STUDY OF SUPPRESSION OF HIV VIRAL LOAD AMONG PEOPLE RECEIVING ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN PALEMBANG CITY
Studi Penekanan Viral Load HIV Pada Orang Yang Mendapat Terapi Antiretroviral di Kota Palembang
Downloads
Background: Suppression of viral load is a targeted strategy for the prevention of HIV transmission. Viral load (VL) testing can be done at all health centres in Palembang City with free services. Purpose: This study aims to evaluate VL suppression and factors associated with VL suppression. Methods: The study design of this research was a cross-sectional study with data analysis using the Chi-square and binomial logistic regression tests. The population in this study was all HIV patients who accessed health services for VL testing. Data sources were obtained from the HIV/AIDS Information System (SIHA) for the period 2023 - June 2024. Results: The majority of PLHIV cases were male (1072 people) (83%) and unmarried (802 people) (62.1%). The transmission group was male-sexual males, 54.88%, with an average age of 36.62 years. The results of multivariate analysis showed that there were three variables associated with viral load levels, namely age with a p-value <0.03, AOR = 1.59 (95% CI: 1.04-2.43), ARV adherence with a p-value < 0.00, AOR = 1.76 (95% CI: 1.18-2.61), and clinical stage with a p-value < 0.04 AOR = 1.02 (95% CI: 1.02-2.07). Conclusion: Adherence to ART therapy, prevention of opportunistic infections, and early detection of clinical stage are predictors of successful viral load suppression. The role and responsibility of the community and the active participation of health workers in early detection, treatment and care are needed.
UNAIDS. Start free stay free AIDS [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2024 Jul 14]. Available from: https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2021/start-free-stay-free-aids-free-final-report-on-2020-targets
Green D, Tordoff DM, Kharono B, Akullian A, Bershteyn A, Morrison M, et al. Evidence of sociodemographic heterogeneity across the HIV treatment cascade and progress towards 90‐90‐90 in sub‐Saharan Africa–a systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Int AIDS Soc. 2020;23(3):e25470.
WHO. Progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections 2019: accountability for the global health sector strategies, 2016–2021. World Health Organization; 2019.
Mushy SE, Mtisi E, Mkawe S, Mboggo E, Ndega J, Yahya-Malima KI, et al. Barriers to viral load suppression among adolescents living with HIV on anti-retroviral therapy: a retrospective study in Tanga, Tanzania. AIDS Res Ther. 2024;21(1):35.
Izudi J, Castelnuovo B, King R, Cattamanchi A. Risk factors for unsuppressed viral load after intensive adherence counseling among HIV infected persons in Kampala, Uganda: a nested case–control study. AIDS Res Ther. 2023;20(1):90.
WHO. HIV/AIDS [Internet]. 2024. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids
Opito R, Mpagi J, Bwayo D, Okello F, Mugisha K, Napyo A. Treatment outcome of the implementation of HIV test and treat policy at The AIDs Support Organization (TASO) Tororo clinic, Eastern Uganda: A retrospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2020;15(9):e0239087.
Ganesan M, Poluektova LY, Kharbanda KK, Osna NA. Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatotropic viruses co-morbidities as the inducers of liver injury progression. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(4):398.
Craker L, Tarantino N, Whiteley L, Brown L. Measuring antiretroviral adherence among young people living with HIV: observations from a real-time monitoring device versus self-report. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2138–45.
Ali JH, Yirtaw TG. Time to viral load suppression and its associated factors in cohort of patients taking antiretroviral treatment in East Shewa zone, Oromiya, Ethiopia, 2018. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19:1–6.
Ouyang F, Yuan D, Zhai W, Liu S, Zhou Y, Yang H. HIV-1 drug resistance detected by next-generation sequencing among ART-Naïve individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Viruses. 2024;16(2):239.
WHO. HIV drug resistance report 2021 [Internet]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240038608
Martelli G, Antonucci R, Mukurasi A, Zepherine H, Nöstlinger C. Adherence to antiretroviral treatment among children and adolescents in Tanzania: comparison between pill count and viral load outcomes in a rural context of Mwanza region. PLoS One. 2019;14(3):e0214014.
