RISK FACTORS FOR RESPIRATORY DEATH AMONG INDONESIAN PILGRIMS IN 2018
Downloads
Background: In 2018, respiratory disease was the leading cause of death in Hajj pilgrims, accounting for 37.40% of total deaths. Purpose: This study analyzes the most influential risk factors for death caused by respiratory disease among Indonesian pilgrims in 2018. Methods: This study uses a cross sectional design. Secondary data was obtained from the 2018 Integrated Hajj Computerized System for Health (Siskohatkes) and sourced from the Hajj Health Center (Puskeshaji), Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia which is also recorded about the first to third Hajj medical examination records. The sample was all pilgrims who died while performing the Hajj in Saudi Arabia, 361 pilgrims. The variables included age, gender, pre-existing respiratory disease, education level, type of work, Body Mass Index (BMI), smoking status, and influenza vaccination status. The data was analyzed using chi square and multiple logistic regression. Results: The majority of pilgrims who died during the Hajj pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia in 2018 were aged ≥60 years (75.30%), male (58.40%), did not have a pre-existing respiratory disease (85.60%), had a low education level (46.00%), worked indoors (73.10%), had a normal BMI (48.20%), did not smoke (88.60%), and had had the influenza vaccine (56.20%). The most influential risk factors were pre-existing respiratory disease with PR = 1.55 (95% CI = 1.16 – 2.90) and influenza vaccination status with PR = 1.39 (95% CI = 1.07 – 1.81). Conclusion: Having a pre-existing respiratory disease and not being vaccinated against influenza increase the likelihood of respiratory disease death among Indonesian pilgrims in 2018.
Alfelali, M., Barasheed, O., Badahdah, A. M., Bokhary, H., Azeem, M. I., Habeebullah, T., ... Rashid, H. (2018). Influenza vaccination among Saudi Hajj pilgrims: Revealing the uptake and vaccination barriers. Vaccine, 36(16), 2112–2118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.007
Alfridaningrum. (2018). Gambaran tren kematian jemaah haji reguler Indonesia kelompok umur lansia tahun 2015, 2016, dan 2017 (analisis data siskohatkes pusat kesehatan haji Kemeterian Kesehatan RI). Undergraduated Thesis. Faculty of Public Health. Universitas Indonesia.
Bekkat-Berkani, R., Wilkinson, T., Buchy, P., Dos Santos, G., Stefanidis, D., Devaster, J. M., & Meyer, N. (2017). Seasonal influenza vaccination in patients with COPD: A systematic literature review. BMC Pulmonary Medicine, 17(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-017-0420-8
Benkouiten, S., Al-Tawfiq, J. A., Memish, Z. A., Albarrak, A., & Gautret, P. (2019). Clinical respiratory infections and pneumonia during the Hajj pilgrimage: a systematic review. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 28, 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.12.002
Eriksson, B., Backman, H., Bossios, A., Bjerg, A., Hedman, L., Lindberg, A., ... Lundbäck, B. (2016). Only severe COPD is associated with being underweight: Results from a population survey. ERJ Open Research, 2(3), 1–11.
Gautret, P., Benkouiten, S., Al-Tawfiq, J. A., & Memish, Z. A. (2016). The spectrum of respiratory pathogens among returning hajj pilgrims: myths and reality. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 47, 83–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2016.01.013
Gregory, A. B., Lester, K. K., Gregory, D. M., Twells, L. K., Midodzi, W. K., & Pearce, N. J. (2017). The relationship between body mass index and the severity of coronary artery disease in patients referred for coronary angiography. Cardiology Research and Practice, 2017(5481671), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5481671
Hashem, A. M., Al-Subhi, T. L., Badroon, N. A., Hassan, A. M., Bajrai, L. H. M., Banassir, T. M., ... Azhar, E. I. (2019). MERS-CoV, influenza and other respiratory viruses among symptomatic pilgrims during 2014 hajj season. Journal of Medical Virology, 91(6), 911–917. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25424
Ihaji, E., Gerald, E. U., Helen, C., & Ogwuche, E. (2014). Educational level, sex and church affiliation on health seeking behaviour among parishioners in Makurdi Metropolis of Benue State. Journal of Educational Policy and Entrepreneurial Research (JEPER), 1(2), 311–316.
