Optimizing Organizational Performance: Unraveling the Interplay of Psychological Attributes in the Era of New Ways of Working
Downloads
The global proliferation of New Ways of Working (NWW) has accelerated, driven by technological advancements and the exigencies of the COVID-19 pandemic, compelling a substantial workforce to adopt teleworking. However, the commonplace nature of NWW has ushered in a new challenge: the mental well-being of employees worldwide. Consequently, the psychological attributes of employees assume paramount significance for organizations striving to sustain their operations. This study endeavors to scrutinize the pivotal role of psychological attributes in the efficacious implementation of teleworking, with a consequential impact on organizational performance. Employing the production of space theory, the research elucidates the intricate dimensions inherent in NWW. Methodologically, a multilevel analysis is employed to unravel the intricate interplay of variables at both individual and organizational levels. The survey, conducted among individuals in Southeast Asia with teleworking experience during the pandemic, amassed 319 samples primarily from Indonesia. The findings underscore the substantial influence of self-efficacy, entitlement, and resilience on the successful adoption of NWW. Additionally, the study employs the PROCESS macro by Hayes to meticulously validate both mediating and moderating relationships. The outcomes accentuate the pivotal role of work engagement as a moderator, facilitating direct impacts of psychological variables on NWW and indirect effects on firm performance, mediated through NWW. This research contributes nuanced insights into the multifaceted dynamics of teleworking, offering a sophisticated understanding of the interplay between psychological attributes, NWW, and organizational performance in the contemporary landscape.
Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S. W. (2002). Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. Academy of Management Review, 27(1), 17-40. doi:10.2307/4134367
Anderson, H. J., Baur, J. E., Griffith, J. A., & Buckley, M. R. (2017). What works for you may not work for (Gen) Me: Limitations of present leadership theories for the new generation. . The Leadership Quarterly, 28(1), 245-260.
Baane, R., Houtkamp, P., & Knotter, M. (2010). Het nieuwe werken ontrafeld. Over Bricks, Bytes & Behavior. Journal of Social Intervention: Theory and Practice, 20(4), 118–121.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209-223.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & ten Brummelhuis, L. L. (2012). Work engagement, performance, and active learning: The role of conscientiousness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 555-564. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2011.08.008
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York.
Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. . Personnel Psychology, 44(1), 1–26.
Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (2005). Yes, personality matters: Moving on to more important matters. . Human Performance, 18, 359–372.
Bititci, U. S., Turner, T., & Begemann, C. (2000). Dynamics of performance measurement systems. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 20(5-6), 692-704. doi:10.1108/01443570010321676
Blok, M., Groenesteijn, L., van den Berg, C., & Vink, P. (2011). New Ways of Working: A Proposed Framework and Literature Review. . 6779. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21716-6_1
Boersma, K., & Kingma, S. (2005). Developing a cultural perspective on ERP. Business Process Management Journal, 11(2), 123-136. doi:10.1108/14637150510591138
Bourne, M., Melnyk, S., & Bititci, U. S. (2018). Performance measurement and management: theory and practice. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 38(11), 2010-2021. doi:10.1108/Ijopm-11-2018-784
Brant, J. M., Mohr, C., Coombs, N. C., Finn, S., & Wilmarth, E. (2017). Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes about Pain: Personal and Professional Characteristics and Patient Reported Pain Satisfaction. Pain Manag Nurs, 18(4), 214-223. doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2017.04.003
Brant, K. K., & Castro, S. L. (2019). You can't ignore millennials: Needed changes and a new way forward in entitlement research. . Hum Resour Manag J., 29, 527–538.
Brummel, B. J., & Parker, K. N. (2015). Obligation and entitlement in society and the workplace. . Applied Psychology, 64(1), 127–160.
Brunia, S., De Been, I., & van der Voordt, T. J. M. (2016). Accommodating new ways of working: lessons from best practices and worst cases", Journal of Corporate Real Estate, Vol. 18 Iss 1 pp. 30 -
Journal of Corporate Real Estate, 18(1), 30-47.
