THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON MATERNAL MORTALITY ATTRIBUTES
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is a challenge for mothers to access health services in Indonesia. Patient management, referral processes, and maternal screening protocols are the reasons for this issue.
Aims: This study aimed to analyze maternal mortality trends in East Java Province before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods: This study was conducted using retrospective observation with a cross-sectional design, and samples were selected using a total sampling technique. The number of maternal deaths in East Java was 520 in 2019 and 565 in 2020. The independent variable in this study is the number of maternal deaths, and the dependent variables include age, gravida, place of death, rescue relay, time of death, and maternal complications. The variables of age, place of death, rescue relay, and gravida were assessed using the Chi-square test.
Results: Statistical tests showed a Ï value of 0.195 for age; 0.916 for place of death; 0.646 for rescue relay; and 0.048 for gravida.
Conclusion: Maternal mortality showed different trends before and after the pandemic in East Java. Significant differences in maternal mortality rate are influenced by gravida status.
Ali, N.A. and Shahil Feroz, A. (2020) ‘Maternal mental health amidst the COVID-19 pandemic', Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 54, pp. 1–2. doi:10.1016/J.AJP.2020.102261.
Cameron, L., Suarez, D.C. and Cornwell, K. (2019) ‘Understanding the determinants of maternal mortality: An observational study using the Indonesian Population Census', PLoS ONE, 14(6), pp. 1–18. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217386.
de Carvalho-Sauer, R. de C.O. et al. (2021) ‘Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on time series of maternal mortality ratio in Bahia, Brazil: analysis of period 2011–2020', BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2021 21:1, 21(1), pp. 1–7. doi:10.1186/S12884-021-03899-Y.
Chinwah, V., Nyame-Asiamah, F. and Ekanem, I. (2020) ‘Risk factors affecting maternal health outcomes in Rivers State of Nigeria: Towards the PRISMA model', Social Science and Medicine, 265(November), pp. 113520–113520. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113520.
Chmielewska, B. et al. (2021) ‘Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis', The Lancet Global Health, 9(6), pp. e759–e772. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00079-6.
Coronado-Arroyo, J.C. et al. (2021) ‘Is COVID-19 a risk factor for severe preeclampsia? Hospital experience in a developing country', European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, 256, pp. 502–502. doi:10.1016/J.EJOGRB.2020.09.020.
Delavari, M., Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, S. and Mirghafurvand, M. (2018) ‘The relationship between maternal–fetal attachment and maternal self-efficacy in Iranian women: a prospective study', https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2018.1436753, 36(3), pp. 302–311. doi:10.1080/02646838.2018.1436753.
Do, T.H. et al. (2021) ‘The Capacity of the Indonesian Healthcare System to Respond to COVID-19', Frontiers in Public Health | www.frontiersin.org, 1, pp. 649819–649819. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.649819.
Ellington, S. (2021) ‘Characteristics of Women of Reproductive Age with Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Pregnancy Status ” United States, January 22–June 7, 2020', MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(25), pp. 769–775. doi:10.15585/MMWR.MM6925A1.
Fitrianingrum, N.M., Sabarinah, S. and Pratomo, H. (2021) ‘Health Impact Assessment of Covid-19 Towards Maternal Health Care in West Jakarta', Journal of Maternal and Child Health, 6(2), pp. 229–237. doi:10.26911/thejmch.-2021.06.02.10.
Girum, T. and Wasie, A. (2017) ‘Correlates of maternal mortality in developing countries: an ecological study in 82 countries', BioMed Centraled Central, 3(19). doi:10.1186/s40748-017-0059-8.
Hantoushzadeh, S. et al. (2020) ‘Maternal death due to COVID-19', American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 223(1), p. 109.e1-109.e16. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.030.
Hatmanti, N.M., Rusdianingseh and Septianingrum, Y. (2021) ‘Overview of Primigravida mothers during pregnancy according to the Nursing Family Partnership framework', Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 9(2), pp. 110–115. doi:10.32831/jik.v9i2.316.
Hutagaol, I.O., Arini, A. and Mujianti, C.M. (2021) ‘Pandemic Impact of Covid 19 on Compliance of Mother for Pregnancy Reviews', Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan, 3(1), pp. 200–207. doi:10.36590/jika.v3i1.125.
Mahmood, M.A. et al. (2021) ‘Health system and quality of care factors contributing to maternal deaths in East Java, Indonesia', PLoS ONE, 16(2 February). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247911.
Marchand, G. et al. (2022) ‘Systematic review and meta-analysis of COVID-19 maternal and neonatal clinical features and pregnancy outcomes up to June 3, 2021', AJOG Global Reports, 2(1), pp. 100049–100049. doi:10.1016/j.xagr.2021.100049.
Mendez-Dominguez, N. et al. (2021) ‘Maternal mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico: a preliminary analysis during the first year', BMC Public Health 2021 21:1, 21(1), pp. 1–9. doi:10.1186/S12889-021-11325-3.
