Perdamaian Negatif dalam Kegagalan Resolusi Dewan Keamanan PBB dalam Konflik Suriah 2011-2019
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Since the first shot fired over a decade ago, there has been no comprehensive
solution to the Syrian Conflict. Despite countless efforts and interventions
carried out by the international community, perpetual peace still seems to be a
distant dream. This includes resolutions and initiatives passed by the United
Nations Security Council (UNSC). This article would explain further on why
these actions has minimum impact, therefore failed to attain stability in Syria.
Utilizing the principle of Peace By Peaceful Means by Johan Galtung, along with
concepts related to International Conflict Resolutions, the results find that the
UNSC has given the wrong diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment to the Syrian
Conflict. This is reflected within narratives found in resolutions passed by the
UNSC that are laden with nuance of negative peace. A lot of stress has been put
upon ‘resolving' the Syrian Conflict to bring peace. Meanwhile, conflict is not a
negation of peace. The author thus suggest that stability in Syria is more likely
to be attainable if resolutions reflect more upon the positive peace paradigm; by
means of ‘managing' and ‘transforming' the Syrian conflict to restore the peace.
Buku dan Bagian dalam Buku
Galtung, J., 1996. Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and conflict,
Development, and Civilization. Oslo: Sage Publications Inc.
________., 2004. Transcend & Transform: An Introduction to Conflict
Work. London: Pluto Press.
Galtung, J., & Jacobsen, C. G., 2000. Searching for Peace: The Road to
TRANSCEND. London: Pluto Press.
Wallensteen, P., 2002. Understanding Conflict Resolution: War, Peace,
and the Global System. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Artikel Jurnal
Dinc, P., 2020. "The Kurdish Movement and the Democratic Federation of
Northern Syria: An Alternative to the (Nation-)State Model?”, Journal
of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 22(1), 47-67.
Galtung, J., 1981. "Social Cosmology and the Concept of Peace”, Journal of
Peace Research, 18(2), 183-199.
________., 1990. "Cultural Violence”. Journal of Peace Research, 27(3),
-305.
Galtung, J., & Höivik, T., 1971. Structural and Direct Violence: A Note on
Operationalization. Journal of Peace Research, 8(1): 73-76.
Hove, M., & Mutanda, D. (2015). The Syrian Conflict 2011 to the
Present: Challenges and Prospects. Journal of Asian and African
Studies, 50(5), 559-570.
Artikel Berita
Beaumont, P., 2012. "Failure of Syria peace plan ‘risks wider regional
conflict”, The Guardian [daring]. Tersedia dalam [https://www.
theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/30/syria-peace-plan-kofi-annan]
(diakses [13 Oktober 2020]).
ICRC, 2017. "Conflict in Syria”. ICRC [daring]. Tersedia dalam [https://
international-review.icrc.org/reviews/irrc-no-906-conflict-syria]
(diakses [13 Oktober 2020]).
Khan, A., 2012. "What Is Al Qaeda Doing in Syria?”, PBS [daring].
Tersedia dalam [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/whatis-
al-qaeda-doing-in-syria/] (diakses [13 Oktober 2020]).
Letsch, C., 2014. "US drops weapons and ammunition to help Kurdish
fighters in Kobani”. The Guardian [daring]. Tersedia dalam [https://
www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/20/turkey-iraqi-kurds-kobani-
isis-fighters-us-air-drops-arms] (diakses [13 Oktober 2020]).
Dokumen dan Publikasi Resmi
UNSC. (2012). Resolution 2042. 6751st Meeting. New York: United
Nations.
UNSC. (2012). Resolution 2043. 6756th Meeting. New York: United
Nations.
UNSC. (2012). Resolution 2059. 6812th Meeting. New York: United
Nations.
UNSC. (2013). Resolution 2118. 7028th Meeting. New York: United
Nations.
UNSC. (2014). Resolution 2139. 7116th Meeting. New York: United
Nations.
UNSC. (2014). Resolution 2165. 7216th Meeting. New York: United
Nations.
UNSC. (2015). Resolution 2209. 7401st Meeting. New York: United
Nations.
UNSC. (2015). Resolution 2235. 7501st Meeting. New York: United
Nations.
UNSC. (2015). Resolution 2254. 7588th Meeting. New York: United
Nations.
UNSC. (2015). Resolution 2258. 7595th Meeting. New York: United
Nations.
UNSC. (2016). Resolution 2268. 7634th Meeting. New York: United
Nations.
UNSC. (2016). Resolution 2314. 7798th Meeting. New York: United
Nations.
UNSC. (2016). Resolution 2319. 7815th Meeting. New York: United
Nations.
UNSC. (2016). Resolution 2328. 7841th Meeting. New York: United
Nations.
UNSC. (2016). Resolution 2332. 7849th Meeting. New York: United
Nations.
UNSC. (2016). Resolution 2336. 7855th Meeting. New York: United
Nations.
UNSC. (2017). Resolution 2393. 8141st Meeting. New York: United
Nations.
UNSC. (2018). Resolution 2401. 8188th Meeting. New York: United
Nations.
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