Campbell, W. K., Bonacci, A. M., Shelton, J., Exline, J. J., & Bushman, B. J. (2004). Psychological entitlement: Interpersonal consequences and validation of a self-report measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83(1), 29-45. doi:DOI 10.1207/s15327752jpa8301_04
Carden, S. E., Walker, G. T., Honeycutt, J., Lugo, K., Pham, T., Jacobson, A., . . . Monack, D. (2017). Pseudogenization of the Secreted Effector Gene sseI Confers Rapid Systemic Dissemination of S. Typhimurium ST313 within Migratory Dendritic Cells. Cell Host Microbe, 21(2), 182-194. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2017.01.009
Chemers, M. M., Watson, C. B., & May, S. T. (2000). Dispositional affect and leadership effectiveness: A comparison of self-esteem, optimism, and efficacy. . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(3), 267–277.
Chen, C.-F., & Kao, Y.-L. (2012). Moderating effects of work engagement and job tenure on burnout–performance among flight attendants. Journal of Air Transport Management, 25, 61-63.
Clark, L., Karau, S., & Michalisin, M. (2012). Telecommuting attitudes and the Big Five personality dimensions. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 13, 31-46.
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82. doi:10.1002/da.10113
Credo, K. R., Lanier, P. A., Matherne, C. F., & Cox, S. S. (2016). Narcissism and Entitlement in Millennials: The Mediating Influence of Community Service Self Efficacy on Engagement. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 192-195. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.370
Črešnar, R., & Jevšenak, S. (2019). The Millennials' Effect: How Can Their Personal Values Shape the Future Business Environment of Industry 4.0? . Naše Gospodarstvo/Our Economy, 65(1), 57-65.
Črešnar, R., & Jevšenak, S. (2019). The Millennials' Effect: How Can Their Personal Values Shape the Future Business Environment of Industry 4.0? Naše Gospodarstvo/Our Economy, 65(1), 57-65.
Cropanzano, R., & Wright, T. A. (2001). When a "happy” worker is really a "productive” worker: A review and further refinement of the happyproductive worker thesis. . Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 53, 182–199.
de Kok, A. (2016). The New Way of Working: Bricks, Bytes, and Behavior. In The Impact of ICT on Work. Singapore: Springer.
De Leede, J., & Kraijenbrink, J. (2014). The Mediating Role of Trust and Social Cohesion in the Effects of New Ways of Working: A Dutch Case Study Human Resource Management, Social Innovation and Technology 14, 3-20.
Delaney, J. T., & Huselid, M. A. (1996). The impact of human resource management practices on perceptions of organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 949-969. doi:Doi 10.2307/256718
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The Job Demands Resources model of burnout. . Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 499–512.
Demerouti, E., Derks, D., ten Brummelhuis, L. L., & Bakker, A. B. (2014). New Ways of Working: Impact on Working Conditions, Work–Family Balance, and Well-Being. . In The Impact of ICT on Quality of Working Life. Dordrecht: Springer.
Ertas, N. (2015). Turnover Intentions and Work Motivations of Millennial Employees in Federal Service. Public Personnel Management, 44(3), 401-423. doi:10.1177/0091026015588193
Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2013). Psychological Resilience A Review and Critique of Definitions, Concepts, and Theory. European Psychologist, 18(1), 12-23. doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000124
Gajendran, R. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2007). The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. J Appl Psychol, 92(6), 1524-1541. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1524
Gerards, R., de Grio, A., & Baudewijns, C. (2018). Do New Ways of Working increase work engagement? . Personnel Review, 47(2), 517-534.
Goodman, S. A., & Svyantek, D. J. (1999). Person-organization fit and contextual performance: Do shared values matter? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 55, 254–274.
Haddon, L., & Lewis, A. (1994). The experience of teleworking: An annotated review. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 5, 193-223. doi:doi:10.1080/09585199400000010.
Haines, V. Y., St-Onge, S., & Archambault, M. (2002). Environmental and person antecedents of telecommuting outcomes. . Journal of End User Computing, 14(3), 32-50.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. Seventh Edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). Burnout and work engagement among teachers. Journal of School Psychology, 43(6), 495-513. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2005.11.001
Harvey, P., & Martinko, M. J. (2009). An empirical examination of the role of attributions in psychological entitlement and its outcomes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(4), 459-476. doi:10.1002/job.549
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Methodology in the social sciences. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach.
Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. (2 ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
Hendriks, A. a. J., Hofstee, W. K. B., & Raad, B. D. (1999). The Five-Factor Personality Inventory (FFPI). Personality and Individual Differences, 27(2), 307-325. doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00245-1
Hox, J. J. (2010). Multilevel Analysis: Techniques and Applications (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203852279
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling-a Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
Jemine, G., Bubois, C., & Pichault, F. (2020). From a new workplace to a New Way of Working: legitimizing organizational change. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management, 15(3), 257-278.
