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Abstract
Overweight and obesity have been correlated to the higher risk for developing metabolic diseases in later life, i.e. DM type 2. We study the body mass index (BMI), the waist to hip ratio (WHR) and the fasting blood glucose levels (FBG) in the seemingly healthy male and female university students to comprehend these variables amongst the youth in Indonesia in 2019. The BMI and WHR of 150 male and female students aged 18-22 years old of the IIKBW, Kediri were measured by standardised anthropometry. The FBG was measured after 8 hours-minimum of fasting from the capillary blood drop using glucometer. Data was then analysed using SPSS 17 with level of significance of p<0.05. According to Asia-Pacific BMI classification, students were 30.7% obese with males significantly higher than females (p=0.016), 18% overweight (significantly higher in females, p=0.04), 36% normal and 15.3% underweight.When compared between genders, the WHR is significantly higher in males (p<0.001); whilst no significant differences in FBG (p=0.6). Four males and 5 females with FBG ≥ 100 mg/dl, whereas others were within normal limits. There are positive significant correlations between BMI and WHR in males and females (r=0.777, p<0.001; r=0.54, p<0.001, respectively). There is a significant positive correlation between the BMI and FBG with r=0.217, p=0.008; and between the WHR and FBG with r=0.21, p=0.01 amongst all students. In this study, male students have significantly higher BMI and WHR than females. Higher FBG was well observed in students with either higher BMI or WHR.
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References
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- Al-Kilani H, Waly M, Yousef R (2012). Trends of obesity and overweight among college students in Oman: a cross sectional study. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 12, 69–76
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- Somers A, Rusford E, Hassan M, Erasmus R (2006). Screening for diabetes mellitus in learners residing in the Belhar, Delft and Mfuleni communities of Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa. S Afr Fam Pract 48, 16–16d
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References
ADA (2005). Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 28, S37-42
Al-Kilani H, Waly M, Yousef R (2012). Trends of obesity and overweight among college students in Oman: a cross sectional study. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 12, 69–76
Chao CY, Shih CC, Wang CJ, Wu JS, Lu FH, Chang CJ, et al (2012). Low socioeconomic status may increase the risk of central obesity in incoming university students in Taiwan. Obes Res Clin Pract 8, e212–219
Doustjalal SR, Gujjar KR, Sharma R, Nurfatiha M, Firzanah RN, Syukri MKM, et al (2016). Correlation between body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) among undergraduate students. Pak Journal of Nutr 15, 618–624
Fu J, Hofker M, Wijmenga C (2015). Apple or pear: size and shape matter. Cell Metab 21, 507–508
Gadekar T, Dudeja P, Basu I, Vashisht S, Mukherji S (2018). Correlation of visceral body fat with waist–hip ratio, waist circumference and body mass index in healthy adults: a cross sectional study. Med J Armed Forces India. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi. 2017.12.001. Accessed May 25, 2019
Hao C, Zhang C, Chen W, Shi Z (2014). Prevalence and risk factors of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose among university applicants in Eastern China: findings from a population-based study. Diabet Med 31, 1194–1198
Howlader MH, Islam AM, Rahman MM, Mili US, Nur RS, Kibria MG (2018). Correlation between body mass index and fasting blood glucose level in a selected group of teenagers in Bangladesh. Medicine Today 30, 74–77
Huang KC, Lue BH, Yen RF, Shen CG, Ho SR, Tai TY, et al (2004). Plasma adiponectin levels and metabolic factors in nondiabetic adolescents. Obes Res 12, 119-124
Khan ZN, Assir MZ, Shafiq M, Chaudhary AE, Jabeen A (2016). High prevalence of preobesity and obesity among medical students of Lahore and its relation with dietary habits and physical activity. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 20, 206–210
Klop B, Elte J, Cabezas M (2013). Dyslipidemia in obesity: mechanisms and potential targets. Nutrients 5, 1218–1240
Mehdad S, Hamrani A, El Kari K, El Hamdouchi A, Barakat A, El Mzibri M, et al (2012). Body mass index, waist circumference, body fat, fasting blood glucose in a sample of Moroccan adolescents aged 11–17 years. J Nutr Metab 2012, 510458
Mishra S, Behera A, Behera B, Dash S (2014). Effect of body mass index on gender difference in lung functions in Indian population. Int J Clin Exp Physiol 1, 229-231
Pengpid S, Peltzer K (2015). Prevalence of overweight and underweight and its associated factors among male and female university students in Thailand. HOMO 66, 176–186
Pengpid S, Peltzer K (2017). The prevalence of underweight, overweight/obesity and their related lifestyle factors in Indonesia, 2014–2015. AIMS Public Health 4, 633–649
PERKENI (2015). Konsensus pengelolaan dan pencegahan diabetes mellitus tipe 2 di Indonesia 2015. Jakarta, Pengurus Besar Perkumpulan Endokrinologi Indonesia, p 12-13
Poobalan A, Aucott L (2016). Obesity among young adults in developing countries: a systematic overview. Curr Obes Rep 5, 2–13
Portero McLellan KC, Wyne K, Villagomez ET, Hsueh WA (2014). Therapeutic interventions to reduce the risk of progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ther Clin Risk Manag 10, 173–188
Rolland YM, Haren MT, Patrick P, Banks WA, Malmstrom TK, Miller DK, et al (2007). Adiponectin levels in obese and non-obese middle-aged African–American women. Obes Res Clin Pract 1, 27–37
Somers A, Rusford E, Hassan M, Erasmus R (2006). Screening for diabetes mellitus in learners residing in the Belhar, Delft and Mfuleni communities of Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa. S Afr Fam Pract 48, 16–16d
Stroud C, Walker LR, Davis M, Irwin CE (2015). Investing in the Health and Well-Being of Young Adults. J Adolesc Health 56, 127–129
WHO (2000). The Asia-Pacific perspective: redefining obesity and its treatment. Sydney, Health Communication. Available from: http//www.wpro.who.int/nutrition/documents/
docs/Redefiningobesity.pdf. Accessed May 26, 2019
WHO (2011). Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation, Geneva 8-11 December 2008. Geneva, WHO Document Production Services, Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241501491_eng.pdf. Accessed May 26, 2019
Yang WS, Lee WJ, Funahashi T, Tanaka S, Matsuzawa Y, Chao CL, et al (2002). Plasma adiponectin levels in overweight and obese asians. Obes Res 10, 1104–1110