Jurnal Promkes: The Indonesian Journal of Health Promotion and Health Education

Santri Smoking Behavior Determinant At “X” Islamic Boarding School in Jember Regency

Dewi Rokhmah — 2023-03-10

Smoke is a risk factor for various infections and increased severity of respiratory tract disease. Deaths due to smoking in the world in 2019 reached 8 million people per year, while death as a consequence of cigarettes in Indonesia reached 230,000. The aim of this study was to know the determinant behavior of teenage student smokers at boarding school X and including predisposing factors, enabling factors, and reinforcing factors. This study was conducted with a quantitative method with a cross-sectional approach. The population is santris in cottage boarding school X on SMP and SMA levels as many as 325 students with a total sample of 198 students who are determined with probability sampling. The study shows as many as 59.6% respondents smoked respondents aged 12-15 years (65.7%) with a stay of 1-3 years (86.9%). Knowledge good (53%), negative attitude (94.9%) and negative values (79.3%) means no health support (70.2%), facilities infrastructure supporter no support (54%), kiai no support (96.5%) boarding school administrator no support (88.4%) and friend no support (80.8%). Bivariate analysis Results show variables that have a connection - age (p-value=0.004), an education level (p-value=0.000), attitudes (p-value=In the majority of santri smoking, were 12-16years old with a duration of 1-3 years and for level highest education is junior high school/equivalent. Smoke behavior was influenced by variables of age, level of education, attitudes, values, and health facility. Application rule ban smoke among santris needs to be upgraded with signs warning of a smoking ban in certain places that are often frequented by santri in the form of posters or board warnings as well as accompaniment from public health centers.

The Effectiveness of Peer Group WhatsApp on Adolescent Knowledge and Attitudes about Risky Sexual Behavior

Greiny Arisani — 2023-03-10

Background: Nowadays problems of teenagers are very complex and worrying, both those that arise from within themselves and from outside themselves. Various internal and external factors that affect adolescents will also have an impact on adolescents to have negative and unhealthy attitudes and behaviors (high-risk behaviors). Efforts to increase knowledge and attitudes in adolescents can be used in preventing risky sexual behavior through WhatsApp peer groups. Objective: This study analyzes the effectiveness of the WhatsApp peer group on the knowledge and attitudes of adolescents about risky sexual behavior in Isen Mulang Senior High School, Palangka Raya City. Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental study with two groups, pretest-posttest with a control group design which was carried out from July to September 2020. The population in this study were all adolescents who were in the age range of 15-21 years in Isen mulang Senior High School at SMA Isen Mulang, Palangka Raya city numbered 169 people with the sampling technique in this study using consecutive sampling with a sample of 31 respondents in the intervention group and 31 respondents in the control group. Results: There is a significant difference in the average value of knowledge (P-value = 0.000) and attitude score (P-value = 0.000) before and after the intervention in each group, there is a significant difference in increasing knowledge (P-value = 0.045) and attitude (P-value = 0.048) between the intervention group and the control group. The average increase in knowledge scores and attitude scores of the intervention group was higher than the control group. Conclusion: WhatsApp peer groups are considered effective in increasing adolescent knowledge and attitudes about risky sexual behavior. WhatsApp peer groups can be used as dynamic communication media and become one of the alternative choices in providing health education to adolescents other than face-to-face.

Paper-Based versus Mobile Apps for Colorectal Cancer Screening in COVID-19 Pandemic Setting