Khan, I. D., Khan, S. A., Asima, B., Hussaini, S. B., Zakiuddin, M., & Faisal, F. A. (2018). Morbidity and mortality amongst Indian hajj pilgrims: a 3-year experience of Indian hajj medical mission in mass-gathering medicine. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 11(2), 165–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2017.06.004
Khan, S., & Khan, I. D. (2018). Obstetric and neonatal outcomes of pregnant Indian pilgrims: a three-year experience at the Indian Hajj medical mission. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 18(3), 355–361. https://doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2018.18.03.015
Khan, S. S., Ning, H., Wilkins, J. T., Allen, N., Carnethon, M., Berry, J. D., ... Lloyd-Jones, D. M. (2018). Association of body mass index with lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease and compression of morbidity. JAMA Cardiology, 3(4), 280–287. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2018.0022
Kivimäki, M., Shipley, M. J., Bell, J. A., Brunner, E. J., Batty, G. D., & Singh-Manoux, A. (2016). Underweight as a risk factor for respiratory death in the Whitehall cohort study: exploring reverse causality using a 45-year follow-up. Thorax, 71(1), 84–85. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207449
Manakov, L. G., Kolosov, V. P., Polyanskaya, E. V, & Naryshkina, S. V. (2017). Gender and age gradients of the population rate of death caused by respiratory diseases on the territory of the far-eastern region of Russia. Official Journal of the Asian Pacific Society of Respirology, 22(3), 259.
Medistianto, E. (2017). Hubungan riwayat hipertensi sebelum melaksanakan ibadah haji dengan kematian jemaah haji Indonesia asal Provinsi Jambi saat melaksanakan ibadah haji pada pelaksanaan ibadah haji tahun 2017. Undergraduated Thesis. Faculty of Public Health. Universitas Indonesia.
Ministry of Health RI. (2018). Indonesia hajj health services. Ministry of Health RI. Jakarta.
Pane, M., Kong, F. Y. M., Purnama, T. B., Glass, K., Imari, S., Samaan, G., & Oshitani, H. (2019). Indonesian hajj cohorts and mortality in Saudi Arabia from 2004 to 2011. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health, 9(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.2991/jegh.k.181231.001
Rahman, J., Thu, M., Arshad, N., & Van der Putten, M. (2017). Mass gatherings and public health: case studies from the hajj to Mecca. Annals of Global Health, 83(2), 386–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2016.12.001
Restrepo, M. I., Sibila, O., & Anzueto, A. (2018). Pneumonia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, 81, 187–197. https://doi.org/10.4046/trd.2018.0030
Riesco, J. A., Alcázar, B., Trigueros, J. A., Campuzano, A., Pérez, J., & Lorenzo, J. L. (2017). Active smoking and COPD phenotype: distribution and impact on prognostic factors. International Journal of COPD, 12, 1989–1999. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S135344
Rudini. (2016). Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian kematian jamaah haji reguler Indonesia tahun 2015 M/ 1436 H. Undergraduated Thesis. Faculty of Public Health. Universitas Indonesia.
Rudiyanto. (2013). Riwayat penyakit terdiagnosis pada pemeriksaan kesehatan di embarkasi dan kematian jemaah haji Indonesia tahun 2012 M (evaluasi pencatatan pelaporan sistem informasi manajemen kesehatan haji) (Universitas Indonesia). Undergraduated Thesis. Faculty of Public Health. Universitas Indonesia.
West, R. (2017). Tobacco smoking: health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions. Psychology and Health, 32(8), 1018–1036. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2017.1325890
Zeitouni, M. O., Al Barrak, A. M., Al-Moamary, M. S., Alharbi, N. S., Idrees, M. M., Al Shimemeri, A. A., & Al-Hajjaj, M. S. (2015). The Saudi Thoracic Society guidelines for influenza vaccinations. Annals of Thoracic Medicine, 10(4), 223–230. https://doi.org/10.4103/1817-1737.167065
Zuo, L., He, F., Sergakis, G. G., Koozehchian, M. S., Stimpfl, J. N., Rong, Y., ... Best, T. M. (2014). Interrelated role of cigarette smoking, oxidative stress, and immune response in COPD and corresponding treatments. American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 307(3), 205–218.
- Every manuscript submitted to must observe the policy and terms set by the Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi
- Publication rights to manuscript content published by the Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi is owned by the journal with the consent and approval of the author(s) concerned. (download copyright agreement)
- Complete texts of electronically published manuscripts can be accessed free of charge if used for educational and research purposes according to copyright regulations.
JBE by Universitas Airlangga is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.