ACTIVE SMOKING AND EXPOSURE TO PASSIVE SMOKING AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING A PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRE IN TEMANGGUNG, INDONESIA
Downloads
Smoking during pregnancy threatens the health of mothers and their fetus. There are limited data in Indonesia about risk factors associated with smoking during pregnancy. This study aimed to explore levels of smoking, exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS), and related risk factors among pregnant women. Pregnant women who received antenatal care at the Temanggung Primary Health Centre in Central Java, Indonesia were interviewed face-to-face. They were asked about their smoking status, socio-economic status, pregnancy characteristics, and knowledge about health risks associated with smoking. A total of 80 participants were interviewed, and none of whom reported smoking, but the majority of whom (91.3%) reported exposure to SHS. This is a significant proportion when compared to rates of exposure to SHS recorded in other countries. The age of the mother affected the likelihood of exposure to SHS, with older mothers having a reduced likelihood of SHS exposure (p = 0.013; OR = 0.8; 95% CI = 0.74-0.96). However, the number of pregnancies, ANC visits, level of education, income, and awareness of the health risks associated with smoking were not found to be statistically significant. Although women appeared to be relatively aware of the negative effects associated with smoking and SHS exposure, the high incidence of passive smoking illustrated the challenges encountered by women in avoiding SHS. ANC programme should place greater stress on the dangers of SHS exposure, and also involve the whole family. Additionally, laws should be enacted to restrict or prohibit smoking in public places.
Keywords: pregnant women, second-hand smoke, smoking
Abraham, M., Alramadhan, S., Iñiguez, A., Duijts, L., Jaddoe, V., Dekker, H. T. D., Crozier, S., Godfrey, N., Hindmarsh, P., Vik, T., Jacobsen, G. W., Hanke, W., Sobala, W., Devereux, M. & Turner, S. 2017. A Systematic Review Of Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy And Fetal Measurements With Meta-Analysis. In: Department Of, E. (Ed.). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170946
Ahsan, A., Fajri, P. A., Nuzul, B., Wiyono, N. H. & Widodo, P. T. 2008. Kondisi Petani Tembakau Di Indonesia: Studi Kasus Di Tiga Wilayah Penghasil Tembakau [Online].
Al-Sahab, B., Saqib, M., Hauser, G. & Tamim, H. 2010. Prevalence Of Smoking During Pregnancy And Associated Risk Factors Among Canadian Women: A National Survey. Bmc Pregnancy And Childbirth, 10, 24-24. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-10-24
Aurrekoetxea, J. J., Murcia, M., Rebagliato, M., Fernández-Somoano, A., Castilla, A. M., Guxens, M., López, M. J., Lertxundi, A., Espada, M., Tardón, A., Ballester, F. & Santa-Marina, L. 2014. Factors Associated With Second-Hand Smoke Exposure In Non-Smoking Pregnant Women In Spain: Self-Reported Exposure And Urinary Cotinine Levels. Science Of The Total Environment, 470-471, 1189-1196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.110
Central Bureau of Statistics. 2016. Profil Statistik Kesehatan 2016 [Online].
Central Bureau of Statistics. 2018. Profil Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Tengah 2017 [Online].
Chomba, E., Tshefu, A., Onyamboko, M., Kaseba-Sata, C., Moore, J., Mcclure, E. M., Moss, N., Goco, N., Bloch, M. & Goldenberg, R. L. 2010. Tobacco Use And Secondhand Smoke Exposure During Pregnancy In Two African Countries: Zambia And The Democratic Republic Of The Congo. Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 89, 531-539. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016341003605693
Cui, H., Gong, T.-T., Liu, C.-X. & Wu, Q.-J. 2016. Associations Between Passive Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy And Preterm Birth: Evidence From A Meta-Analysis Of Observational Studies.(Report). 11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147848
Deming, D. 2012. The Impact Of Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke Exposure On Pregnancy Outcomes, Infant Health, And The Threat Of Third-Hand Smoke Exposure To Our Environment And To Our Children.
