Penerapan Strategi Omni-Enmestment Sri Lanka dalam Persaingan India-Tiongkok di Samudera Hindia
Downloads
Persaingan India-Tiongkok di Samudera Hindia mulai mengemuka pada abad ke-21. Kedua kekuatan tersebut saling berlomba untuk meningkatkan posisinya di kawasan Samudera Hindia dengan menggunakan berbagai macam cara. Sri Lanka sebagai salah satu negara pinggiran Samudera Hindia merespon persaingan India-Tiongkok dengan menerapkan strategi omni-enmeshment. Sri Lanka memilih untuk tidak memihak ke salah satu aktor, melainkan menjalin hubungan strategis dengan kedua aktor sekaligus yakni India dan Tiongkok. Hal ini kemudian memunculkan pertanyaan mengapa Sri Lanka menerapkan strategi omni-enmeshment dan bagaimana kerja sama yang dilakukan Sri Lanka dengan India dan Tiongkok sebagai bentuk aplikasi nyata dari omni-enmeshment. Penulis menemukan bahwa penggunaan strategi omni-enmeshment oleh pemerintah Sri Lanka dilatarbelakangi oleh ambisi Sri Lanka untuk menguatkan kapabilitas pertahanannya di wilayahnya bagian Selatan yang langsung berbatasan dengan Samudera Hindia, menjadi economic centre di kawasan Samudera Hindia, serta menguasai seluruh kegiatan pelabuhan di Samudera Hindia. Selain itu, penulis juga memperoleh data yang menunjukkan bahwa kerja sama Sri Lanka dengan India dan Tiongkok meliputi berbagai bidang, mulai dari bidang ekonomi, maritim, militer, pendidikan, hingga teknologi. Kerja sama Sri Lanka-India lebih fokus pada bidang maritim, ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, dan ekonomi, sedangkan Sri Lanka-Tiongkok cenderung menekankan kerja sama pada bidang militer, ekonomi, dan maritim. Di dalam tulisan ini, penulis menambahkan pula penjelasan terkait dengan sikap Sri Lanka dalam menanggapi kontestasi antara India dan Tiongkok di Samudera Hindia pada masa depan.
Buku
Heuser, Beatrice, 2010. "Long-Term Trends and Early Maritime Strategy”, dalam the Evolution of Strategy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pehrson, Christopher J., 2006. String of Pearls: Meeting the Challenge of China's Rising Power Across the Asian Littoral.
Strategic Studies Institute of the US Army War College.
Wheeler, Thomas, 2012. China and Conflictaffected States: Between Principle and Pragmatism. London: Saferworld.
Jurnal
Goh, Evelyn, 2007. "Great Powers and Hierarchical Order in Southeast Asia: Analyzing Regional Security Strategies", dalam Project Muse: Scholarly Journals Online.
Kumar, S.Y. Surendra, 2017. "China's Strategic Engagement with Sri Lanka: Implications for India”, dalam Contemporary Chinese Political Economy and Strategic Relations: An International Journal, 3 (3).
Internet
Albert, 2015. Competition in the Indian Ocean, [Online]. Tersedia dalam: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/competition-indian-ocean [diakses 27 September 2018]
Brewster, David, 2018. China's Play for Bases in the Indian Ocean, [Online]. Tersedia dalam: https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/china-s-play-for- bases-in- the-indian-ocean [diakses 25 September 2018]
Chaudhury, Dipanjan R., 2018. India to help develop Colombo, Trincomalee Ports: Foreign secretary S Jaishankar, [Online]. Tersedia dalam: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-to-help-develop- colombo-trincomalee-ports-foreign-secretary-s- jaishankar/articleshow/61251807.cms [diakses 25 September 2018]
Departemen Perdagangan Sri Lanka, 2017. International Trade Statistics of Sri Lanka – 2017, [Online]. Tersedia dalam: http://www.doc.gov.lk/images/pdf/downloads/statistic/statreports2017/Write-up--- New2017.pdf [diakses 25 September 2018]
Dharmapriya, 2012. Countering Maritime Piracy: A South Asian Perspetive, [Online]. Tersedia dalam: http://oceansbeyondpiracy.org/sites/default/files/dharmapriyas_paper_formatted. pdf [diakses 26 September 2018
Dowdy, William L., 2012. Chinese and Indian Geopolitical Competition in the Indian Ocean Region, [Online]. Tersedia dalam: http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/paper_15426.pdf [diakses 25 September 2018]
Hariharan, R., 2013. China's strategic presence in Sri Lanka, [Online]. Tersedia dalam: https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/chinasstrategicpresenceinsrilanka/ [diakses 24 September 2018]
HCI Colombo, 2017. India-Sri Lanka Economic and Trade Engagement, [Online]. Tersedia dalam: https://www.hcicolombo.org/Economic_Trade_Engagement [diakses 17 September 2018]
Izuyama, 2017. Security in the Indian Ocean Region: Regional Responses to China's Growing Influence, [Online]. Tersedia dalam: http://www.nids.mod.go.jp/english/publication/east-asian/pdf/2017/east- asian_e2017_02.pdf [diakses 27 September 2018]
Kementerian Luar Negeri Sri Lanka, 2016. Sri Lanka: A Maritime & Logistics Hub, [Online]. Tersedia dalam: http://www.slembassykorea.com/eng/download/Sri%20Lanka%20A%20Maritime_ Logistics%20Hub.pdf [diakses 27 September 2018]
Kumari, J.A. Prasansha, 2016. New Trends in Foreign Direct Investment Inflows to Sri Lanka, [Online]. Tersedia dalam: http://www.ijrhss.org/papers/v3-i9/1.pdf [diakses 27 September 2018]
Madanayaka, 2017. The Strategic Importance of Sri Lanka in Indian Ocean Region: Reference to String of Pearls Strategy, [Online]. Tersedia dalam: http://ir.kdu.ac.lk/bitstream/handle/345/1728/021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y [diakses 27 September 2018]
Pomeroy, 2018. Sri Lanka to Shift Naval Base to China-Controlled Port City, [Online]. Tersedia dalam: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-china-port/sri- lanka-to-shift- naval-base-to-china-controlled-port-city-idUSKBN1JS22H [diakses 24 September 2018]
Silva, Harsha de, 2017. Sri Lanka's Role In The Indian Ocean & The Changing Global Dynamic, [Online]. Tersedia dalam: https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/sri-lankas-role-in-the-indian-ocean- the-changing-global-dynamic/ [diakses 26 September 2018]
Xianliang, Yi, 2017. A Brilliant Future for China-Sri Lanka Cooperation under the "Belt and Road" Initiative, [Online]. Tersedia dalam: http://lk.china- embassy.org/eng/xwdt/t1470918.htm [diakses 26 September 2018]
- Authors retain the copyright of their article without restrictions and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work, with the condition that it is not intended for commercial purposes, and cite an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access). However, authors are not allowed to share their work with other journals or publishers as it may lead to conflicting publication processes.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
