behavior. This behavior is perilous, it may cause imminent harm, especially to adolescent girls. Based on data from the Palu City Health Office, there were 171 cases of adolescents who had premarital sex in 2018-2021. The results of the midwife interview found that five adolescents were pregnant before marriage within the Mamboro Health Center working area in 2022. Objectives: to explore predisposing factors (knowledge and attitude), supporting factors (media influence), and driving factors (influence of health workers, family and peers) in adolescent premarital sexual behavior. Method: a qualitative study with a case study design. There were 10 informants; 1 key informant, 6 main informants, and 3 supporting informants selected by purposive sampling techniques. Results: 4 out of 6 main informants had engaged in premarital sexual behavior, while 2 others admitted they had kissed. Conclusion: Regarding the predisposing factors, knowledge related to the definition, forms, factors, and the impact of premarital sex was clearly stated by adolescents. As for attitudes, adolescents had a positive attitude or abstinance towards premarital intercourse. It was found that in the supporting factors, media influenced the adolescents in form of pornographic photos and videos. As in the driving factors, health workers, family, and peers have the influence related to information, communication, and motivation among adolescents. However, adolescents prefer to tell reproductive problems to their friends.

Eating Less to Impress? The Influence of Cross-Gender Presence and Impression Management on Portion Sizes among Undergraduate Students

Gracia Pramudita — 2025-03-05

Background: Data from the RISKESDAS year 2018 indicates an increasing prevalence of overweight among adults. This increase is in line with the increase in portion sizes, where the presence of people of different gender and impression management are suspected to influence portion sizes. Hence, further study on portion sizes is needed to aid in developing effective policies to promote healthy eating behaviors. Objectives: To investigate the influence of cross-gender presence and impression management on portion sizes during lunch. Method: This study employed a quasi-experimental design consisting of control and experimental groups. The experiment involved a confederate as a dining companion for participants in the experimental group whose gender differs from the participants. We analyzed data from 227 participants, with an expected effect size of d = 0.25, significance level (α) of 0.05, and power of 0.95. Participant criteria included being students of Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES), not currently on a diet, having no allergies, and not being vegan or vegetarian. Impression management was measured using items from Turnley & Bolino (1999), while portion sizes were measured using the Fake Food Buffet (FFB) developed by Bucher et al. (2011). Results: Participants with high impression management tended to have larger portion sizes when dining with individuals of the opposite gender than when dining alone. Impression management positively influenced portion sizes. Without the influence of impression management, when dining with individuals of the opposite gender, participants tended to choose smaller portion sizes compared to when dining alone. Conclusion: The community must be aware of the significant influence of high impression management and the presence of individuals of the opposite gender on meal portions. Individuals with high impression management may consider avoiding social eating situations if they want to reduce their portion sizes.

The Effectiveness of the HEY Website for Increasing Adolescents’ Reproductive Health Knowledge

Ira Nurmala — 2025-03-05

Background: Conventional health promotion media such as leaflets are considered not to meet the needs of patients for health information. Ineffective health promotion media can contribute to the occurrence of a health problem. The HEY Website is a health promotion media that is aligned with the current situation which is the digital era. Objectives: This study was conducted to analyze the increase in knowledge of high school students who have received edutainment interventions from the HEY Website. Methods: This research was quantitative research with a quasi-experimental research design in the form of peer educator training using the HEY website. The respondents of this study were 50 high school students at SMAN 1 Turen in Malang Regency with the inclusion criteria being grade X and XI and active in student organizations as they may bring better influence among peers. Results: There was an increase in knowledge, as shown by the average pretest score of 64.5. After the training, the post-test score showed an average number of 86.2. Statistical analysis also showed significant results in knowledge differences before and after the intervention (P=0,000). Conclusion: The HEY website as a digital-based adolescent health promotion media proved significant in increasing student knowledge about adolescent health.