Dietz, P. M., England, L. J., Shapiro-Mendoza, C. K., Tong, V. T., Farr, S. L. & Callaghan, W. M. 2010. Infant Morbidity And Mortality Attributable To Prenatal Smoking In The U.S. American Journal Of Preventive Medicine, 39, 45-52.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.03.009
Global Adult Tobacco Survey Collaborative Group 2011. Tobacco Questions For Survey: A Subset Of Key Questions From The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (Gats)
Hikita, N., Haruna, M., Matsuzaki, M., Sasagawa, E., Murata, M., Oidovsuren, O. & Yura, A. 2017. Prevalence And Risk Factors Of Secondhand Smoke (Shs) Exposure Among Pregnant Women In Mongolia. Scientific Reports, 7, 16426. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16643-4
Hilbe, J. M. 2016. Practical Guide To Logistic Regression, Philadelphia, Pa, United States, Chapman And Hall/Crc. https://doi.org/10.1201/b18678
Hosmer, D. W., Lemeshow, S. & Sturdivant, R. X. 2013. Applied Logistic Regression, New York, United States, John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118548387
Indonesian Ministry of Health. 2013. Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2013 [Online].
Krstev, S., Marinković, J., Simić, S., Kocev, N. & Bondy, S. 2012. Prevalence And Predictors Of Smoking And Quitting During Pregnancy In Serbia: Results Of A Nationally Representative Survey. International Journal Of Public Health, 57, 875-883. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-011-0301-5
Lai, M. C., Chou, F. S., Yang, Y. J., Wang, C. C. & Lee, M. C. 2013. Tobacco Use And Environmental Smoke Exposure Among Taiwanese Pregnant Smokers And Recent Quitters: Risk Perception, Attitude, And Avoidance Behavior. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 10, 4104-4116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10094104
Lawn, J. E. & Kinney, M. 2014. Preterm Birth: Now The Leading Cause Of Child Death Worldwide. American Association For The Advancement Of Science.
Mahmoodabad, S. S. M., Karimiankakolaki, Z., Kazemi, A., Mohammadi, N. K. & Fallahzadeh, H. 2019. Exposure To Secondhand Smoke In Iranian Pregnant Women At Home And The Related Factors.
Mboi, N., Murty Surbakti, I., Trihandini, I., Elyazar, I., Houston Smith, K., Bahjuri Ali, P., Kosen, S., Flemons, K., Ray, S. E., Cao, J., Glenn, S. D., Miller-Petrie, M. K., Mooney, M. D., Ried, J. L., Nur Anggraini Ningrum, D., Idris, F., Siregar, K. N., Harimurti, P., Bernstein, R. S., Pangestu, T., Sidharta, Y., Naghavi, M., Murray, C. J. L. & Hay, S. I. 2018. On The Road To Universal Health Care In Indonesia, 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis For The Global Burden Of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet, 392, 581-591. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30595-6
Mitchell, E. A., Thompson, J. M., Zuccollo, J., Macfarlane, M., Taylor, B., Elder, D., Stewart, A. W., Percival, T., Baker, N. & Mcdonald, G. 2017. The Combination Of Bed Sharing And Maternal Smoking Leads To A Greatly Increased Risk Of Sudden Unexpected Death In Infancy: The New Zealand Sudi Nationwide Case Control Study. The New Zealand Medical Journal (Online), 130, 52.
Nichter, M., Greaves, L., Bloch, M., Paglia, M., Scarinci, I., Tolosa, J. E. & Novotny, T. E. 2010. Tobacco Use And Secondhand Smoke Exposure During Pregnancy In Low"And Middle"Income Countries: The Need For Social And Cultural Research. Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 89, 465-477. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016341003592552
Norsa'adah, B. & Salinah, O. 2014. The Effect Of Second-Hand Smoke Exposure During Pregnancy On The Newborn Weight In Malaysia. The Malaysian Journal Of Medical Sciences : Mjms, 21, 44.