Judge, T. A., & Ilies, R. . (2002). Relationship of personality to performance motivation: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 797–807. .
Kemp, F. O. M. (2013). New Ways of Working and Organizational outcomes: The role of Psychological Capital Arbeid & Organisatie Psychologie
Kingma, S. (2018). New ways of working (NWW): work space and cultural change in virtualizing organizations. Culture and Organization.
Kingma, S. (2019). New ways of working (NWW): Work Space and Cultural Change in Virtualizing Organizations. Culture and Organization, 25(5), 383-406.
Kingma, S. (2019). New ways of working (NWW): work space and cultural change in virtualizing organizations. Culture and Organization, 25(5), 383-406. doi:10.1080/14759551.2018.1427747
Koerber, S., Sodian, B., Osterhaus, C., Mayer, D., Kropf, N., , & Schwippert, K. (2017). Science-P II: Modeling Scientific Reasoning in Primary School. In: Leutner D., Fleischer J., Grünkorn J., Klieme E.: Springer.
Kotera, Y., & Correa Vione, K. (2020). Psychological Impacts of the New Ways of Working (NWW): A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(14). doi:10.3390/ijerph17145080
Kotera, Y., & Correa, V. K. (2020). Psychological Impacts of the New Ways of Working (NWW): A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(14), 50-80. doi:10.3390/ijerph17145080
Kumpfer, K. L. (1999). Resilience and Development
In M. D. a. J. Glantz, J. L. (Ed.), Factors and Process Contributing to Resilience: The Resilience Framework. (pp. 179-224.). New York: Kluwer Publisher.
Lapierre, L. M., van Steenbergen, E. F., Peeters, M. C. W., & Kluwer, E. S. (2016). Juggling work and family responsibilities when involuntarily working more from home: A multiwave study of financial sales professionals. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(6), 804-822. doi:10.1002/job.2075
Lefebvre, H. (1974). The Production of Space. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lefebvre, H. (1991). The Production of Space (English Traslated Edition ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.
Leipold, B., & Greve, W. (2009). Resilience A Conceptual Bridge Between Coping and Development. European Psychologist, 14(1), 40-50. doi:10.1027/1016-9040.14.1.40
Lu, A. C. C., & Gursoy, D. (2013). Impact of Job Burnout on Satisfaction and Turnover Intention: Do Generational Differences Matter? Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 40(2), 210-235.
Luthans, F. (2002). The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(6), 695-706. doi:10.1002/job.165
Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 541-572. doi:DOI 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x
Maddux, J. E. (1995). Self-Efficacy Theory. In J. E. Maddux (Ed.), Self-Efficacy, Adaptation, and Adjustment: Theory, Research, and Application. New York: Plenum Pers.
Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic. Resilience processes in development. Am Psychol, 56(3), 227-238. doi:10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.227
Melnyk, B. M., Gallagher-Ford, L., Long, L. E., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2014). The establishment of evidence-based practice competencies for practicing registered nurses and advanced practice nurses in real-world clinical settings: proficiencies to improve healthcare quality, reliability, patient outcomes, and costs. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs, 11(1), 5-15. doi:10.1111/wvn.12021
Mishra, P., & Kodwani, A. D. (2019). "Moderating role of employee engagement on conflict–politics relationship", . Benchmarking: An International Journal, 26(6), 1781-1798. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-02-2019-0091
Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatory processing model. Psychological Inquiry, 12(4), 177-196. doi:Doi 10.1207/S15327965pli1204_1
O'Leary, B. S., Lindholm, M. L., Whitford, R. A., & Freeman, S. E. (2002). Selecting the best and brightest: Leveraging human capital. Human Resource Management, 41(3), 325-340. doi:10.1002/hrm.10044
Peng, Y. W., & Mao, C. (2015). The Impact of Person-Job Fit on Job Satisfaction: The Mediator Role of Self Efficacy. Social Indicators Research, 121(3), 805-813. doi:10.1007/s11205-014-0659-x
Peters, P., Poutsma, E., van der Heijden, B. I. J. M., & de Bruijn, T. (2014). Enjoying New Ways to Work: An HRM"Process Approach to Study Flow. Human Resource Management, 53(2), 271-290.
