IMO's Guidelines on Particular Sensitive Sea Areas toward the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage
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As an international organization established with the aim of improving maritime safety and security of international shipping, IMO sets up various guideline in assuring the establishment of international shipping. One of the those guidelines is the Guidelines for the Identification and designation of Particular Sensitive Areas (PSSAs). This article aims to analyse whether it is possible that the in situ of underwater cultural heritage can be included as PSSAs. This way would implied restrictions to international shipping in order to protect and preserve underwater cultural heritage. This research conducted through legal analyses of relevant legal documents. The method used in this paper is normative legal research with in-depth literature studies. This paper argued that while it is possible to include in situ location of underwater cultural heritage as PSSAs, however, conflicting interpretation between national and international law as well as disputes between States are imminent. Thus, IMO should play decisive role in properly co-ordinated and decide which marine areas requires restrictions in relation to the protection and preservation of underwater cultural heritage. The restrictions to international shipping with regard to the protection and preservation of underwater cultural heritage should not in any way prevent other legitimate uses of the sea as envisages under the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC), especially on the freedom of navigation regimes. Thus co-operation and communication between IMO, other international organization and coastal State is crucial.
Books
Dhiana Puspitawati, Hukum Maritim (Pertama, UB Press 2019).
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Francesco Francioni, ‘Cultural Heritage, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law' (Oxford Public International Law, 2020).
Natali Pearson, Protecting and Preserving Underwater Cultural Heritage in Southeast Asia (The Palgrave Handbook on Art Crime) (Duncan Chappell Saskia Hufnagel ed, Palgrave Macmillan 2019).
R.R. Churchill and A.V. Lowe, The Law of the Sea (4th edn, Juris Publishing, Manchester University Press 2022).
Sarah Dromgoole, Underwater Cultural Heritage and International Law (Cambridge University Press 2013).
The United Nations, Yearbook of the International Law Commission (1956).
Journals
Angela Jessica Desmonda and Idris, ‘The Prospect of Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) Designation in Lombok Strait' (2020) 4 Padjajaran Journal of International Law.
Blanco-Bazfin A, ‘The IMO Guidelines on Particular Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs)' (1996) 20 Marine Policy Journal.
Craig Forrest, ‘Has the Application of Salvage Law to Underwater Cultural Heritage Become a Thing of the Past?' (2003) 34 Journal of Maritime Law & Commerce.
Fratila (Adam) A. G, (Moldovan), I.A.; Nita SC. and Hrebenciuc, ‘The Importance of Maritime Transport for Economic Growth in the European Union: A Panel Data Analysis' (2021) 13 Sustainability Journal.
Nie Bomin, ‘On the International Legal Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage' [2015] China Oceans Law Review.
Patrick J. O'Keefe, ‘Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage: Developments at UNESCO' (1996) 25 The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology.
Rizky Widiasa, ‘Penolakan Indonesia Dalam Meratifikasi Konvensi UNESCO Tahun 2001 Tentang Perlindungan Cagar Budaya Bawah Air' (2021) 6 Indonesian Perspective.
Sorna Khakzad, ‘Underwater Cultural Heritage Sites on the Way to World Heritage: To Ratify the 2001 Convention or Not to Ratify?' (2014) 2 Journal of Anthropology and Archaeology.
Websites
editor, ‘Brief History of IMO' (International Maritime Organization) <https://www.imo.org/en/About/HistoryOfIMO/Pages/Default.aspx> accessed 1 July 2022.
””, ‘The Lists of Conventions Produced by the IMO' (International Maritime Organization) <https://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/Pages/ListOfConventions.aspx> accessed 10 July 2022.
Etienne Clement, ‘Current Developments at UNESCO Concerning the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage' (1996) 20 Marine Policy Journal https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-597X(96)00015-2.
International Maritime Organization, ‘Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas' (IMO) <http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PSSAs/ Pages/Default.aspx> accessed 9 December 2019.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, ‘Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs)' (NOAA) <https://www.gc.noaa.gov/gcil_mpa-pssa.html> accessed 15 June 2022.
NOAA, ‘Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)' (NOAA, 2020) <https://www.gc.noaa.gov/gcil_mpa.html> accessed 8 July 2022.
UNESCO, ‘The List of Ratifying States' (UNESCO, 2021) <https://en.unesco.org/underwater-heritage/ratification> accessed 20 July 2022.
Regulations
Convention on the International Maritime Organization, 1948.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982.
Salvage Convention, 1989.
UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage, 2001.
IMO Resolution A.720 (17) 1991, Guidelines for the Designation of Special Areas and the Identification of Particularly Sensitive Areas, 6 November 1991.
IMO Resolution A. 885 (21) on the Procedures for the Identification of Particularly Sensitive Areas and the Adoption of Associated Protective Measures and Amendments to the Guidelines contained in Resolution A. 720 (17) , 25 November 1999.
IMO Resolution A. 927 (22) on the Guidelines for the Designation of Special Areas under MARPOL 73/78 and Guidelines for the Identification and Designation of Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas, 29 November 2001.
IMO Resolution A.982 (24) on the Revised guidelines for the Identification and Designation of Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas, 1 December 2005.
Copyright (c) 2022 Dhiana Puspitawati, Rangga Vandy Wardana
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