Lukyamuzi Z, Etajak S, Katairo T, Mukunya D, Tetui M, Ssenyonjo A, et al. Effect and implementation experience of intensive adherence counseling in a public HIV care center in Uganda: a mixed-methods study. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:1–15.
Ndikabona G, Alege JB, Kirirabwa NS, Kimuli D. Unsuppressed viral load after intensive adherence counselling in rural eastern Uganda; a case of Kamuli district, Uganda. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1–13.
Izudi J, Castelnuovo B, King R, Cattamanchi A. Impact of intensive adherence counseling on viral load suppression and mortality among people living with HIV in Kampala, Uganda: a regression discontinuity design. PLOS Glob Public Heal. 2023;3(8):e0002240.
Maeda K, Das D, Kobayakawa T, Tamamura H, Takeuchi H. Discovery and development of anti-HIV therapeutic agents: progress towards improved HIV medication. Curr Top Med Chem. 2019;19(18):1621–49.
Muse AI, Osman MO, Ibrahim AM, Wedajo GT, Abdi MM, Roble AK. Non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy and associated factors among adult HIV patients in Somali region public Hospitals, eastern Ethiopia. Int J Africa Nurs Sci. 2023;19:100645.
Ganguly S, Chakraborty D. Chapter 13 - Antiretroviral therapy. In: Dhara AK, Nayak AKBT-VI and AT, editors. Viral Infections and Antiviral Therapies [Internet]. Academic Press; 2023. p. 263–83. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91814-5.00027-1
Lippman SA, Mooney AC, Puren A, Hunt G, Grignon JS, Prach LM, et al. The role of drug resistance in poor viral suppression in rural South Africa: findings from a population-based study. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20:1–10.
Ullah Nayan M, Sillman B, Hasan M, Deodhar S, Das S, Sultana A, et al. Advances in long-acting slow effective release antiretroviral therapies for treatment and prevention of HIV infection. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2023;200:115009.
WHO. Guidelines: updated recommendations on HIV prevention, infant diagnosis, antiretroviral initiation and monitoringand monitoring: March 2021. In: Guidelines: updated recommendations on HIV prevention, infant diagnosis, antiretroviral initiation and monitoringand monitoring: March 2021. 2021. p. 84.
Chanie ES, Bayih WA, Birhan BM, Belay DM, Asmare G, Tiruneh T, et al. Incidence of advanced opportunistic infection and its predictors among HIV infected children at Debre Tabor referral Hospital and University of Gondar Compressive specialized hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020: A multicenter retrospective follow-up study. Heliyon. 2021;7(4):e06745.
Widiyanti M, Hadi MI. Viral and host factors are related to the progression of HIV diseases in Mimika, Papua. Open access Maced J Med Sci. 2019;7(20):3429.
García F, Pena MJ, González del Castillo J. Missed opportunities in HIV diagnosis: A need to close the gap. Enfermedades Infecc y Microbiol Clin (English ed). 2024;42(3):121–3.
Morales-Sánchez R, Montalvo S, Riaño A, Martínez R, Velasco M. Early diagnosis of HIV cases by means of text mining and machine learning models on clinical notes. Comput Biol Med. 2024;179:108830.
Kaminski M, Prymas P, Konobrodzka A, Filberek P, Sibrecht G, Sierocki W, et al. Clinical stage of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in HIV-positive patients impacts the quality of the touch ECG recordings. J Electrocardiol. 2019;55:87–90.
Saha R, Malviya L, Jadhav A, Dangi R. Early stage HIV diagnosis using optimized ensemble learning technique. Biomed Signal Process Control. 2024;89:105787.
- Every manuscript submitted to must observe the policy and terms set by the Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi
- Publication rights to manuscript content published by the Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi is owned by the journal with the consent and approval of the author(s) concerned. (download copyright agreement)
- Complete texts of electronically published manuscripts can be accessed free of charge if used for educational and research purposes according to copyright regulations.
JBE by Universitas Airlangga is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
