SMARTPHONE USAGE AS A RISK FACTOR OF MYOPIA AMONG ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN KEDIRI
Penggunaan Smartphone Sebagai Faktor Risiko Miopia Pada Anak Sekolah Dasar di Kota Kediri
Downloads
Background: Myopia is the inability to view distant objects. Most cases of myopia occur in school-age children. Working and studying from home due to the COVID-19 epidemic exacerbates myopia concerns. The Kediri City Health Office reports that school-age myopia cases rose in 2022. Purpose: This study aims to identify the risk factors of myopia related to smartphone usage among elementary school students in Kediri City. Method: This study is an observational study with a case-control approach. Random sampling is used in the sampling procedure. There were 144 participants: 72 students in the case group and 72 in the control group. Independent variables include smartphone duration, using a smartphone in a low-light environment, using a smartphone before sleep, and using a smartphone at an early age. Result: The study's findings revealed all factors were associated with myopia: smartphone duration (p-value = 0.001; OR = 4.5), using smartphone in low-light environment (p-value = 0.001; OR = 3.4), using smartphone before sleep (p-value = 0.001; OR = 3.3), and using smartphone in early age (p-value = 0.000; OR = 12. 4). Conclusion: This study shows that the duration of smartphone use of more than 3 hours increases the risk by 4.5 times, using a smartphone in low-light environment increases the risk by 3.4 times, using a smartphone before bed increases the risk by 3.3 times, and the risk of myopia increases 12.4 times for smartphone use at a younger age in elementary school students in Kediri City.
Vera-Diaz FA. Myopia. In: Encyclopedia of the eye. Oxford, United Kingdom: Academic Press; 2010. p. 98– 105.
Flitcroft DI, He M, Jonas JB, Jong M, Naidoo K, Ohno-Matsui K, et al. IMI – defining and classifying myopia: A proposed set of standards for clinical and Epidemiologic Studies. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2019, 60(3).
Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, Jong M, Naidoo KS, Sankaridurg P, Wong TY, et al. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology 2016; 123: 1036–1042.
Németh J, Aclimandos WA, Tapasztó B, Jonas JB, Grzybowski A, Nagy ZZ. The impact of the pandemic highlights the urgent need for myopia guidelines: The clinicians’ role. European Journal of Ophthalmology. 2023;33(2):633-36.
Aslan F, Sahinoglu-Keskek N. The effect of home education on myopia progression in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2021:1427–1432
Luo Z, Guo C, Yang X, Zhang M. Comparison of myopia progression among Chinese schoolchildren before and during COVID-19 pandemic: A meta-analysis. International Ophthalmology. 2023 Jun 30;43(10):3911–21.
Sankaridurg P, Tahhan N, Kandel H, Naduvilath T, Zou H, Frick KD, et al. IMI impact of myopia. Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science. 2021;62(5):2.
Mccrann S, Loughman J, Butler JS, Paudel N, Flitcroft DI. Smartphone use as a possible risk factor for myopia. Clinical and Experimental Optometry. 2021;104(1):35–41.
Foreman J, Salim AT, Praveen A, Fonseka D, Ting DS, Guang He M, et al. Association between Digital Smart Device Use and myopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Digital Health. 2021;3(12).
Lin CJ, Feng WY, Chao CJ, Tseng FY. Effects of VDT workstation lighting conditions on operator visual workload. Industrial Health. 2008;46(2):105–111
Puchalska-Niedbał, Lidia P-N, Janusz C, Robert G. Smartphones and vision. Advances in Hygiene & Experimental Medicine. 2020;74:151-154
McCullough SJ, O’Donoghue L, Saunders KJ. Six year refractive change among white children and young adults: evidence for significant increase in myopia among white UK children. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0146332.
Flitcroft DI. The complex interactions of retinal, optical and environmental factors in myopia etiology. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2012;31:622–660.
Cyril Kurupp AR, Raju A, Luthra G, Shahbaz M, Almatooq H, Foucambert P, Esbrand FD, Zafar S, Panthangi V, Khan S. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Myopia Progression in Children: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2022;14(8):e28444.
Lemenager T, Neissner M, Koopmann A, Reinhard I, Georgiadou E, Müller A, Kiefer F, Hillemacher T. COVID-19 Lockdown Restrictions and Online Media Consumption in Germany. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020;18(1):14.
Leydolt C, Findl O, Drexler W. Effects of change in intraocular pressure on axial eye length and lens position. Eye. 2008;22(5):657–61.
Ahmad M, Qureshi M, Ahmad, Aldebasi Y, Homood. To Study the Effects of Central Corneal Thickness, Axial Length, and Anterior Chamber Depth on Intraocular Pressure. Sudanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 2019;1(1):67–8
Verkicharla PK, Kammari P, Das AV. Myopia progression varies with age and severity of myopia. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(11):e0241759.
- Every manuscript submitted to must observe the policy and terms set by the Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi
- Publication rights to manuscript content published by the Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi is owned by the journal with the consent and approval of the author(s) concerned. (download copyright agreement)
- Complete texts of electronically published manuscripts can be accessed free of charge if used for educational and research purposes according to copyright regulations.
JBE by Universitas Airlangga is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