Adeodatus Yuda Handaya — 2023-03-10

Background: The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Asia has kept increasing in the last decade. The morbidity and mortality for CRC can be reduced with early detection; however, mass CRC screening with imaging modalities such as colonoscopy, CT scan, or MRI is unfeasible in developing countries such as Indonesia. Asia Pacific Colorectal Screening (APCS) is utilized to stratify individual CRC risk. Online screening via mobile application is an alternative method to ensure the continuity of community screening without risking COVID-19 transmission. Objective: We conducted a descriptive study to evaluate CRC risk using APCS in two different villages. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving 925 and 207 subjects in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The APCS survey in 2019 was done before the COVID-19 pandemic with paper-based questionnaires and direct assessment by door-to-door approach. Meanwhile, the APCS survey in 2020 was done during the COVID-19 pandemic using websites and mobile apps available for Android and iOS. We gathered participants’ characteristics and the APCS score in both groups and tabulated them. Results: In 2019, out of 925 subjects; 472 (51%) have been classified an average risk of CRC, 370 (40%) have been classified as having a moderate risk of CRC, and 83 (9%) have been classified as in high risk of CRC. In 2020, out of 207 subjects; 106 (51.2%) have been classified as the average risk of CRC, 86 (41.5%) have been classified as the moderate risk of CRC, and 15 (7.3%) have been classified as high risk of CRC. Conclusion: Although there was a decrease in the participation of the screening program with mobile applications in the pandemic era compared with paper-based questionnaires before the pandemic era, online screening using APCS in mobile applications is a preferred alternative for an effective screening method in this pandemic and possibly in the future in Indonesia.

Health Center Utilization among the Elderly in the East Java Province

Hario Megatsari — 2023-03-10

Background: According to WHO, the elderly is one of the vulnerable groups apart from children and pregnant women. This study aims to analyze the factors related to health center utilization among the elderly in East Java. Methods: This study analyzed secondary data from the Indonesia Basic Health Survey 2018. Using the stratification method and multistage random sampling, this study recruited 25,034 elderly people in East Java as samples. In addition to health center utilization as the dependent variable, residence, age, gender, marriage, education, occupation, socioeconomics, insurance, and travel time to a health center were analyzed as independent variables. Data were analyzed using binary logistic regression. Results: The results found that age was related to health center utilization. Elderly men had 0.874 times more probability than elderly women to use health centers (OR 0.874; 95% CI 0.869-0.879). Marital, education, occupation, and socioeconomic, were also found to be significantly related to health center utilization. The elderly who had health insurance managed by the government had a 1.883 times higher probability than the elderly who did not have health insurance to make use of health center services, while other types of insurance had a lower probability. Based on the travel time to health centers, the elderly who had a travel time of 10 minutes or less were 1.099 times more likely than the elderly who had a travel time of >10 minutes to use health centers (OR 1.099; 95% CI 1.094-1.105). Conclusion: Seven variables had a relationship with health center utilization among the elderly in East Java; age, gender, marriage, education, occupation, insurance, and travel time to health centers. Policymakers can use the research results to determine specific targets to accelerate the increase in health center utilization for the elderly in East Java.

The Impact of Covid-19 Social Isolation on Mental Health and Physical Activity of Older Adults

Sari Kistiana — 2023-03-10

Background: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic tends to affect older adults more severely, raising the need for social isolation in this age population. Social isolation is likely to impact older adults’ social ties and quality of life, as well as the risk for illness and health. Objective: This study is a narrative literature review to evaluate the potential effects of social isolation on the mental health and well-being of older adults. Methods: A literature search performed between January 1, 2020, and January 13, 2021, comprised an electronic search on different online databases in PubMed and ScienceDirect using the keywords COVID-19 followed by generic terms older adults or older people or aging population or elderly. Excluding duplicates, a total of 376 articles were screened, of which 21 studies were included in the final review. Results: Many older people could be mentally well-equipped to deal with social isolation, but some experience a negative impact on mental health. Stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms were reported during the self-isolation period. Physical activity also has declined among older adults amid COVID-19. Some elderly who are not moving much may lose significant muscle strength, flexibility, and aerobic capacity. Conclusion: If social isolation continues, policy responses such as proactively identifying and addressing COVID-19 for the elderly who are experiencing negative consequences. An effective solution such as “distance connectivity” and creating safe physical activity such as home exercise is recommended.