Mendoza, M. et al. (2020) ‘Pre-eclampsia-like syndrome induced by severe COVID-19: a prospective observational study', BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 127(11), pp. 1374–1380. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.16339.
Ministry of Health RI and UNICEF (2020) Report of Rapid Health Assessment : Essential health services during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia, p. 8.
Negron, R. et al. (2013) ‘Social support during the postpartum period: Mothers' views on needs, expectations, and mobilization of support', Maternal and child health journal, 17(4), pp. 616–616. doi:10.1007/S10995-012-1037-4.
Onyeaka, H. et al. (2021) ‘COVID-19 pandemic: A review of the global lockdown and its far-reaching effects':, https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504211019854, 104(2), pp. 1–18. doi:10.1177/00368504211019854.
Papageorghiou, A.T. et al. (2021) ‘Preeclampsia and COVID-19: results from the INTERCOVID prospective longitudinal study', American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 225(3), p. 289.e1-289.e17. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.05.014.
Patrick, N.A. and Johnson, T.S. (2021) ‘Maintaining Maternal–Newborn Safety During the COVID-19 Pandemic', Nursing for Women's Health, 25(3), pp. 212–220. doi:10.1016/j.nwh.2021.03.003.
POGI (2020) ‘Rekomendasi Penanganan Infeksi Virus Corona (Covid-19) Pada Maternal (Hamil, Bersalin Dan Nifas)', Penanganan Infeksi Virus Corona Pada Maternal, 1(3), pp. 9–11.
Prawirohardjo, S. (2016) ‘Ilmu Kebidanan', in Saifuddin, A.B., Rachimhadhi, T., and Wiknjosastro, G.H. (eds). Jakarta: PT Bina Pustaka Sarwono Prawirohardjo, pp. 53–66.
Rosyidah, H., Koning, K.D. and Ormel, H. (2019) ‘Quality of maternal health care in Indonesia', Journal of Health Technology Assessment in Midwifery, 2(1), pp. 10–22. doi:10.31101/jhtam.924.
Siddiqui, D. and Ali, T.S. (2022) ‘The importance of community midwives in Pakistan: Looking at existing evidence and their need during the COVID-19 pandemic', Midwifery, 106. doi:10.1016/J.MIDW.2021.103242.
WHO (2019) ‘Maternal mortality Evidance brief'. WHO. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329886/WHO-RHR-19.20-eng.pdf?ua=1.
WHO (2020a) Coronavirus (COVID-19) events as they happen. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen.
WHO (2020b) Weekly epidemiological update - 29 December 2020. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update---29-december-2020.
Wolf, M.S. et al. (2020) ‘Awareness, Attitudes, and Actions Related to COVID-19 Among Adults With Chronic Conditions at the Onset of the U.S. Outbreak: A Cross-sectional Survey', Annals of internal medicine, 173(2), pp. 100–109. doi:10.7326/M20-1239.
Copyright (c) 2022 Dyah Ayu Fatmaningrum, Wahyul Anis, Muhammad Ardian Cahya Laksana
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
1. As an author you (or your employer or institution) may do the following:
- make copies (print or electronic) of the article for your own personal use, including for your own classroom teaching use;
- make copies and distribute such copies (including through e-mail) of the article to research colleagues, for the personal use by such colleagues (but not commercially or systematically, e.g. via an e-mail list or list server);
- present the article at a meeting or conference and to distribute copies of the article to the delegates attending such meeting;
- for your employer, if the article is a ‘work for hire', made within the scope of your employment, your employer may use all or part of the information in the article for other intra-company use (e.g. training);
- retain patent and trademark rights and rights to any process, procedure, or article of manufacture described in the article;
- include the article in full or in part in a thesis or dissertation (provided that this is not to be published commercially);
- use the article or any part thereof in a printed compilation of your works, such as collected writings or lecture notes (subsequent to publication of the article in the journal); and prepare other derivative works, to extend the article into book-length form, or to otherwise re-use portions or excerpts in other works, with full acknowledgement of its original publication in the journal;
- may reproduce or authorize others to reproduce the article, material extracted from the article, or derivative works for the author's personal use or for company use, provided that the source and the copyright notice are indicated.
All copies, print or electronic, or other use of the paper or article must include the appropriate bibliographic citation for the article's publication in the journal.
2. Requests from third parties
Although authors are permitted to re-use all or portions of the article in other works, this does not include granting third-party requests for reprinting, republishing, or other types of re-use.
3. Author Online Use
- Personal Servers. Authors and/or their employers shall have the right to post the accepted version of articles pre-print version of the article, or revised personal version of the final text of the article (to reflect changes made in the peer review and editing process) on their own personal servers or the servers of their institutions or employers without permission from JAKI;
- Classroom or Internal Training Use. An author is expressly permitted to post any portion of the accepted version of his/her own articles on the author's personal web site or the servers of the author's institution or company in connection with the author's teaching, training, or work responsibilities, provided that the appropriate copyright, credit, and reuse notices appear prominently with the posted material. Examples of permitted uses are lecture materials, course packs, e-reserves, conference presentations, or in-house training courses;
