The Impact of Chronic Exposure to Organophosphate Pesticides on the Incidence of Primary Brain Tumors in Farmers: A Narrative Review
Downloads
Highlight:
- Primary brain tumors have high mortality and morbidity rates.
- Organophosphate pesticides are commonly used by farmers.
- Chronic exposure to organophosphate pesticides can increase the incidence of primary brain tumors farmers.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Primary brain tumors have high mortality and morbidity rates. Its causes and risk factors have not been explored further. Several studies indicate that exposure to pesticides can be one of the main triggering factors. Organophosphate insecticide is one of the most common pesticides used by farmers. Chronic exposure to organophosphates is known to trigger an imbalance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body by suppressing the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Objective: This study aimed to determine the impact of chronic exposure to organophosphates in terms of the types of organophosphates used by farmers, frequency of usage, and duration of exposure, using a narrative review method. Methods: A literature search was conducted with multiple electronic databases, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and Springer. The keywords will be searched using the boolean operator method, while synonyms will be found in the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) database. Articles were assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) Questionnaire. Results: There were 1071 articles found, but only 14 were selected for review. The studies showed that there was a relationship between the type, frequency, and duration of organophosphate usage and the incidence and risk factors for primary brain tumors. Conclusion: Chronic exposure to organophosphate pesticides, either directly or indirectly, can increase the incidence of primary brain tumors in farmers. The influencing factors include the type, frequency, and duration of pesticide exposure. The most influential factor is the duration of chronic pesticide exposure by farmers. Pesticide reduction exposure is beneficial in preventing the incidence of primary brain tumors in farmers.
McNeill KA. Epidemiology of brain tumors. Neurol Clin. 2016; 34(4):981–98. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2016.06.014
Quach P, El Sherif R, Gomes J, Krewksi D. A systematic review of the risk factors associated with the onset and progression of primary brain tumours. Neurotoxicology. 2017; 61:214–32. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.05.009
Casida JE, Durkin KA. Neuroactive insecticides: Targets, selectivity, resistance, and secondary effects. Annu Rev Entomol. 2013; 58(1):99–117. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153645
Engel SM, Wetmur J, Chen J, Zhu C, Barr DB, Canfield RL, et al. Prenatal exposure to organophosphates, paraoxonase 1, and cognitive development in childhood. Environ Health Perspect. 2011; 119(8):1182–8. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1003183
Rauh VA, Margolis AE. Research review: Environmental exposures, neurodevelopment, and child mental health – new paradigms for the study of brain and behavioral effects. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2016; 57(7):775–93. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12537
Hawkey AB, Glazer L, Dean C, Wells CN, Odamah K-A, Slotkin TA, et al. Adult exposure to insecticides causes persistent behavioral and neurochemical alterations in zebrafish. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2020; 78:106853. doi: 10.1016/j.ntt.2019.106853
Schiliro C, Firestein BL. Mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells supporting enhanced growth and proliferation. Cells. 2021; 10(5):1056. doi: 10.3390/cells10051056
Sharma HS, Muresanu DF, Nozari A, Lafuente JV, Tian ZR, Sahib S, et al. Pathophysiology of blood-brain barrier in brain tumor. Novel therapeutic advances using nanomedicine. In 2020. p. 1–66. doi: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.03.001
Provost D, Cantagrel A, Lebailly P, Jaffre A, Loyant V, Loiseau H, et al. Brain tumours and exposure to pesticides: A case-control study in southwestern France. Occup Environ Med. 2007; 64(8):509–14. doi: 10.1136/oem.2006.028100
Miranda-Filho AL, Monteiro GTR, Meyer A. Brain cancer mortality among farm workers of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A population-based case–control study, 1996–2005. Int J Hyg Environ Health [Internet]. 2012 Sep;215(5):496–501. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.007