The Differences between Male and Female Pupils in Accessing Porn

Ratih Indraswari — 2023-03-10

Background: Children have begun to be exposed to pornography at a very young age, which is 4 years. Intentionally or not, access to pornography has a brain-damaging impact. Pornography damages the human brain worse than drugs. Objective: This study aims to identify behavioral differences in pornography consumption in male and female pupils aged 9-11 years. Method: The research data were obtained by using a survey method for 261 pupils aged 9-11 years who attend public elementary schools in Semarang city. The data were analyzed univariate and bivariate to determine behavioral differences between male and female pupils. Results: There are 53.3% of female and 46.7% of male pupils participated in this study. Most of them are 11 years old (62.8%) and not yet pubescent (79.7%). As much as 30.7% of pupils (16.1% male and 14.6% female) have accessed pornography and 15.4% accessed it intentionally. Almost 7% of pupils access pornography more than 1 minute, by cellular phone (27.6%) and 5.4% frequently access it for more than 5 times a week. There are no significant differences between male and female students in pornography consumption (p=0.095). The government through Health Office should cooperate with schools and families in making educational programs about the dangers of
pornography. Parents should control the use of the cellular phone by children. Due to no behavioral difference in pornography consumption, the intervention program provided could be in equal portions between female and male pupils.

Autonomy of High-Risk Pregnant Women in an Effort to Prevent Complications during Childbirth

Iken Nafikadini — 2023-03-10

Background: Maternal mortality is a health problem that has not been resolved until now. Based on data from January-September 2020 from the Public Health Center of Panti District, most pregnant women with high risk are those who have a risk of preeclampsia. Pregnant women have an important role and personal autonomy in decision-making during the process of pregnancy. Objective: To analyze the autonomy of high-risk pregnant women to prevent complications during childbirth. Methods: Qualitative research with a case study approach. Determination of the main informants using a purposive technique consisted of five pregnant women at risk of preeclampsia who were under 20 years old and above 35 years old. Data collection using in-depth interview guide and documentation. Data analysis using inductive thematic analysis. Results: intentions, affordability of information, situations in preparing blood donors, and maternity funds can form the negative autonomy of high-risk pregnant women in decision-making. Husband’s social support can form positive autonomy of high-risk pregnant women in decision making. High-risk pregnant women have negative autonomy in choosing a place for maternity care to practice as a midwife even though they have been advised to carry out routine checks at the primary healthcare. High-risk pregnant women have negative autonomy in choosing the place of delivery by not changing their choice and making the primary healthcare or hospital the second and last choice. Conclusion: The autonomy of high-risk pregnant women has formed a negative autonomy in making decisions about childbirth planning and preventing complications.

The Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) Behavior to Prevent

Hanna DL Damanik — 2023-03-10

Background: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease caused by a virus that is transmitted by female mosquitoes, especially from the Ae. aegypti species. Knowledge and attitude factors are factors that influence the prevention of DHF. Purpose: To find out the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the community in preventing DHF and the relationship between knowledge and attitudes, knowledge and practice, and attitude and practice. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. The research location was Kelurahan 30 Ilir, Palembang City which consists of RT.11 and RT.16. The population in this study was housewives with a sample of 95 respondents using a purposive sampling technique. The data were collected by interview using a questionnaire. Results: The results of statistical analysis showed that there was a relationship between knowledge and practice in DHF prevention measures (p-value = 0.006), there was no relationship between knowledge and attitudes in DHF prevention measures (p = 0.480), attitudes and practice in DHF prevention measures (p = 0.723). Providing education to the community is important to do as an effort to increase DHF prevention behavior. Conclusion: DHF prevention behavior comprising the aspects of knowledge, attitudes, and practices was good and there was a significant relationship between knowledge and DHF prevention measures.