Qiu, J., He, X., Cui, H., Zhang, C., Zhang, H., Dang, Y., Han, X., Chen, Y., Tang, Z., Zhang, H., Bai, H., Xu, R., Zhu, D., Lin, X., Lv, L., Xu, X., Lin, R., Yao, T., Su, J., Liu, X., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Ma, B., Liu, S., Huang, H., Lerro, C., Zhao, N., Liang, J., Ma, S., Ehrenkranz, R. A., Liu, Q. & Zhang, Y. 2014. Passive Smoking And Preterm Birth In Urban China. American Journal Of Epidemiology, 180, 94-102. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu092
Simons, E., To, T., Moineddin, R., Stieb, D. & Dell, S. D. 2014. Maternal Second-Hand Smoke Exposure In Pregnancy Is Associated With Childhood Asthma Development. The Journal Of Allergy And Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 2, 201-207.E3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2013.11.014
Singh, S., Mini, G. K. & Thankappan, K. R. 2015. Tobacco Use During Pregnancy In Rural Jharkhand, India. International Journal Of Gynecology And Obstetrics, 131, 170-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.05.021
Tobacco Control Support Center - Iakmi. 2014. Buku Bunga Rampai - Fakta Tembakau Dan Permasalahannya [Online].
Torres, E., Quinones De Monegro, Z., French, L., Swanson, D. P., Guido, J. & Ossip, D. J. 2011. Tobacco Use And Exposure To Secondhand Smoke Among Pregnant Women In The Dominican Republic: An Exploratory Look Into Attitudes, Beliefs, Perceptions, And Practices. Nicotine Tob Res, 13, 1220-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntr193
Vardavas, C. I., Chatzi, L., Patelarou, E., Plana, E., Sarri, K., Kafatos, A., Koutis, A. D. & Kogevinas, M. 2010a. Smoking And Smoking Cessation During Early Pregnancy And Its Effect On Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes And Fetal Growth. European Journal Of Pediatrics, 169, 741-748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-009-1107-9
Vardavas, C. I., Patelarou, E., Chatzi, L., Roumeliotaki, T., Sarri, K., Murphy, S., Koutis, A., Kafatos, A. G. & Kogevinas, M. 2010b. Factors Associated With Active Smoking, Quitting, And Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among Pregnant Women In Greece. Journal Of Epidemiology, 20, 355-362. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20090156
Vivilaki, V. G., Diamanti, A., Tzeli, M., Patelarou, E., Bick, D., Papadakis, S., Lykeridou, K. & Katsaounou, P. 2016. Exposure To Active And Passive Smoking Among Greek Pregnant Women.(Survey). Tobacco Induced Diseases, 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12971-016-0077-8
WHO. 2015. Who Report On The Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2015, Apendix X: Comparable Prevalence Estimates For Tobacco Smoking 2013.
WHO. 2017. Who Report On The Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2017: Country Profile, Indonesia.
WHO. 2018. Noncommunicable Diseases (Ncd) Country Profile 2016.
Yang, L., Tong, E. K., Mao, Z. & Hu, T. W. 2010. Exposure To Secondhand Smoke And Associated Factors Among Non"Smoking Pregnant Women With Smoking Husbands In Sichuan Province, China. Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 89, 549-557. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016341003713851
Zhang, K. & Wang, X. 2012. Maternal Smoking And Increased Risk Of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis. Legal Medicine, 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2012.10.007
- The authors agree to transfer the transfer copyright of the article to The Indonesian Journal of Public Health effective if and when the paper is accepted for publication.
- Authors and other parties are bound to the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License for the published articles, legal formal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA), implies that:
- Attribution ” You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- NonCommercial ” You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
- ShareAlike ” If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