Starks SE, Gerr F, Kamel F, Lynch CF, Jones MP, Alavanja MC, et al. Neurobehavioral function and organophosphate insecticide use among pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. Neurotoxicol Teratol [Internet]. 2012 Jan;34(1):168–76. doi: 10.1016/j.ntt.2011.08.014
Parrón T, Requena M, Hernández AF, Alarcón R. Environmental exposure to pesticides and cancer risk in multiple human organ systems. Toxicol Lett [Internet]. 2014 Oct;230(2):157–65. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.11.009
Manyilizu W, Mdegela R, Kazwala R, Nonga H, Muller M, Lie E, et al. Association of long-term pesticide exposure and biologic parameters in female farms workers in Tanzania: A cross sectional study. Toxics. 2016; 4(4):25. doi: 10.3390/toxics4040025
Yiin JH, Ruder AM, Stewart PA, Waters MA, Carreón T, Butler MA, et al. The upper midwest health study: A case–control study of pesticide applicators and risk of glioma. Environ Heal. 2012; 11(1):39. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-11-39
Payán-Rentería R, Garibay-Chávez G, Rangel-Ascencio R, Preciado-Martínez V, Muñoz-Islas L, Beltrán-Miranda C, et al. Effect of chronic pesticide exposure in farm workers of a Mexico community. Arch Environ Occup Health. 2012; 67(1):22–30. doi: 10.1080/19338244.2011.564230
Carles C, Bouvier G, Esquirol Y, Piel C, Migault L, Pouchieu C, et al. Residential proximity to agricultural land and risk of brain tumor in the general population. Environ Res. 2017; 159:321–30. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.025
Piel C, Pouchieu C, Migault L, Béziat B, Boulanger M, Bureau M, et al. Increased risk of central nervous system tumours with carbamate insecticide use in the prospective cohort AGRICAN. Int J Epidemiol. 2019; 48(2):512–26. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyy246
Miranda Filho AL, Koifman RJ, Koifman S, Monteiro GTR. Brain cancer mortality in an agricultural and a metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A population-based, age-period-cohort study, 1996–2010. BMC Cancer. 2014; 14(1):320. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-320
Baldi I, De Graaf L, Bouvier G, Gruber A, Loiseau H, Meryet-Figuiere M, et al. Occupational exposure to pesticides and central nervous system tumors: Results from the CERENAT case–control study. Cancer Causes Control. 2021; 32(7):773–82. doi: 10.1007/s10552-021-01429-x
Ahmadi N, Mandegary A, Jamshidzadeh A, Mohammadi-Sardoo M, Mohammadi-Sardo M, Salari E, et al. Hematological abnormality, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity induction in the greenhouse pesticide sprayers; Investigating the role of NQO1 gene polymorphism. Toxics. 2018; 6(1):13. doi: 10.3390/toxics6010013
Piel C, Pouchieu C, Tual S, Migault L, Lemarchand C, Carles C, et al. Central nervous system tumors and agricultural exposures in the prospective cohort AGRICAN. Int J Cancer. 2017; 141(9):1771–82. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30879
Lee WJ, Blair A, Hoppin JA, Lubin JH, Rusiecki JA, Sandler DP, et al. Cancer incidence among pesticide applicators exposed to chlorpyrifos in the Agricultural Health Study. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004; 96(23):1781–9. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djh324
Kachuri L, Harris MA, MacLeod JS, Tjepkema M, Peters PA, Demers PA. Cancer risks in a population-based study of 70,570 agricultural workers: results from the Canadian census health and Environment cohort (CanCHEC). BMC Cancer. 2017; 17(1):343. doi: 10.1186/s12885-017-3346-x
Lerro CC, Koutros S, Andreotti G, Sandler DP, Lynch CF, Louis LM, et al. Cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study after 20 years of follow-up. Cancer Causes Control. 2019; 30(4):311–22. doi: 10.1007/s10552-019-01140-y
Salerno C, Berchialla P, Palin LA, Barasolo E, Vanhaecht K, Panella M. Geographical and epidemiological analysis of oncological mortality in a Municipality of North-Western Italy Vercelli years 2000-2009. Ann Ig. 2014; 26(2):157–66. doi: 10.7416/ai.2014.1971
Wiwanitkit V. Acute organo-phosphorus pesticide poisoning, oxidative damage, haemoglobin level and total leukocyte. Afr Health Sci. 2014; 14(3):778. doi: 10.4314/ahs.v14i3.42
Božina N, Bradamante V, Lovrić M. Genetic polymorphism of metabolic enzymes P450 (CYP) as a susceptibility factor for drug response, toxicity, and cancer risk. [Arch Ind Hyg Toxicol. 2009; 60(2):217–42. doi: 10.2478/10004-1254-60-2009-1885
Halliwell B. Oxidative stress and cancer: Have we moved forward? Biochem J. 2007; 401(1):1–11. doi: 10.1042/BJ20061131
Copyright (c) 2024 Azham Purwandhono, Jasmine Tartila, Jauhar Firdaus
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