Mental Health Promotion: Stop Self-Diagnosing Through Social Media

Sry Ade Muhtya Gobel — 2023-03-10

Background: Mental health is increasingly being recognized as a severe problem. While there has been an increasing awareness of mental health and psychological well-being for economic and social development over the past two decades, there has not been a corresponding increase in mental health investment. Social media platforms allow healthcare practitioners to take full advantage of the potential of social media. However, this good thing is followed by a bad thing, where more and more information is accessible; people use that information to benchmark that they also have a "mental disorder" while not consulting a professional (psychologist/psychiatrist). Incidents like this are commonly referred to as self-diagnosis. Method: Therefore, this study will discuss the existence of information and promotion through accurate and explicit content related to self-diagnosis, using qualitative research with a case study approach. Results: The results obtained are that this accessibility allows the public to seek information about the symptoms they are experiencing, thereby facilitating early detection of mental health disorders. The power of social media to engage audiences to improve communication and expand the capacity to promote programs, products, and services should be valued in health promotion. Conclusion: Social media platforms, regardless of time or location, allow practically infinite opportunities to interact and communicate with others. This ease of use of on-demand communication may be critical in increasing social connection among people suffering from mental illnesses who have difficulty interacting in person.

Reflecting on Communication Practices for Health Literacy among People with Hearing Impairment in Tanzania amid Covid-19 Pandemic

Musa Saimon — 2023-03-10

Background: Lack of proficiency in using languages (except sign languages) among people with hearing impairment poses difficulties for them to comprehend health-related information, thus, having low health literacy. To bridge this gap, healthcare providers adopt various communication practices to reach people with hearing impairment (HI) some of which prove success while others prove a failure. Consequently, reflection on health literacy communications becomes paramount for the sustainability of health education for people with HI. Objective: The present study reflects on communication practices during Covid-19 pandemic control in Tanzania contexts concerning people with hearing impairment. Methods: The study adopted a qualitative research approach in which the data were collected through interviews from five (5) people with HI obtained through a snowball sampling technique, and three (3) healthcare providers who were purposively sampled. Results: Findings showed that adopted communication practices (writing on papers, lip-reading, and using family members as interpreters) were perceived as less effective by people with hearing impairment. Instead, people with HI preferred communication from other sources that used sign language. Conclusion: Therefore, there are calls for healthcare providers’ pre-service and in-service training programs to impart skills for communicating properly with HI to all healthcare providers.

Why After Fully Covid-19 Vaccinated, We are Still Obliged to Implement Health Protocols: An Evidence-Based on Agent-Based Simulation

Lutfi Rahmatuti Maghfiroh — 2023-03-10

Background: The current outbreak of COVID-19 affected many countries in the world, including Indonesia. The Indonesian government has taken various actions to prevent the spread of COVID-19. One of them is by applying the 3M health protocols (wearing masks, washing hands, and maintaining distance). Considering that vaccines are a critical tool in the battle against COVID-19, the Indonesian government began the COVID-19 Vaccination program on January 13, 2021. Unfortunately, many people believe that the vaccines can fully protect against COVID-19 so they are not applying the 3M health protocols anymore. Admittedly the efficiency of vaccines is not completely protective, the virus itself is still mutating and even can spread more massively. Several simulations of the spread of COVID-19 have been carried out by several researchers. However, only a few research has included variables about compliance with health protocols and vaccine programs. Objective: This study aims to provide empirical evidence for health promotion by showing why after fully COVID-19 vaccinated, people are still obliged to implement health protocols. Methods: We conducted 12 scenarios of simulations to understand the effect of complying and not complying with these two programs. Results: The simulation results show that after being fully vaccinated against COVID-19, it is proven that people are still required to implement health protocols such as wearing masks, washing hands, and practicing physical and social distancing because there is still the possibility of contracting the COVID-19 virus and spreading the virus. Conclusion: Our simulation results provide empirical evidence for health promotion by showing why after fully COVID-19 vaccinated, people are still obliged to implement health protocols. This can be evidence for the government and related agencies to educate the public to be more compliant in implementing health protocols so that we can hope that no one will be infected with the COVID-19 virus and everyone can return to their normal activities

The Effect of Attitudes, Subjective Norms, and Perceptions of Behavioral Control on Pregnancy Check-ups in Bojonegoro