Raghuram, S., Wiesenfeld, B., & Garud, R. (2003). Technology Enabled Work: The Role of Self-Efficacy in Determining Telecommuter Adjustment and Structuring Behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior., 63, 180-198. doi:doi:10.1016/S0001-8791(03)00040-X.
Rennecker, J., & Godwin, L. (2005). Delays and interruptions: A self perpetuating paradox of communication technology use. . Information and Organization, 15, 247-266.
Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2007). Organizational behavior (12 ed.). Upper Saddle River: NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Rudolph, C. W., Rauvola, R. S., & Zacher, H. (2018). Leadership and and generations at work: A critical review. Leadership Quarterly, 29(1), 44-57. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.09.004
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293-315. doi:10.1002/job.248
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a brief questionnaire: A cross-national study. . Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 701–716.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Taris, T. W. (2014). A critical review of the Job Demands–Resources Model: Implications for improving work and health. In Bridging Occupational, Organizational and Public Health: A Transdisciplinary Approach: Springer.
Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. . In Measures in health psychology: A user's portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35-37). Windsor, UK: NFER-NELSON.
Smith, K. A., Barstead, M. G., & Rubin, K. H. (2017). Neuroticism and Conscientiousness as Moderators of the Relation Between Social Withdrawal and Internalizing Problems in Adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(4), 772-786. doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0594-z
Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1998). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 240-261. doi:Doi 10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.240
ten Brummelhuis, L. L., Bakker, A. B., Hetland, J., & Keulemans, L. (2012). Do new ways of working foster work engagement? . Psicothema, 24(1), 113-120.
Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M. (2002). Creative Self-Efficacy: Its Potential Antecedents and Relationship to Creative Performance. The Academy of Management Journal, 45(6), 1137-1148.
Trzesniewski, K. H., & Donnellan, M. B. (2010). Rethinking "Generation Me": A Study of Cohort Effects From 1976-2006. Perspect Psychol Sci, 5(1), 58-75. doi:10.1177/1745691609356789
Van Lange, P. A., Otten, W., De Bruin, E. M., & Joireman, J. A. (1997). Development of prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations: theory and preliminary evidence. J Pers Soc Psychol, 73(4), 733-746. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.73.4.733
van Steenbergen, E. F., van der Ven, C., Peeters, M. C. W., & Taris, T. W. (2017a). Transitioning Towards New Ways of Working: Do Job Demands, Job Resources, Burnout, and Engagement Change? Psychological Reports, 121(4).
van Steenbergen, E. F., van der Ven, C., Peeters, M. C. W., & Taris, T. W. (2017b). Transitioning Towards New Ways of Working: Do Job Demands, Job Resources, Burnout, and Engagement Change? Psychological Reports, 121(4).
Veldhoen, E. (2005). "The Art of Working”. De integrale betekenis van onze virtuele, fysieke en mentale werkomgevingen [The
Integral Meaning of Our Virtual, Physical and Mental Work Environments]. . Den Haag: Academic Service.
Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale. J Nurs Meas, 1(2), 165-178. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7850498
Wainwright, E. (2010). The office is always on: DEGW, Lefebvre and the wireless city. Journal of Architecture, 15(2), 209-218. doi:Pii 921684520
1080/13602361003791069
Weber, H. (2017). Politics of 'Leaving No One Behind': Contesting the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals Agenda. Globalizations, 14(3), 399-414. doi:10.1080/14747731.2016.1275404
Wentzel, K. R., & Wigfield, A. (2009). Handbook of Motivation at School (K. R. a. M. Wentzel, D. M. Ed. 1st ed.). UK: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Wilcox, M., & Bourne, M. (2003). Predicting performance. Management Decision, 41(8), 806-816. doi:10.1108/00251740310496314
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the Job Demands-Resources Model. . International Journal of Stress Management, 14, 121-141.
Youssef, C. M., & Luthans, F. (2007). Positive organizational behavior in the workplace - The impact of hope, optimism, and resilience. Journal of Management, 33(5), 774-800. doi:10.1177/0149206307305562
Zitek, E. M., & Vincent, L. C. (2015). Deserve and diverge: Feeling entitled makes people more creative. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 56, 242-248. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.10.006.
Copyright (c) 2023 Zainul Musthofa, Yeshwant Raj
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