Mariya Ulfah — 2023-03-10

Background: In Indonesia, the use of antenatal care services has not been carried out according to standards. According to WHO, 99% of maternal deaths are due to the lack of information for pregnant women about the importance of regular prenatal check-ups. Objective: This study aims to examine the relationship strength between attitudes, subjective norms, and perceptions of behavioral control regarding antenatal care with the intention of pregnant women in conducting early pregnancy check-ups (K1) using a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional study design. Methods: The population in this study were 234 pregnant women who had their first antenatal contact with K1 at the Dander Health Center in Bojonegoro Regency, which was collected from March to August 2020. Probability sampling utilizing a basic random sample methodology was employed. Furthermore, 129 pregnant women were used as samples for this study. Data is collected in the form of primary data through a questionnaire, while the secondary data were analyzed using logistic regression. The dependent variable is the intention of pregnancy check-ups, while the independent variables are attitudes, subjective norms, and perceptions. Results: The results showed that there was a relationship between the attitude of pregnant women (p=0.001) and subjective norms (p=0.038) regarding pregnancy check-ups with the intention of pregnant women to visit K1 (α=0.05). However, there was no relationship between perceptions of behavioral control regarding antenatal care and the intention of pregnant women to visit K1 (p=0.142). Conclusion: The findings revealed an association between pregnant women's attitudes and subjective norms about prenatal care and their intention to attend K1. This study suggests that pregnant women’s knowledge needs to be improved, including through classes about the importance of good subjective attitudes and norms related to antenatal care to support the intention to check pregnancy regularly especially K1 visits. As a result, early and regular pregnancy check-ups will detect high-risk pregnancies so that they can be handled immediately, thereby reducing maternal and infant mortality.

The Role of Telemedicine as Health Promotion Media during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia: A Systematic Review

Made Karma Maha Wirajaya — 2023-03-10

Background: WHO has declared COVID-19 as a worldwide pandemic in March 2020, which has prompted several countries to take steps to prevent its spread due to the increasing number of cases. One of the policies implemented in Indonesia is the PSBB, so it has an impact on all aspects including access to health services. The rapid development of information technology in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0 has a positive impact, especially for the effectiveness and efficiency of health services, namely the development of e-health which is one component to bring health services closer to the community, one of which is in the form of telemedicine. This study aims to describe the role of telemedicine as health promotion media during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This research used a literature study approach. This study used 6 reviewed articles. The data was extracted by determining the key variables and then analyzed descriptively which is presented in tabular form. Results: Telemedicine is widely used as a medium of health communication by the public. One of the reasons people use telemedicine in health communication at this time is that the COVID-19 pandemic condition makes patients too afraid and anxious to conduct face-to-face consultations and visit hospitals. Besides that, telemental Counseling on Reducing Adolescent Anxiety Due to Exposure to Covid 19 Information. In addition, telemedicine can also be applied in the field of nutrition in the implementation of nutritional care in hospitals. Conclusion: Telemedicine as a health promotion media can be utilized in various fields such as telegize, telemedicine in midwifery and emergency room, telemental, and telepsychology.

Supportive Environment as Mental Health Intervention on Psychological Well-Being from Foreign Language Learning Activity

Niluh Tarina Ekaputri — 2023-03-10

Background: Mental health issues awareness is increasing alongside the COVID-19 pandemic. While offline activities are shutting down, people require to adjust both rest and activities from home. That being said, there can also be a possibility to save more time because mobilization from home to another place is not necessary. However, excess free time does not always guarantee a better mental health situation if it does not fulfill psychological needs. By all means, creating and surrounding in a supportive environment becomes essential to adjust to the new lifestyle and obligations. Foreign language learning activity turns out not only gives new knowledge but also create a supportive environment to fulfill the desire for authentic interaction, which might contribute to psychological well-being at home during the pandemic season. Objective: This study aimed to explore deeper the role of the supportive environment from foreign language learning activity on psychological well-being. Later, this finding could be used as a recommendation for the public health sector to promote psychological well-being through mental disorder prevention programs. Methods: This study uses a literature review from international journals, data reports, and theses that discuss the supportive environment benefit on psychological well-being from foreign language learning activity. The sources used are published in the last ten years. Results: The result shows several benefits of the supportive environment from foreign language learning activity to the psychological well-being aspects (pleasure, joy, life value, and resilience) and also alternatives of productive activity during an abundance of free time, social support, empathy, positive mind, and open-mindedness.